高二上課件Unit 2 News mediaGrammar.ppt.ppt

Grammar - Past Participle,I.過去分詞的形式和意義,1. 過去分詞通常由動詞原形加-ed構成。此外還有少數(shù)不規(guī)則形式，有的不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞有兩種形式。有些現(xiàn)代語法著作把過去分詞稱為-ed分詞（-ed Participle),2. 過去分詞與其它非限定詞一樣，都沒有時的特征，所不同的是，它形式單一，沒有體與語態(tài)的變化。,3. 及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動和完成意義，不及物動詞的過去分詞表示主動和完成意義。,II. 過去分詞的在句中的用法,1. 過去分詞（短語）表語,1.1 過去分詞（短語）作表語時，其作用相當于adj.,說明的是主語的狀態(tài),All the windows are broken. All hope is gone. This article is well written. He appeared more satisfied with my work.,（1）有許多過去分詞已經(jīng)完全形容化了，它可以被very等副詞修飾，可以有比較級等級形式，這類過去分詞常見的有：amazed, bored, disappointed, disturbed, embarrassed, excited, frightened, interested, limited, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, surprised, tired, worried 等。,（2）有的過去分詞可以被副詞well修飾，如：built, cooked, done, dressed, known, organized, prepared, written等。,（3）其它副詞也可以修飾過去分詞，如：deeply moved, greatly indebted, highly developed 等。,1.2 由過去分詞構成的合成形容詞也可以作表語,They are well-behaved and well-spoken.,1.3 過去分詞作表語時，其后可以接介詞短語、不定式短語及that 引導的賓語從句,He is very much opposed to your plan. The mother was pleased to hear from her son. Im satisfied that you didnt tell me a lie.,1.4 “be+過去分詞” 有可能是一個系表結構，也有可能是一個被動結構，這兩種結構的差別是：,（1）被動結構表動作，而系表結構表狀態(tài)。 （2） 被動結構之后可以接by + 動作的執(zhí)行者，系表結構則不行。 （3）系表結構中的過去詞可以被well, very, much, quite 等副詞修飾，而被動結構中過去分詞則不能。 （4）系表結構中的過去分詞往往具有固定的介詞搭配。,Why is the glass broken? By whom is the glass broken?,(系表結構）,(被動結構),It is covered with thick ice and deep snow. Your table should be covered by a white cloth.,(系表結構）,(被動結構),III. 過去分詞作定語,1. 單個過去分詞作定語, 通常前置,a. 及物動詞的過去分詞，具有被動和完成的意義。,a broken cup a wounded soldier an unexpected guest the excited crowd,b. 不及物動詞的過去分詞，具有主動和完成意義。,a grown woman a retired officer,C. 合成的過去分詞,a much-needed reform state-owned enterprises,2. 過去分詞短語作定語：通常后置，其作用相當于定語從句。,a letter written in pencil the book recommended by Jack the machines produced last year This substance, discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized machine.,= a letter which was written in pencil,= the book which was recommended by Jack,= the machines which were produced last year,= This substance, which was discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized machine.,Exercises:,1. We lived in the house _ (我舅舅們修建的). 2. Any medicine _(服用) without the advice of a doctor can cause trouble. 3. We spent two hours discussing the plan _ _ (她制定的). 4. _ (開水) 5. _ (一個破碎的茶杯) 6. three _ (受傷的士兵),built by my uncles,taken,made by her,boiled water,a broken cup,wounded soldiers,Exercises:,1. Most of the people _ (被邀請參加宴會的) were famous scientists. 2. Lessons _ (易學的)are soon forgotten. * _ (易學的) lessons are soon forgotten. 3. The computer center _ (開辦) last week is popular with the students .,invited to the party,learned easily,opened/started,Easily-learned,Exercises,Dont use words, expressions, or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge. A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known As we joined the big crowd, I got _ from my friends A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed Cleaning women in big cities usually get _ by the hour. A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C. , did not include women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing,D,A,C,C,5. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun 6. The television is a _ machine. A. newly-invented B. new-invented C. newly-invent D. newly-invention 7. _ English is different from _ English in many ways. A. Spoken, written B. Speaking, written C. Spoken, writing D. Speak, write,D,A,A,8. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the _. A. 20 dollars remained B. 20 dollars to remain C. remained 20 dollars D. remaining 20 dollars 9. Prices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than some store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying 10. Mr Smith, _ of the _ speech, started to read a novel. A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring,D,B,A,11. There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited 13. The computer center, _ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened,B,A,D,14. This news sounds _. A. encouraging B. encouraged C. encourage D. to encourage 15. - How did Bob do in the exams this time? - well, his father seems _ with his result. A. pleasing B. please C. pleased D. to please 16. - How did the audience receive the new play? - They got very _. A. excite B. excited C. excitedly D. exciting,A,C,B,17. The _ look on Miss Whites face told us that she was _ great trouble. A. worrying; in B. worried; in C. worrying; with D. worried; with 18. Though _ to stop, the _ speaker kept on talking at the meeting. A. being told; exciting B. to be told; exciting C. told; excited D. telling; excited 19. The autumn wind sent the _ leaves on the ground _ here and there. A. fallen; flying B. falling; to fly C. fallen; flown D. falling; flew,B,C,A,senddoing 使 成為,20. The audience, greatly _ by his speech, all voiced support for the suggestion. A. moved B. to be moved C. moving D. being moved 21. The yellow River, _ to be “the mother river”, runs across China like a huge dragon. A. saying B. to say C. said D. being said 22. - Who gave you this message? - A man _ himself Mr Zhang. A. called B. calling C. calls D. is called,A,C,B,23. The education system rather than the teachers _ to answer for the overburden on the students. - I agree. I hope the reform being carried out in our country at present will bring about the _ result. A. are; desired B. is; desired C. are; desiring D. is; desiring 24. - Shall we go swimming? - OK. Ill just go and get _. A. to change B. changed C. be changed D. changing,B,B,get changed 換衣服,25. The door of the shop remained _, though it was ten oclock am. A. opened B. opening C. locked D. locking 26. My mother was _ to see the work _ so early. A. astonishing; finished B. astonished; finishing C. astonished; finished D. astonishing;finishing 27. I advise _ early, but I dont advise you _ that, since you lack much sleep. A. getting up; to do B. to get up; doing C. to get up; to do D. getting up; doing,C,C,A,過去分詞作賓語補足語,過去分詞常表示動作的完成、狀態(tài)或動作的全過程。 賓語與過去分詞在邏輯上常存在著被動關系。 不及物動詞的過去分詞作賓補時沒有被動意味，只表示動作的完成和狀態(tài)。,When I returned there, I found the bag gone. We found the village greatly changed.,過去分詞（短語）作賓語補足語,過去分詞（短語）可以在有些動詞所帶的復合中作賓語補語語，賓語為過去分詞（短語）的邏輯主語。過去分詞（短語）作賓語補語有以下幾種情況。,1. 在感觀動詞feel, hear 和see 之后，如：,I heard my name called. He felt himself cheated. I saw his eyes fixed on me in curiosity.,2. 在有些可跟帶to 的不定式作賓語補語的動詞之后，這類動詞有：cant bear, hate, like, love, need, prefer, want, wish 等， 如：,I cant bear my steak overcooked, and want it underdone.,我受不了牛排做得太熟，我想要它做得嫩。,He needs his coat mended. Kate would like her room painted white. I prefer eggs boiled. We wish your work finished quickly.,3. 在有些可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補語的動詞后，這類詞有：discover, find, keep, leave, show等，如：,I discovered / found the place deserted. The photograph showed the dog tied to a post. Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open. Did you leave the doors and windows firmly fastened?,4. 在使役動詞get, have 和make 后， 如：,I shall make my views known to everybody.,have 和 get 帶過去分詞作賓語補足語含義與帶現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語時相似：have 和get 有時表示有意識的行為，作“使”解，但動作的執(zhí)行者不一定是句子的主語，如句（）；有時表示句子主語無意識的行為，作“經(jīng)歷”或“遭遇”解，如句（）；wont have表示句子的主語不允許某種情況發(fā)生，如句（）：,He had / got his car serviced. He had / got his car stolen. I wont have my son laughed at .,他（找人）檢修了他的車。,他的汽車被人偷了。,我不允許我的兒子被嘲笑。,現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語,現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補時，通常表示一個正在進行或持續(xù)的動作，賓語與賓語補足語在邏輯上存在著主謂關系，即賓補所表示的動作通常中賓語發(fā)出來的。 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式作賓補時，它仍表示一個正在進行或持續(xù)的動作，但賓語與賓補存在邏輯上的動賓關系。,I saw a boy crying there. I am sorry to have kept you waiting. I saw the child being beaten by his father. I often watched the ship being loaded.,Exercises:,If you want _ immediately, you have to give us some money in advance. A. that the work be done B. the work done C. to have done the job D. the job that is done 2. They are going to have the service man _ an electric fan in the office tomorrow. A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed 3. You will see this product _ wherever you go. A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising,B,A,B,install sth. in sth. 安裝,4. I can hardly imagine Peter _ across the Atlantic Ocean in five years. A. sail B. sailing C. to sail D. to have sailed 5. If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air _ against your face. A. moved B. moving C. moves D. to move 6. Dont get your schedule _; stay with us in this class. A. to change B. changing C. changed D. change,B,B,C,過去分詞作狀語,過去分詞（短語）作狀語可表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、方式、和伴隨情況。在過去分詞（短語）前可帶有從屬連詞when, until, if, unless, though, as, as if等。 在表示時間、原因、條件、讓步和方式時，過去分詞（短語）通?？赊D(zhuǎn)換為應的狀語從句；在表示伴隨情況時，通?？赊D(zhuǎn)換為一個并列的謂語成分或并列句中的一個從句。,1. 作時間狀語,Told of his mothers accident, Jack immediately phoned the hospital. Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. When asked to speak, he complained about the poor service.,2. 作原因狀語,Covered with confusion, he refused to eat . Caught in the rain, he had a fever.,神志迷亂,3. 作條件狀語,Considered from this point, the question will be of great importance. Cleared, this site would be very valuable. The house will look bigger if painted white. She will gladly come to your house if invited.,4. 作讓步狀語,Defeated, he remained a popular boxer. Though told to stop, he kept on walking. Even though given every opportunity, they would not cooperate with you.,5. 作方式狀語,I am returning your letter as requested. He was walking with a limp as if injured. The lad started out of bed, as if awakened from some dream.,6. 作伴隨狀語,Mary came out of the room, followed by her dog. A crowd rushed in, armed with sticks. He was gazing into the distance, fascinated by the beautiful evening glow.,= and (she) was followed by her dog.,使迷惑,過去分詞的獨立主格結構,Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car.,在通常情況下，分詞作狀語時它的邏輯主語應與句子主語一致，若不一致，則應用其他句型：,When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down.,解決狀語的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致的問題，也可在分詞前加一個名詞或代詞，使之成為分詞的邏輯主語。由于加在分詞前的名詞或代詞要用主格形式，故稱分詞的獨立主格結構。,The job finished, we went home straight away. His car broken down, he had to go on horse back.,When the job was finished,Because his car was broken down,過去分詞獨立主格結構在句中常表示原因、時間、條件狀語，該結構可轉(zhuǎn)換為相應的從句。同時，過去分詞獨立主格結構也可表示伴隨狀況。,The old man waited outside, (with) his head almost hidden by a very large hat.,過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的區(qū)別,過去分詞只有一種形式，不像現(xiàn)在分詞那樣具有體和時態(tài)的變化形式。 現(xiàn)在分詞的一般形式表示主動和進行意義，而及物云動詞的過去分詞表示被動和完成意義，不及物動詞的過去分詞表示主動和完成意義。,I found them watering flowers. I found the flowers watered.,= I found that they were watering flowers.,= I found that the flowers had been watered.,falling leaves fallen leaves,= leaves which were / are falling.,=leaves which have / had fallen.,(3) 兩者所擔任的句子成分基本相同，但過去分詞不能像現(xiàn)在分詞那樣作結果狀語。 (4) 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)完成體形式與過去分詞的意義相同：都表示被動和完成。其區(qū)別在于，前者強調(diào)動作，后者表示狀態(tài)，后者常代替前者使用。,This having been done, he left. This done , he left.,=( When this had been done),= (When this was done),關于非謂語動詞作狀語時的邏輯主語,1.非謂語動詞作狀語時,其邏輯主語往往 就是句子的主語. eg:. In order to pass the English examination, _. A. My father bought me a dictionary. B. I often get up early to read English. C. The important thing is to make full use of time. D. It is not enough to remember the new words. . _ from the top of the hill, the city looks so beautiful. A. Seeing B. To see C. See D. Seen . He sent me an E-mail, _ to get further information. A. hoped B. hoping C. hope D. to hope,2. 分詞的邏輯主語不是句子的主語時, 可以帶有自己的主語- 名詞 / 代詞 + 分詞(獨立主格結構),有時前面還可以加介詞with構成復合結構.,Eg:Weather permitting, well go out for a picnic tomorrow. The homework finished, the boy went home. With so many people looking at her, she felt nervous.,3. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語其邏輯主語與句中主語不一致的常見情況:,.Generally / Strictly / Frankly speaking , Judging from, Considering, Allowing for(考慮到), Counting(算上), Supposing(假定), Talking / Thinking of(談到) 用過去分詞的情況: Given(鑒于),Taken as a whole(總之). Eg: _ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. A. Give B. Giving C. Given D. To give,被動句中,分詞常與被動結構動作的執(zhí)行者形成邏輯關系. The idea can be expressed using a simple sentence.,當現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作結果狀語,其邏輯主語為前面整個句子時.如: European football is played in 80 countri