五、名從、狀從及定從.ppt

名詞性從句、狀語(yǔ)從句及定語(yǔ)從句,（ Clauses Functioning as Noun Phrases， Adverbial Clauses and Attributive Clauses ）,名詞性從句,（ Clauses Functioning as Noun Phrases ）,名詞性從句,名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組。按其句法功能，名詞性從句可分為主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的有連接詞that, whether 和if，關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever以及關(guān)系副詞when, where和how。,主語(yǔ)從句（The Subject Clause）,1主語(yǔ)從句在句中作主語(yǔ)。如： Which team will win the match is still not certain. Why he did that wasnt quite clear. 2主語(yǔ)從句位于句首時(shí)，會(huì)使句子顯得笨重，因此常以it 作為形式主語(yǔ)，而將主語(yǔ)從句后置，以保持句子平衡。如： It is strange that she didnt come yesterday.,3whether與if引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別： whether引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句既可放在句首也可放在句尾，if引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句只能放在句末。如： Whether she comes or not makes no difference. (不能用if) 她來(lái)不來(lái)都沒(méi)有關(guān)系。 It is doubtful whether/if the President knew the details of the plan. 總統(tǒng)是否知道這個(gè)計(jì)劃的細(xì)節(jié)這一點(diǎn)頗有疑問(wèn)。,表語(yǔ)從句（The Predicative Clause）,1表語(yǔ)從句位于主句中的系動(dòng)詞之后。如 The question is whether she can speak English. That is what we need. 2表語(yǔ)從句可用whether引導(dǎo)，也可用as if 引導(dǎo)，但不能用if 引導(dǎo)。如：His first question was whether Tom had arrived yet. It looked as if it was going to rain. 3主句的主語(yǔ)是reason時(shí)，表語(yǔ)從句要用that而不用because連接。如：The reason why he was dismissed was that he was careless and irresponsible.,同位語(yǔ)從句(The Appositive Clause),1同位語(yǔ)從句在句中作同位語(yǔ)，它一般要放在主句中某些名詞的后面，說(shuō)明這些名詞的含義。可跟同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞主要有fact, news, promise, reason, idea等。如： We heard the news that our team had won. I have no idea how soon they are coming.,2同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的主要區(qū)別： 在意義上，同位語(yǔ)從句對(duì)一個(gè)名詞加以補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明；定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)一個(gè)名詞進(jìn)行修飾或限定。在結(jié)構(gòu)上，同位語(yǔ)從句由連詞引導(dǎo)，連詞在句中不作任何成分；引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞擔(dān)任從句中的成分。如： They were all shocked at the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. (同位語(yǔ)從句，that只起引導(dǎo)作用，不作成分。) They were all shocked at the news that was announced on the radio. （定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作主語(yǔ)。）,賓語(yǔ)從句（The Object Clause）,1賓語(yǔ)從句在句中作及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如： I wonder who he is. He is sorry for what he has done. 注：在口語(yǔ)及非正式文體中，that常省略。 2使用賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)應(yīng)注意時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)。 1) 主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以用任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài)。如： Im sure that youll succeed. 2) 主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般須用過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)。如： I thought he studied hard.,3) 從句如果與某一具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，盡管其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前，仍用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如： She told me that her father died in 1991. 4）從句所說(shuō)明的是一般真理或客觀事實(shí)，即使主句用過(guò)去時(shí)，從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 The teacher told the students that the computer is a wonderful machine. 3whether和if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可互換使用,但介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句只能用whether, 不能用if。如： He asked me if/whether my brother was at home. It is a question of whether we should go.,不能省略that 的賓語(yǔ)從句,1）句中的動(dòng)詞后接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的that從句作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，第一個(gè)that可省，但后面的that 不可省。如： He said (that) he couldnt tell you right away and that you wouldnt understand. 2）當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與that賓語(yǔ)從句之間有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)，that一般不可省。如： Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.,不能省略that 的賓語(yǔ)從句,3）當(dāng)that從句是雙賓語(yǔ)中的直接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，that不可省。如： I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth. 4）當(dāng)that賓語(yǔ)從句前有it作形式賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，that 不可省。如： We think it important that we study hard.,定語(yǔ)從句,Attributive Clauses,定語(yǔ)從句,也稱為關(guān)系從句或形容詞性從句，由關(guān)系代詞（who, whom, whose, which, that）或關(guān)系副詞（as, when, where, why）等引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系詞除了起引導(dǎo)作用外，還在從句中指代前面的先行詞，并在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分。如： The car which was stolen has been found.（which 指代先行詞car，在從句中作主語(yǔ)） The house whose windows are broken is empty. (whose 是所有格，在從句中作定語(yǔ)) I shall never forget the day when I entered the university. (when指代先行詞day，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)),一、限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,定語(yǔ)從句就其與先行詞的關(guān)系而言，可分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。限定性定語(yǔ)從句和先行詞之間沒(méi)有逗號(hào)，表示對(duì)先行詞起修飾限制作用；而非限定性定語(yǔ)從句和先行詞之間有逗號(hào)分開，是對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，相當(dāng)于并列句。如： He is the man who has strong personality. 他是個(gè)個(gè)性很強(qiáng)的人。（限定性定語(yǔ)從句） My brother, who works abroad, is coming next week. 我哥哥在國(guó)外工作，他下周將回來(lái)。（非限定性定語(yǔ)從句）,注：1. 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句不能用that來(lái)引導(dǎo)，一般用which，as或who（指人）。用which或as引導(dǎo)時(shí)，可修飾主句的全部或部分內(nèi)容。如： He spoke confidently, which impressed me most. （which指代整個(gè)主句，作從句的主語(yǔ)） 2. as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但which或who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句不能放在主句之前。如： As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth. The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects peoples life greatly. (從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為plan, expect, hope, mention, 關(guān)系詞常用as，有“正如”的意思）,3. 在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略；但在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不能省略。如： The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher. (which可以省去) She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadnt met before. (whom不能省去),通常只用關(guān)系代詞that的幾種情況,1. 當(dāng)先行詞是all, everything, nothing, anything, something, little, much, none, few等時(shí)。如： All that you want are here. (All that = what) 2. 當(dāng)先行詞被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very等修飾時(shí)。如： There is no person that doesnt make mistakes. 3. 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。E.g. This is the best film that I have ever seen.,4. 當(dāng)出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的先行詞，并同時(shí)兼指人和物時(shí)。如： We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited. 5. 當(dāng)主句是以which 或 who 開頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)。如： Who is the person that is standing over there?,6. 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句為there be 句型時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用that，但經(jīng)常可以省略。如： I know the difference (that) there is between you. 7. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用that。如： He does not seem to be the man that he was. 他似乎和過(guò)去不一樣了。,as 與其他詞連用引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,as 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，可指人也可指物，通常與the same，such，so等連用，形式為：the same as，such as，as as，so as。As在定語(yǔ)從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。如： She knew he felt just the same as she did. 她知道他的感覺(jué)與她自己的一樣。(as代替事，作賓語(yǔ)) I lend you such books as will interest you. 我借給你使你感興趣的書。(as代替物，作主語(yǔ)),注：the same as 和the same that的用法不同。as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句表示其內(nèi)容與主句所講的事物“相似”，指同類事物；that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句表示其內(nèi)容與主句所講的事物是“同一個(gè)”，指同一事物。如： This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 這和我昨天丟的筆一樣。（類似的筆） This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 這支筆就是我昨天丟的那支。（同一支筆）,“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞選擇取決于三種情況： 1定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或表語(yǔ)的搭配。如： This is the college in which I am studying. He is the man about whom we are talking. 2先行詞與介詞的習(xí)慣搭配。如： The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter. 儀表上顯示出這臺(tái)機(jī)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的速度。 3當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句為最高級(jí)時(shí)只能用of which; 否則用其他介詞。如：,I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best. I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK. 注：不可拆分的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)介詞不能提前，如put up with；有的短語(yǔ)可能有不同的介詞搭配，此時(shí)需要根據(jù)上下文來(lái)確定。如：be familiar with/to，compare with/to等。 有時(shí)為表意清楚，還可以在關(guān)系副詞where/ when前加介詞from, to等。如： China is the birthplace of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India. (中國(guó)是風(fēng)箏的故鄉(xiāng)，從這里，放風(fēng)箏的運(yùn)動(dòng)傳到了日本、韓國(guó)、泰國(guó)和印度。),狀語(yǔ)從句 (Adverbial Clauses),狀語(yǔ)從句就是充當(dāng)句子狀語(yǔ)的從句，它可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、比較、原因、結(jié)果、目的、條件和讓步等從句。,一、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 1常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞有as, when, whenever, while, before, after, till, until, since, as soon as, hardly / scarcely / barelywhen, no sooner than等。如： He made a mistake，but then he corrected the situation before it got worse 他犯了錯(cuò)誤，但沒(méi)等局勢(shì)惡化，就扭轉(zhuǎn)了局勢(shì)。 Jack had scarcely/hardly seen me when/before he left the room. 杰克一看到我就離開了房間。,2某些表示時(shí)間的副詞、名詞短語(yǔ)和介詞短語(yǔ)也可引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如directly, immediately, the instant, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, each/every time, next time, the first/second/last time, by the time等。 如： Directly I received your letter, I came back at once. 我一收到你的信，就馬上回來(lái)了。 二、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 一般由where, wherever, everywhere 和anywhere引導(dǎo)。如： 無(wú)論他走到哪里，都受到熱烈的歡迎。 Wherever he went, he was warmly welcome.,三、原因狀語(yǔ)從句 一般由because, as, since, now that, in that, seeing that, considering that, not that but that, by reason that, for fear that, for the reason that, on the ground that等引導(dǎo)。 如： 因?yàn)橄掠?，我們就留在家里吧?As it is raining, lets stay at home. A gas differs from liquid in that it has no definite shape. 氣體不同于固體在于它沒(méi)有一定的形狀。,四、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 由so that, such that, so that, such that, to such a degree that, to such an extent that, with the result that等引導(dǎo)。 The shock was such that she was almost driven mad. 因?yàn)榇驌籼?，她差點(diǎn)發(fā)瘋。 The temperature rose to such an extent that the firemen had to leave the house. 溫度如此之高，消防隊(duì)員不得不離開那個(gè)著火的房子。 注：so 或such位于句首時(shí)，主句需用倒裝語(yǔ)序。如： So fierce was their dog that no one dared come near. 他們的狗真兇惡，沒(méi)有人敢走近它。,五、目的狀語(yǔ)從句 常由so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等引導(dǎo)。從句謂語(yǔ)常由“can/could, may / might 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成，有時(shí)也用“shall/should，will/would 動(dòng)詞原形”。 如： 我們很早出發(fā)，以便能趕上第一班火車。 We left early so that we could catch the first train. He ran away lest he (should) be caught. 他怕被抓，因而逃走了。,六、條件狀語(yǔ)從句 由if, unless, only if（只要）, if only（但愿），when（如果），suppose/supposing（假如），as/so long as（只要），given that（假設(shè)），provided/providing that（假如），granted/ granting (that)（假定），on condition that（條件是）等引導(dǎo)。如： 只要你小心使用，我會(huì)借給你的。 Ill lend it to you as long as you handle it wit