銳得PPT模板SharpPPTtempla.ppt

Chinese Coordination and Parallel Distributed Processing,WANG Qiang Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Introduction,Generally speaking, coordination is a structure composed of two or more constituents of equal grammatical value arranged in a parallel manner, with the constituents similar, close, relevant or contrastive in terms of meaning. Consider (1). (1) 中國語言的演化與中國人群的演化 Evolution of Chinese languages and evolution of Chinese people,It is acknowledged that although coordination is one of the most fundamental and primitive syntactic structures, it may develop from homogeneity and simplicity in its prototypical form into diversity and complexity due to some additional factors.,Consider (2) and (3). (2) 語言的橫向傳遞與縱向傳遞 Horizontal transmission and vertical transmission of language = Horizontal transmission of language and vertical transmission of language (3) 語言與大腦演化 Evolution of language and brain = Evolution of language and evolution of brain,If anaphors are included, coordinations will be complicated further. Consider (4). (4) 中國語言的演化與(其)考古學的證據(jù) Evolution of Chinese languages and its archeological evidence,More complex coordinations collocated in verb-object or modifier-noun relationship include (5) and (6). (5) 慰問和幫助傷員和病員 Greet and help the wounded and the patients = Greet the wounded, greet the patients, help the wounded, and help the patients (6) 中國與東亞的語言和遺傳基因 Languages and genes in China and East Asia = Languages in China, languages in East Asia, genes in China, and genes in East Asia,Complex coordinations like (5) remain an interesting and difficult topic in theory of grammar. More importantly, coordinations pose challenges to language processing in the brain. Language is a perfect and efficient system of thought and parallelism is one of the most important features of brain mechanism. The Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) approach (Rumelhart et al. 1986) proposed over 25 years ago offers a plausible way to show how.,Derivation of Chinese coordination in theory of grammar,Lets take 慰問和幫助傷員和病員 as an example. The usual leftward derivation is shown in (7) below.,The leftward derivation matches the basic principle of syntax, but it has two demerits. One is that it is not efficient enough as expected. The other is that it is not helpful for semantic interpretation.,To solve the problem, a parallel derivation based on parallel merge is proposed in (8) below.,In this approach, the computational efficiency is improved as the subderivations are done in parallel and the number of levels in the tree diagram decreases from five in (7) to three in (8). Furthermore, it helps better understand the complex meaning as it is clearly paraphrased as Greet the wounded, greet the patients, help the wounded, and help the patients.,A preliminary PDP model of the derivation,The brain mechanism is inherently parallel in that many units can carry out their computations in different places at the same time. The brain consists of a large number of highly interconnected elements which apparently send very simpe excitatory messages to each other and update their excitations on the basis of these simple messages.,Based on the parallel derivation, a preliminary PDP model is proposed in (9) below.,This is an architecture with four input units in the first layer, one cluster of size two in the second layer and one output unit in the third layer. The higher layer is to be understood primarily through the study of the interactions among lower layer units. The bottom-up system is inherently parallel in that many units can carry out their computations at the same time.,The preliminary or simplified model can be further complicated by adding more conjuncts as shown in the ellipsis. But the number of layer (height) will remain three (for complex coordination) or two (for simple coordination). This PDP model can be generalized as a prototypical and fundamental one for Chinese coordination, and forms a reasonable basis for modeling cognitive processes in general.,Conclusion,The simultaneous computation of different parts of brain and its distributed, but not central, control makes plausible the parallel syntactic ap