英譯漢常用的方法和技巧(4-7)

英漢互譯理論和實(shí)踐（選修）第三章 英譯漢常用方法和技巧（教學(xué)安排：6課時(shí)）無(wú)論翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如何，翻譯的目的都是要求譯者最大程度地傳遞原文信息/再現(xiàn)原文風(fēng)格，以求最大程度地“忠實(shí)”于原文。翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)只是給譯者提供了翻譯的大方向，在具體的翻譯運(yùn)作過(guò)程中，還會(huì)遇到種種問(wèn)題，所以在翻譯實(shí)踐中，還要靈活運(yùn)用相應(yīng)的翻譯方法和技巧，從原文和譯文的整體出發(fā)，全面分析，透過(guò)現(xiàn)象，抓住本質(zhì)。經(jīng)過(guò)不斷的翻譯實(shí)踐，翻譯技巧一定會(huì)運(yùn)用得越來(lái)越嫻熟，翻譯水平也會(huì)越來(lái)越高。合理有效地運(yùn)用翻譯技巧可以使譯文生輝，有效地提高翻譯質(zhì)量。常用的翻譯方法和技巧：直譯和意譯詞義的選擇省略法和增補(bǔ)法詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)譯法重復(fù)法正反、反正表達(dá)法分譯法和合譯法直譯和意譯英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)有相同的一面，也有不同的一面，因此翻譯時(shí)有時(shí)使用直譯，有時(shí)用意譯，有時(shí)直譯并舉。無(wú)論使用哪種方法，其原則是在忠實(shí)原文內(nèi)容和風(fēng)格的前提下，擺脫原文結(jié)構(gòu)的束縛，使譯文符合漢語(yǔ)的規(guī)范直譯 (metaphrase/literal translation)在不影響譯入語(yǔ)的自然流暢并保持原文信息的前提下，在譯文中既保持原文的內(nèi)容信息，又保持原文的形式結(jié)構(gòu)，尤其要保持原文的修辭、文體和文化特質(zhì)。to kill two birds with one stoneto shed crocodile tears如果不破壞原文結(jié)構(gòu)，譯文也能通順自然且忠實(shí)原意，這是最理想的直譯，但逐字對(duì)等且保持原文結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)義的情況微乎其微。直譯法的使用不僅極大豐富了漢語(yǔ)的詞匯，而且及大地拓展了漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)方式和表達(dá)范圍。漢語(yǔ)中的外來(lái)語(yǔ)大都采用直譯法或音譯法。例如：lady-killertalk showmad cow disease bird fluchain reactioncat walk humorsecond-hand cartittup hippyyuppieshock 例1原文：There are two types of electric current: alternating current in which the current flows first one way then the other in a forward and backward motion, and direct current which flows the same way all the time. 譯文： 例2原文：Losing ones independence for Americans is a shameful thing. 譯文： 例3原文：Italian gourmets are protesting against the invasion of foreign foods on the dinner table.譯文： 例4原文：In short, when employees leave their performance reviews, they should be focusing on what they can do better in the year ahead, not worrying about what went into their files about the past.譯文： 例5原文：But when I look at the Third World and think “What can I do to solve this?”, my reaction isnt to say “Lets bring population down immediately”.譯文： 例6原句：Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but in a few years, he was completely defeated. 譯文： 例7原文：People are always talking about “the problem of youth.” If there is one, then it is older people who create it, not the young people themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beingspeople just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him, and maybe that is where the rub is. 譯文： 直譯不等于死譯、硬譯，直譯也需要靈活變通，不能只求形式對(duì)等而破壞原文內(nèi)容。原文結(jié)構(gòu)與譯入語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)一致時(shí)，盡量保持原結(jié)構(gòu)。但如果結(jié)構(gòu)不一致，不能硬用直譯法。例8原文：Drinking wine in moderation improves the IQ and may boost mental agility in old people.譯法一：適度飲酒可以提高智商，也許還可以促進(jìn)老年人中的思維敏捷。譯法二：適度飲酒可以益智，也許還可以使老年人思維敏捷。意譯（paraphrase/ free translation）在不宜采用直譯的前提下所使用的另一種最基本的翻譯方法。意譯是指按照譯入語(yǔ)的表達(dá)方式將原文所傳達(dá)的語(yǔ)義和信息重新再現(xiàn)，使其準(zhǔn)確完整地轉(zhuǎn)換到譯入語(yǔ)中來(lái)。采用該方法時(shí)，可以不拘泥于原文的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，重點(diǎn)著眼于原文的語(yǔ)義信息與譯入語(yǔ)表達(dá)規(guī)范之間的協(xié)調(diào)和整理，最大程度地再現(xiàn)原文的內(nèi)容與風(fēng)貌。意譯的結(jié)果往往是從譯文的表面看與原文大相徑庭，但卻表現(xiàn)出了原文的“筋骨”和“內(nèi)質(zhì)”。但要防止想入非非的“亂譯”和“望文生譯”。如把“stand on ones head”譯成“站在某人的腦袋上”；把“He is the last person I will see.”譯成“他是我最后要見(jiàn)的人”；You have my sympathy. 你有我的同情。由于中外文化差異，很多時(shí)候都需要透過(guò)原文的字面意思，打破原文的語(yǔ)言形式，使用相宜的漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)手法進(jìn)行處理，否則就無(wú)法有效傳遞出原文信息，很多由于文化差異造成的習(xí)慣表達(dá)尤其如此，例如：dear John letterdead shot/ dead eyea cold fish blue-eyed boynatural historya shot-gun weddingclean authora couch potato 例9原文：Too clearly, it is a topic we shall do no justice to in this place.直譯：很顯然，這是一個(gè)我們?cè)谶@個(gè)地方不能夠充分說(shuō)明的論題。意譯： 很顯然，這是一個(gè)我們例10原文：After dinner the two ladies retired to another room and left their husbands to talk shop.譯文： 例11原文：Lasts spring, Mother Nature made April Fools of all of us who live in New England.譯文： 例12原文：He gave up the sword for the plough.直譯：他放下了刀劍，拿起來(lái)犁耙。意譯： 例13原文：Do you see any green in my eye?譯文： 你認(rèn)為我好騙嗎？例14原文：A great elation overcame them.直譯：一種巨大的歡樂(lè)情緒控制了他們。意譯： 例15原文：My sister goes back to the fat farm again. 譯文： slim chance例16 chew the fat 原文：His son lives under the governments expense.譯文： 例17原文：Im going to do a job no one else can do for me.直譯：我打算做一件任何人都不能替我去做的大事。意譯： 直意并舉翻譯過(guò)程中單一使用直譯或意譯都是不可取的。完全的直譯有時(shí)會(huì)使譯文生硬晦澀或辭不達(dá)意；完全的意譯又往往會(huì)改變?cè)鞯娘L(fēng)格特點(diǎn)，造成誤讀?？茖W(xué)的翻譯態(tài)度應(yīng)該是宜直譯時(shí)就直譯，須意譯時(shí)就意譯，或直譯與意譯兼顧，不能生搬硬套某一方法。例18原文：The parson officially pronounced that they became one.譯文： 例19原文：Ten to one he has forgotten it. 譯文： 例20原文：The first time we met I know this was the only one I wanted to marry. It was love from the word go. 直譯：初次見(jiàn)面我就知道自己想娶的人是她了，這是從“走”這個(gè)字開(kāi)始的愛(ài)。直意并舉： 例21原文：I never thrust my nose into other mens porridge. It is no bread and butter of mine. Let every man for himself, and God for us all.原譯：我從來(lái)不會(huì)把自己的鼻子伸到別人的粥里。那不是我的面包和黃油。讓每個(gè)人都為自己，上帝為我們大家吧。改譯： 翻譯練習(xí)A writer achieves brevity in language by expressing his thoughts and feelings with such propriety and precision that it would not be possible to add or detract a single paragraph, line or word.You only know the hows but not the whys.We must get to the bottom of the matter.Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate. Both democracy and freedom are relative, not absolute, and they come into being and develop in specific historical conditions.The reform and open-up policy has increased peoples purchasing power and market prosperity and financial thriving. Our teenagers, if we fail to give them enough moral education, will become a social burden. 詞義的選擇（一）詞義的選擇英漢兩種語(yǔ)言都有一詞多類(lèi)、一詞多義現(xiàn)象。在英漢翻譯過(guò)程中，在弄清原句結(jié)構(gòu)后要善于選擇和確定原句中關(guān)鍵詞的詞義。從如下兩個(gè)方面入手：根據(jù)詞在句中的詞類(lèi)來(lái)選擇和確定詞義例1like1）Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. 2）He likes mathematics more than physics. 3）In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.4）Like knows like. 根據(jù)上下文聯(lián)系以及詞在句中的搭配關(guān)系來(lái)選擇和確定詞義英語(yǔ)同一個(gè)詞同一詞類(lèi)，在不同的場(chǎng)合往往也有不同含義，必須根據(jù)上下文的聯(lián)系以及詞的搭配關(guān)系或句型來(lái)判斷和確定某個(gè)詞在特定場(chǎng)合下具有的含義。例如：例2ProduceThe artist produced a beautiful painting. Last year she also produced a baby boy. That factory produces shoes. That Italian director has produced a lovely movie. Lets produce the line AB to C. 例3lastHe is the last man to come. He is the last man to do it.He is the last person for such a job.He should be the last to blame.He is the last man to consult.最不該This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 沒(méi)料到例4原文：I got on horseback within ten minutes after I got your letter. When I got to Canterbury I got a chaise for town; but I got wet through, and have got such a cold that I should not get rid of it in a hurry. I got to the Treasury at about noon. But first of all got shaved and dressed. I soon got into the secret of getting a memorial before the board, but I could not get an answer then; however, I got intelligence from a messenger that I should get one next morning. As soon as I got back to my inn, I got my supper, and, then got to bed. When I got up next morning, I got my breakfast, and, having got dressed, I got out in time to get an answer to my memorial. As soon as I got it, I got into a chaise, and got back to Canterbury by three, and got home for tea. I have got nothing for you, and so adieu.賞析：這是一段奇文，是英國(guó)維多利亞女王時(shí)代的一位作家威瑟斯（Dr. Withers）所作的一篇短文。各種形式的get共出現(xiàn)了27次。雖然除get外沒(méi)有使用任何其他動(dòng)詞，風(fēng)格也比較口語(yǔ)化，但文章的意思卻表達(dá)得十分清楚。英語(yǔ)詞匯的多義性由此可見(jiàn)一斑。譯文：（二）詞義的引申英譯漢時(shí)，如果某些詞在字典上找不到合適的詞義，就應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系，從該詞的根本含義出發(fā)，進(jìn)一步引申，選擇比較恰當(dāng)?shù)臐h語(yǔ)詞來(lái)表達(dá)。將詞義做抽象化引申在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中常用一個(gè)表示具體形象的詞來(lái)表示一種屬性、一個(gè)事物或一種概念。翻譯時(shí)，一般可以將其詞義做抽象化的引申。1）將表示具體形象的詞譯成該形象所代表的屬性的詞。例5原文：There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 譯文： 帝國(guó)主義的特點(diǎn)及兇猛又狡猾例6原文：Every life has its roses and thorns.譯文： 2）注意詞匯的字面意思與引申意義例7原文：The music business marries art and commerce. 原譯：音樂(lè)與藝術(shù)和商業(yè)成了親。改譯： 將帶有特征性形象的詞譯成該形象所代表的概念的詞例8原文：Hitlers storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930.譯文： 希特勒的突擊隊(duì)3將詞義做具體化的引申英語(yǔ)中有用代表抽象概念或?qū)傩缘脑~來(lái)表示一種具體事物，英譯漢時(shí)一般可做具體化引申。例9原文：Vietnam was his entre to the new Administration.譯文： 英語(yǔ)中有些詞在特定的上下文中，其含義是清楚的，但譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)必須做具體化的引申，否則就不夠清楚。例10原文：The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.譯文： （三）詞義的褒貶英語(yǔ)中有些詞本身帶有褒貶意義，漢譯時(shí)要表達(dá)出來(lái)例111）He was a man of high renown. 2）The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy. 3）“He was polite and always gave advice willingly,” she recalled. 4）His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death. 5）Henry keeps boasting that he had talked to the President.6）We were shocked by his coarse manners. 英語(yǔ)中有些詞是中立的，本身不表示褒貶，但在一定上下文中可能有褒貶意味，漢譯時(shí)就應(yīng)用具有褒貶意味的相應(yīng)詞來(lái)表達(dá)例12原文：Once, early in 1974, while driving along the San Diego Freeway to Los Angeles, he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions. 譯文： 例13原文：He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved.譯文： 省略與增補(bǔ)主要有語(yǔ)法性的省略與增補(bǔ)、語(yǔ)義性的省略和增補(bǔ)、修辭性的省略與增補(bǔ)和語(yǔ)篇性省略和增補(bǔ)。前者主要是由于英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在語(yǔ)法功能方面存在著許多差異所致，如：英語(yǔ)中有虛擬語(yǔ)氣、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、獨(dú)立主格、倒裝等，漢語(yǔ)沒(méi)有這些現(xiàn)象。后者主要著眼于語(yǔ)義性的等值轉(zhuǎn)換。使用增減法時(shí)，應(yīng)遵循以下原則：增減要適度，決不能根據(jù)自己的主觀(guān)意愿胡亂增減，破壞原文意思，要力爭(zhēng)做到增詞不增義，減詞不減義，無(wú)論是增補(bǔ)還是省略都要保證原文信息的飽滿(mǎn)傳遞。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，增詞是為了表達(dá)明晰，減詞是力求簡(jiǎn)潔。I 語(yǔ)法性的省略與增補(bǔ)1.省略刪除原文中某些詞在譯文中沒(méi)有必要表達(dá)出來(lái)的詞語(yǔ)，但刪除部分的意義仍隱含在譯文中。刪掉那些不必要的、繁瑣的、違背譯入語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣的詞語(yǔ)，是為了使譯文更加符合譯文讀者的欣賞品位。與英語(yǔ)相比，漢語(yǔ)里代詞（尤其是人稱(chēng)代詞）和連接詞（尤其是并列連接詞“和”）用得不多，能被省略的代詞和連接詞一般都不在句子里出現(xiàn)。因此，在漢譯英時(shí)，應(yīng)該避免在句子中過(guò)多地使用代詞和連接詞，否則譯文就會(huì)顯得生硬不自然。英譯漢常見(jiàn)的省略情況包括：省略代詞、連詞、冠詞、介詞、動(dòng)詞、非人稱(chēng)代詞“it”。省略代詞例1原文：He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders. 譯文： 例2原文：Eleven-year-old Vladimir Putin infuriated his gym teacher, skipped his maths homework, nearly flunked drawing, and in short, was “one of us”, a popular Russian tabloid declared. The paper announced it had unearthed Putins grade book in the attic of a small wooden house where he spend his childhood. The evidence hardly bore signs of future greatness. 譯文：省略連詞例3原文：He looked gloomy and troubled.譯文： 例4原文：A thousand years will pass and the guilt of Germany will not be erased.譯文： 例5原文：No man can be brave who considers pain as the greatest evil of life; or temperate, who regards pleasure as the highest good. 譯文： 省略冠詞例6原文：The moon was slowly rising above the sea.譯文： 例7原文：A teacher should have patience in his work.譯文： 只有在強(qiáng)調(diào)“一個(gè)”、“這個(gè)”或“這些”時(shí)才將冠詞譯出。有時(shí)譯出冠詞是出于措辭的需要。例8原文：Colombians see themselves as the worlds happiest people, as shown in an internet survey of more than 400,000 people around the globe.譯文： 例9原文：The palm-sized gadget developed by 911 Computer Co. samples the timbre in human speech for signs of faltering then delivers its verdict.譯文： 省略介詞表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的英語(yǔ)介詞往往不譯。例10原文：Many water power stations have been built in the country.譯文： 例11原文：Hydrogen is the lightest element with an atomic weight of 1.0008.譯文： （5）省略動(dòng)詞例12原文：When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.譯文： （6）省略非人稱(chēng)代詞“it”例13原文：Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs. 譯文： it氣象代詞例14原文：This formula makes it easy to determine the wavelength of sounds.譯文： 例15原文：It was not until the middle of the 19th century that the blast furnace came into use.譯文： 2增補(bǔ)如原文的真正意義隱含在原文的詞義中，翻譯時(shí)需要將隱含意義挖掘出來(lái)，加以展開(kāi)，用增詞法，將其內(nèi)容補(bǔ)充完整。有如下六種情況：增添原文所省略的詞語(yǔ)；必要的連接詞；用增詞法表達(dá)出原文的復(fù)數(shù)概念；把抽象概念表達(dá)清楚；邏輯性增詞；概括性增詞等增添原文所省略的詞語(yǔ)例16原文：Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 譯文： 例17原文：The Italians are wise before the deed, the Germans in the deed, the French after the deed.原譯：意大利人事前聰明，德國(guó)人事中，法國(guó)人事后。改譯： 德國(guó)人事中聰明增添必要的連接詞例18原文：Heated, water will change into vapor.譯文：例19原文：Had we needed to get in touch with them, we could have sent a telegram.譯文： 表達(dá)出原文的復(fù)數(shù)概念例20原文：The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 譯文： 用增詞法把抽象概念表達(dá)清楚例21原文：This lack of resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electronic computers.譯文： 邏輯性增詞例22原文：According to scientist, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil. 譯文： 概括性增詞例23原文：The Americans and Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of message. 譯文：II 語(yǔ)義性省略和增補(bǔ)有時(shí)英文句子是完整的，但按照字面翻譯過(guò)來(lái)，則漢語(yǔ)句子的意思就顯得不完整，或意思含混不清，或句子繁瑣。省略例24原文：The sun was sinking fast and the peasants had all left the church area.譯文：例25原文：說(shuō)起季羨林先生的認(rèn)真，那是出了名的。譯文： 增補(bǔ)例26原文：Instead of kilometers, we have light-years in universe.譯文： 例27原文：He did all this without looking at the mayor. But the mayor didnt take his eyes off him.譯文： 例28原文：女孩子為了扮靚，小手也一次次伸向她富足抑或拮據(jù)的老爸老媽面前。譯文： III 修辭性省略和增補(bǔ)為了使意思更加明確，重復(fù)性增詞例29原文：He became an oil baronall by himself.譯文： 例30原文：Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.譯文： 例31原文：Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health. 原譯：他們的主人不斷切肉、倒茶、上菜、切面包、談話(huà)、笑，還不斷祝酒。改譯： 為了使句子更加生動(dòng)，用一個(gè)同義“四字詞”加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣例32原文：But there had been too much publicity about my case.譯文： IV 語(yǔ)篇性省略和增補(bǔ)例33原文：They were welcomed at the church by its religious leaders who dropped water on their head and blessed them.譯文： 例34原文：This is something any man would be glad to do for him. It is an emergency. But I am dirty. My clothes are dirty. 譯文： 翻譯練習(xí)Lets speak loudly so that the whole world can hear us. Violence against women is not cultural, it is criminal. (Hilary Clinton)Actually, words and gestures have no meaning in themselves; the meanings are in the people. Successful communication occurs when both communicators attach the same meaning to the same gesture or word. (Stone from Another Mountain David Etheridge)After he had put on his shoes and tied the shoe laces, he lay down on the bed and pulled the covers up to his chin. He let his arms rest under the covers at his sides. He closed his eyes and pretended it was night and pretended he was going to fall asleep. Then he brought his arms up and crossed them over his chest to see how this position would suit him. He kept his eyes closed, trying it out. On a gold-colored sofa there are two embroidered cushions. One bears the message: “Eat, sleep and remarry,” the other the kitsch observation: “Before you meet your real prince you have to kiss a lot of frogs.” (Inside the Palace Richard Kay and Geoffrey Levy)詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)譯法名詞和動(dòng)詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換（1）英語(yǔ)中有大量由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞和具有動(dòng)詞意義的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。例1原文：Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong things. 譯文： 例2原文：A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. 譯文： （2）英語(yǔ)中很多由名詞派生的動(dòng)詞以及由名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動(dòng)詞，在漢語(yǔ)中往往不易找到相應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞，可以將其轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)的名詞。例3原文：To them, he personified the absolute power.譯文： 例4原文：In the early dawn, the guard towers were silhouetted （側(cè)面影象, 輪廓）against the sky.譯文： 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞英語(yǔ)中表示知覺(jué)、情欲、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞，在系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)用時(shí)，往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞例5原文：Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life. 譯文： 例6原文：And moderate alcohol consumption is, we now know, also good for health. 譯文： 形容詞和副詞的轉(zhuǎn)換（1）英語(yǔ)名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，修飾該名詞的形容詞往往轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)的副詞。例7原文：On this question people of different age groups think differently.譯文： （2）英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞譯成漢語(yǔ)名詞時(shí)，修飾該動(dòng)詞的副詞往往轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞。例8原文：He asked me for a full account of myself and family.譯文： （3）由于英漢兩種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方式不同，有一些英語(yǔ)形容詞可譯為漢語(yǔ)的副詞。例9原文：Another war will be the absolute end of our country.譯文： 形容詞和名詞的轉(zhuǎn)譯（1）英語(yǔ)中有些形容詞加上定冠詞表示某一類(lèi)人，漢譯時(shí)常常譯成名詞例10原文：Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor. 譯文： 例11原文：They were considered insincere.譯文： 例12原文：Stevenson was eloquent and elegantbut soft. 譯文： （2）形容詞派生的名詞可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞；有些名詞加上不定冠詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞例13原文：The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 譯文： 例14原文：Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.譯文： 介詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞例15原文：I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor, and out over the sea. 譯文： 副詞和名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換（1）副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞例16原文：He is physically weak but mentally sound. 譯文： （2）名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞例17原文：The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor. 譯文： 重復(fù)法重復(fù)法實(shí)際上是一種增詞法，只不過(guò)增加的詞是上文剛剛出現(xiàn)過(guò)的詞。翻譯和寫(xiě)作一樣，本應(yīng)力求簡(jiǎn)練，盡量省略一些可有可無(wú)的詞，但有時(shí)為了明確、強(qiáng)調(diào)或生動(dòng)，卻往往需要將一些關(guān)鍵性的詞加以重復(fù)。為了明確例1原文：I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.譯文： 例2原文：John is your friend as much as he is mine. 譯文： 例3原文：We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each otherof everything but our host and hostess. 譯文： 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)例4原文：He wandered about in the chill rain, thinking and thinking, brooding and brooding. 譯文： 例5原文：Eye for eye, tooth for tooth. 譯文： 例6原文：Out of sight, out of mind.譯文： 例7原文：Every change of season, every change of weather, every hour of the day produces some change in the magical hues and shape of these mountains; and they are regarded by all housewives, far and near, as perfect barometers. 譯文： 為了生動(dòng)英文原文中即使沒(méi)有詞的重復(fù)，有時(shí)為了生動(dòng)也使用重復(fù)?？梢杂盟淖衷~組、詞的重疊、四字對(duì)偶詞組等。例8原文：Target priorities were established there.譯文： 例9原文：I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing. 譯文： 例10原文：He sat there and watched them, so changelessly changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay.譯文： 例11great contributionsgratitudeingratitude prosperityeternal glory tovivid hesitatearrogancecareless in chaosstreet gossiprumors 正反、反正表達(dá)法英語(yǔ)里有些從正面表達(dá)的詞或句子，譯文中可從反面來(lái)表達(dá)；英語(yǔ)里從反面表達(dá)的，譯文可以從正面來(lái)表達(dá)。例1原文：He went into the insecure building.正面表達(dá)： 反面表達(dá)： 英語(yǔ)從正面表達(dá)，譯文從反面表達(dá)例2原文：Such a chance was denied me.譯文： 我沒(méi)有得到這樣的機(jī)會(huì)例3原文：We may safely say so. 譯文： 萬(wàn)無(wú)一失例4原文：It would be most disastrous if even a rumor of it were given out.譯文： 后果不不堪設(shè)想例5原文：We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust. 譯文： 不會(huì)辜負(fù)我們的信任例6原文：My guess is as good as yours.譯文：我的猜測(cè)和你的半斤八兩例7原文：All international disputes must be settled through negotiations and the avoidance of any armed conflicts. 譯文： 英語(yǔ)從反面表達(dá)，譯文從正面表達(dá)例8原文：The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations. 譯文： 這個(gè)疑慮雖經(jīng)他反復(fù)解釋仍然有待解決例9原文：Dont lose time in posting the letter.譯文： 例10原文：Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon. 譯文： 書(shū)面作業(yè)例11原文：The significan