英語寫作語法及注意.pptx

第一章 基本寫作技巧,文字是永恒的，可以供人反復(fù)思索的，但它無法像對話一般，可以借助面部表情、肢體語言和語氣等。 因而寫作中需要我們更為嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)娜ソM織語言，有時也要借助復(fù)雜的句式結(jié)構(gòu)來表達清楚你要表達的。,1.1詞語的選擇 The difference between the right word and almost the right word is the difference between “l(fā)ightning”and “l(fā)ightning bug ”.,1.1.1正式和非正式用語 1.正式書信 ，學(xué)術(shù)文章，官方文件等有時選擇簡潔的詞語。 Informal:Lots of job loss is just one thing resulting from automation. Formal:Widespread unemployment is one consequence of automation. Informal:job loss ,TV ,workers,the same as Formal:unemployment,television, employees, equivalent,2.正式用語中避免用一些口語化的詞組如， get up ,put into,find out等， 我們可以用rise,contribute,discover等詞來替換它們。 Informal:Researchers looked at the way strain builds up around a geological fault. Formal:Researchers examined the way strain intensifies around a geological fault.,3.正式用語避免第一人稱和第二人稱。 Informal:You should sleep eight hours each night. Formal:One should sleep eight hours each night. 4.正式用語關(guān)系代詞不可省略。 Informal:This is the paper I wrote. Formal:This is the paper that I wrote. 5.避免用一些像very,really,just,a few,enough類的表達意思含糊的詞語。 Informal:It caused a really big reaction. Formal:It caused a considerable/dramatic/an explosive reaction.,1.1.2表集合類詞語和具體詞語 （family，team，jury，audience，class，association，committee） 1.用具體的詞替換集合類詞語，使表達生動清晰。 vehicle換成具體的 car,truck,train Flower換成tulips，roses 2.動詞也可具體化 walk換成 stagger Weak verbs:The boy walked into the classroom. Revised:The boy staggered into the classroom.,3.告訴讀者具體的事情，而不是籠統(tǒng)的敘述。 General :Your relative is nice to me. Specific:Your aunt Betty always stop and talk to me when we meet in the street. 4.總結(jié)時應(yīng)用概括性詞語，表達細(xì)節(jié)時要用具體詞語。 General :The government has made big progress in economic policy. Specific:The Australian Government has made considerable progress in implementing fiscal policy nationwide.,1.2語法 1.2.1主謂一致 1.不定代詞each,every,no one,everyone, everything等作主語時，謂語動詞用單三形式。 Everyone associated with the project is proud to be part of the effort. 2.All,half,none,some做主語，謂語形式取決于代詞指代的名詞是否可數(shù)。 Some of the students in the cafeteria have voted already. Some of the grain was ruined by the flood.,3.togeter with,along with,as well as,more than,accompanied by,as much as等詞語同“and” 不同，它們后面接的詞不構(gòu)成主語。 Some of the hay in the barn,as well as some major pieces of farm equipment,was ruined in the flood. She,more than anyone else in the class,knows how to study efficiently.,4.either,neither單獨使用時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 Neither of these choices appears to be satisfactory. either,neither為連詞同or,nor連用時，離動詞近的主語決定謂語動詞的形式。 Either the employees or the manager has to be Responsible for the year-end festival. Neither the teacher nor the students were informed of the bad news.,5.分?jǐn)?shù)小數(shù)表達時，謂語動詞取決于主語是否可數(shù)。 Two-fifths of the grain is ruined. One-half of the students were convinced that there would be no final exams this year. 6.There be句型謂語動詞同其后名詞相一致。,1.2.2代詞先行詞一致 1.不定代詞（anyone,anybody,anything,each,everyone,everybody,everthing,someone,somebody,no one,nobody）作先行詞通常指代的都是單個的人或物，所以與其對應(yīng)的代詞也應(yīng)該是單數(shù)的。 Wrong:If anybody happen to call while I am out of the office,please have them make a message for me. Correct:If anybody happens to call while I am out of the office,please have him or her make a message for me.,不正式用語 Everyone released their seat belts. 正式 Everyone released his or her seat belt. All passenger released their seat belts.,不定代詞all,any,most.none,some作先行詞，其后代詞所用的形式取決于all,any,most,none,some它指代的名詞。 Some of the customers complain that they are not happy with the way they have been treated in that restaurant. Some of the food served in that restaurant is left over from the day before,so it tastes stale.,2.先行詞由連詞or,nor,eitheror,neithernor,bothand, not onlybut also組成，對應(yīng)的代詞同離得近的先行詞保持一致。 Neither professor John Smith nor Professor May Green has come to pick up her ticket for the party yet.,3.先行詞為集合名詞如family，team，jury，audience，class，association，committee 當(dāng)集合名詞作為先行詞，指代是一個整體時，代詞用單數(shù)形式;當(dāng)集合名詞指代的是其成員時，代詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 The Board of Directors is confident of its plan to increase the companys market share by 20%by the end of the year. The Board of Directors couldnt reach an agreement among themselves whether they should implement the plan to increase the companys market share by 20%by the end of the year.,4.Who which that which 用于非限制性定語從句前要加“，”。that大部分用于限制性定語從句，直接跟在先行詞后。 who可用于限制和非限制定語從句。 Alexander Dumas,who wrote The Three Musketeers,once fought a sword duel in which his pants fell down. These apple trees,which I planted three years ago,have not borne any fruit. The letter that came this morning is from my teacher of English.,1.2.3代詞指代 選取合適的代詞，避免指代混淆。 Wrong:Jane told Mary that she was right about the new student in our school. Correct:Jane told Mary “You were right about the new student in our school. Correct:Jane told Mary, “I was right about the new student in our school. ”,1.代詞使用應(yīng)前后一致 Wrong:In JK Rowlings book ,we find Harry Port to be a hero.However,even the hero,you soon realise,is not all-powerful. Right:In JK Rowlings book ,we find Harry Port to be a hero.However,even the ,we soon realise,is not all-powerful.,2.避免代詞指代有歧義 Wrong:John walked with Bob because he did not know where the colleges bookstore was. Right:John didnt know where the colleges bookstore was,so he walked with Bob .,避免代詞指代不清 Wrong:The movie Titanic is about man and nature, the rich and the poor,and the love story between a young man and a young woman. I like this enormously.,Right:The movie Titanic is about man and nature,the rich and the poor,and the love story between a young man and a young woman. I like it enormously. Right:The movie Titanic is about man and nature,the ri