




已閱讀5頁,還剩12頁未讀, 繼續(xù)免費閱讀
版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請進(jìn)行舉報或認(rèn)領(lǐng)
文檔簡介
語言文化論文-淺談身勢語-ABriefDiscussiononBodyLanguageAbstractBodylanguageisanimportantpartofnonverbalcommunicationanditisconnectedwithculture.Inordertomakesuccessfulexchangeincross-culturalcommunication,weshouldknowthebodylanguagefromdifferentcultures.Andweshouldrealizethatbodylanguage,likeverbalcommunicationandculture,alsohasmanysimilaritiesallovertheworld.However,bodylanguagefromdifferentcultureshasmanydifferencesbecauseofdifferentregions,racesandculturalcustoms.Anditisrestrictedbyitscultureandhasdifferentculturalconnotations.Thatistosay,thesamebodylanguagehasdifferentmeaningsindifferentculturesandhasdifferentsocialfunctions.Thisarticledevotestoacomparisonandcontrastofbodylanguageindifferentculturesintermsofeyelanguage,gestures,postures,facialexpressionsandtouch.Itaimstoillustratethedifferencesandsimilaritiesofbodylanguageandputforwardtheprinciplesofreducingbarriersincommunicationsoastoachieveefficientcommunicationandtoavoidmisunderstanding.KeyWordsNonverbalCommunication;BodyLanguage;CulturalDifferencesandSimilarities;Principles【摘要】身勢語是非語言交際的重要組成部分并和文化緊密聯(lián)系在一起。為了在跨文化交際中能夠成功地進(jìn)行交流,我們應(yīng)該了解不同文化的身勢語,必須承認(rèn)世界各國的身勢語與語言和文化一樣,也有相似之處。然而,由于地域,種族,文化習(xí)俗的差異,不同文化的身勢語有許多差異。它們由文化制約并擁有獨特的文化內(nèi)涵。也就是說,同樣的身勢語在不同文化背景下有不同的含義,行使著不同的社會功能。本文致力于從目光語,手勢語,身體姿態(tài),面部表情,體觸語方面對不同文化的身勢語進(jìn)行對比。目的在于通過列舉身勢語的文化差異與共性,并提出交際中遵循的原則,從而促進(jìn)有效交流,避免誤解?!娟P(guān)鍵詞】非語言交際;身勢語;文化異同;原則1.IntroductionPeoplecancommunicatewitheachotherthroughnotonlyverbalcommunicationbutalsononverbalcommunication.Moreover,thelatterplaysanessentialroleinhumancommunication.Nonverbalcommunicationisconnectedwithculturesanditistheresultofcultures.Butmanypeoplepaygreatattentiontotheacceptanceandcorrectnessoftheverbalcommunicationandoverlooktheinfluenceandculturaldifferenceofnonverbalcommunication.Thenthemisunderstandingandculturalcrashoftenoccurinthecross-culturalcommunication.Sointheprocessofcommunication,itisnotacompletecommunicationwhileignoringtheculturaldifferencesofnonverbalcommunication.AfamousanthropologistE.T.Hallpointedout“Silentlanguageexpressesmoreinformationthanverballanguage.Becauseitcontainsmuchinformation.”Accordingtosomeresearchersabroad,inpeoplesdailylife,nonverbalcommunicationtakespartover65%inallofinformationexchange.Andbodylanguageisanimportantpartofnonverbalcommunication.Manyexpertshaveshowntheimportanceofbodylanguageinthecross-culturalcommunication.“Apsychologistproposedaformula:thetotalimpactofmessage=7%verbal+38%vocal+55%facialexpressionsandbehavior.”1p89Itisclearwithoutbodylanguagewecantfinishourinformationalexchange.Bodylanguage,likeverballanguagecanexpressemotions,exchangeideasanddeliverinformation.Sowemustknowtheculturaldifferencesofbodylanguagetoachieveefficientcommunication.2.DefinitionandFunctionsofNonverbalCommunication2.1DefinitionofNonverbalCommunication“Nonverbalcommunicationisaprocessinwhichcommunicatorsusethenaturalfeaturesoftheirbodiestodeliverinformationandexpressspecificmeaninginstinctivelytotheothercommunicator.”2p90Thestudyofnonverbalcommunicationcoversthreemajorparts:Proxernics,KinesicsorBodyLanguage,andParalanguage.Proxernicsrefersthatpeoplekeepcertainspacewitheachotherwhentheycommunicateandthemeaningitsuggests.Forexample,ArabiansliketokeepclosewhileEnglishmenliketokeepacertaindistance.Itisfunnytoseetheyareinconversation.ArabianswillcomecloserandcloserbutEnglishmenwillwithdrawfurtherandfurther.Whentheyfinishtheconversation,theyarefarawayfromtheplacetheystood.Kinesicsisalsocalledbodylanguage,whichstudiesthemeaningsofthemovementofallpartsofbodyanditincludesmanynonverbalbehaviorsuchaseyelanguage,gestures,postures,facialexpressions,touchandsoon.Wewilldiscussitindetailslater.Paralanguagereferstoallkindsofsoundsignalsmadebymouth,whichcanexpresscertainemotionsandideas.Paralanguageisnotthephrasesandsentenceswithclearmeanings.Itistotransforminformationbysound,suchas“Ouch”.Besidesthis,thepitchoftoneandloudnessorquietnessofvoicealsobelongstoparalanguage.Andsomeresearchersbelievethatclothingbelongstoparalanguage,too.2.2FunctionsofNonverbalCommunicationNonverbalcommunication,likeverbalcommunicationisalsoapartofcultureandthecarrierofacertainculture.Thefunctionofnonverbalcommunicationinthewholecommunicationcantbeoverlooked.“Inthedailycommunication,wecanseepeoplecantcommunicateefficientlybyverballanguagealone.Andnonverbalcommunicationwillexpressclearmeaningsinacertaincontext.Andacertainnonverbalcommunicationshouldbeconnectedwithverbalcommunicationortheothernonverbalcommunicationtoprovidecorrectinformation.”3p37Soincommunicativeactivities,nonverbalcommunicationalsoplaysagreatrole.Ofcourse,weshouldpaycloseattentiontothefunctionsofnonverbalcommunication.“Inanycase,whenverbalcommunicationconflictswithnonverbalcommunication,peoplearewillingtoaccepttheinformationnonverbalcommunicationdelivers.Becausenonverbalcommunicationsoundsmorenatural,moreinstinctiveanditishardtopretend.”4同1p90Obviously,weshouldmakefulluseofnonverbalcommunicationtoachieveefficientcommunication.Now,wewilldiscussthefunctionsofnonverbalcommunication.Repetition.Forexample,whenwetellpeoplehowtogettothenearesthospital,wearenotonlytellingthemthedirectionbutalsopointingtothedirectionwithhands.Supplement.Forinstance,wegreetpeoplewithasmile.Smilefunctionsasasupplementtothepleasureofmeetingpeople.Replacement.Whenwecommunicatewithothers,wewillfrowninsteadofaskingdirectlytohintthatwedontunderstandandexpectrepetitionorexplanation.Emphasis.Whenwearetalkingormakingaspeech,weoftenraiseourvoicetostressthecontent.Andsometimes,wesay,“Itismyfault”whilehungdownourheads.Wesmileandsay,“Welcome”.Weshoutouttothepeoplewhilewavingourfists.Allthenonverbalcommunicationhereemphasizeswhatwesay.Adjustment.Weoftensuggestthatourtalkisoverbyourtone,eyes,headnoddingandothernonverbalcommunicativebehaviors.Forexample,themanagerstandsuptoshowtheendoftheinterview.3.ClassificationofBodyLanguageWehavediscussedtheimportanceofnonverbalcommunication.Andwealsoknowbodylanguagereflectsacertainculturalbackground.Ontheonehand,inacertaintradition,bodylanguageisdeterminedbyitscustomsandtraditions.Violatingthemwillcausecommunicativedisconnectionandmisunderstanding.Ontheotherhand,themeaningsofbodylanguageinacertainculturearedevelopingandchanging.Withthedevelopmentoftechnology,trafficandcontactallovertheworld,themeaningsofbodylanguagearerenewingeveryday.Inthisessay,weintendtomakeacomparisonandcontrastofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesonbodylanguageinordertoavoidmisunderstandingandmakeefficientcommunication.Ingeneralsense,thestudyofbodylanguagebeganin1950s.Andduring1970s,thestudyofbodylanguageenteredafullydevelopingperiod.Fromthelateof1970stotheearlyperiodof1980s,bodylanguagecontainedmorecontents,andhadagreatinfluenceontheotherfields.AndDoctorR.L.BirdWhitellistherepresentiveofstudyofbodylanguage.Hisresearchindicated:eyebrowscouldchangefor23positionsandpeoplecouldmake250,000differentfacialexpressions.“AndpsychologistDavidAberconbiealsopointedout:wespeakwithverbalorgansbutwetalkwithourbody.”5p34Bodylanguagecontainseyelanguage,gestures,postures,facialexpressions,mannersandbehaviorsandtouchandsoon.Asthemostimportantpartofnonverbalcommunication,bodylanguage,likeverballanguage,hasnotableculturalfeatures.Somepartsofbodylanguageareinnate,someareacquiredandothersareconscious.Forexample,(1)Ababycancrywhenitisborn.Itcansuckitsfingerswhenitishungry.Whenweareexcited,ourpupilswillenlargedistinctively.Oureyebrowswillmoverapidlywhenwegreet.Andwewillfrownwhenweareunsatisfied.Weareyawningwhenwefeelsleepy.Andacquiredbodylanguageisgreatlyaffectedbysocialenvironmentandacceptedthroughcommonpractice.Itoftenbecomesadistinctiveculture.Everycountry,everynation,andeveneveryregionhasitsownhistoricalandculturalbackground.Sothebodylanguagepeopleuseisquitedifferent.Forexample,(2)Americansliketoshrugwhentheyhavenoideaaboutsomething.ButChinesedontdothesamething.StretchingoutonestonguemeanscontemptinAmerica,butinChinaitmeanssurpriseandrespectforguestsinTibet.Wecancontrolsomebodylanguageandwecandosomeposturesconsciously.Forexample,(3)Ifapublicspeakerisfiddlingwithapencilorwithhisglassesallthetimewhileheistalking,heistellingquiteclearlythatheisnervous.Butsomeexperiencedspeechmakerwillpretendwellandshowconfidence.4.CulturalDifferencesofBodyLanguageDifferentbelievesarethecausesofthedifferencesofbodylanguage.AccordingtothetheoriesproposedbyAmericananthologistsBarnetttPearce,VerrionCronent,peoplesbehavior,thewayofthinkingandsoonareaffectedbytheirbelieves.Andeveryculturehasitsdistinctivebeliefsystem.Anormalactioninthisculturewillbeabnormalinanotherone.Apositivebehaviorinoneculturewillbenegativeinanother.Peoplefromeasternworldadvocatemodesty,tolerance,mutual-supportandresponsibilityforthegroup.Butwesternpeopleadmireindependence,self-respect,freedevelopment,andrequiringindividualspaceandsoon.Next,wewillgotothedifferencesofbodylanguagefromfiveparts.4.1EyeLanguageAssayinggoes“Theeyesarethewindowofthesoul”.Thatistosay,wecanreadonesmindthroughhis/hereyes.Eyelanguagecanexpresscomplicatedfeelingsanditisanimportantwaytojudgetheintimacyofcommunicators.PeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountrieshavemoreeyecontactwhentheyareinconversation.AccordingtoAmericantradition,communicatorsmustgazeateachother.“Buttherearemanyrulesabouteyelanguage:Whethertolookattheothercommunicatorornot;whenitisthetimetolookatthem,howlongwecanlookat;whowecanlookatandwhowecant;theyallimplydifferentmeaningsincommunication.”6p94InJulietsFastersbook“BodyLanguage”,thereisaparagraphwhichcanexplaintheproblem.“Twostrangerssitfacetofaceinthedinningroominatrain;theycanintroducethemselvestoeachother.Whentheyareeating,theycantalkanythingelse.Theyalsocanavoideyecontactanddonotshowinterestineachother.Awriterdescribedthissituationinanarticle“Theylookoverthemenuagainandagain,playwithknivesandlookattheirnails.Itseemsthattheylookatthemforthefirsttime.Iftheireyesmeet,theywillturnawayimmediatelyandlookoutofthewindow.”(4)Americanspaygreatattentiontothetimeandthewayofeyecontact.Incommonconversation,theywilllookateachotheraboutoneminuteandthentheywilllookaway.IftwoAmericansgazeateachother,whichindicatetheyareintimate.InNorthAmerica,thechildrentherehavelearnedtolookattheothercommunicatordirectly.Iftheydont,theyareregardedlackofenthusiasmorconfidence.Theybelievethesaying“Nevertrustapersonwhocantlookyouintheeyes.”7p36(5)IftwoArabiansareinconversation,theywilllookateachotherwarmly.Becausetheythinkeyesarethekeyoftheirexistence.ButinAmericaneyes,theythinkthisbehaviorisunsuitableorahomosexualbehavior.TheeducatedEnglishmenbelievedirecteyecontactwithourcommunicatorsisgentlemanly.ButSwedeniansuseeyelanguagemoreoftenthanEnglishmen.AndtheFrenchespeciallyliketolookattentivelyattheothercommunicatorswithadmiration.Japaneseoftenlookattheothercommunicatorsneckwhentheyareinconversation.Theybelieveeyecontactisimpolite.AndChineseconsidergazingpeopleisanunfriendlybehavioranditisachallenge.SomeSouthAmericanIndiansusedtolookatdifferentdirectionswhentheyaretalking.IntheMiddleEast,itisconsideredextremelyprovocativeforawomantoletamancatchhereyes,letalone,returnhisgaze.(6)Anotherexample,Americanshaveatriptoavillageandthelocalpeoplestareatthem.Theyareannoyedandthinkthelocalpeoplearerude.Infact,itisnormalinthevillage.Theyarejustcurious.“AmericansocialpsychologistMichaelArgylefoundout:Peoplewholikeeachotherhavemoreeye-contactthanpeoplewhodislikeeachother.”8同5p35Incommunication,lookingdownfrequentlycanindicatesubmissivenessorembarrassment.Lookingawayconstantlymayexpressdissatisfaction.Femalesarelikelytocommunicatewithmoreeyecontact,especiallyamongfemales.Buttoolongeyecontactwillcauseembarrassment.Mostpeoplefeeluneasyanduncomfortableunderthestrongstaring.Whenpeoplealwaysstareatus,wewillfeelwearethreatenedorsuspecttheirsincerity.Fromwhatismentionedabovewecanconcludethatdifferentculturalbackgroundhasagreatinfluenceonbodylanguage.Andeyelanguagealsoreflectsdifferentculturesandbelieves.Soweneedtoobserveandcompareandcontrastcarefullysoastoimproveculturalexchangeandtoblendwell.4.2Gestures“Gesturemeanswecommunicateandexpressbythemovementandmannersofourhandsandfingers.”9p123“Withoutgestures,ourworldwillbestaticandcolorless.Wemayliterallyrollupoursleeveswhentalkingaboutcleaninguptheroomandruntomeetthepersonweareeagertosee.Itseemsnaturaltoclenchourfistorperhapsevenpoundtothelecterntoleteveryonerealizetheimportanceofourmessagewhentryingtocommunicateastrongfeeling,whichemphasizeourwords.”10p64Inourdailylife,everyonemakesgestures,butmanygestureshavedistinctregionalandculturalfeatures.“Dontassumethateveryoneintheworldunderstandsonegestureinthesameway.”11p44Forexample,(7)Americansoftentouchtheirtemplestoexpresssomebodyscleverness.ButthisactionmeansthereissomethingwrongwithonesmindoroneisstupidtoChinese.ChineseareoftensurprisedtoseeAmericanslaytheirhandsontheirneckswhentheyarefull.BecauseitisansuicideactiontoChinese,whousedtoexpressfullnessbypattingtheirstomachs.Andanotherexample,(8)Inwesternculture,peoplestretchoutonesforefingerandswingitleftandright,whichsignalstowarnsomebodynottodosomething.Thephrase“crossonesfingers”meansblessingsomebodysgoodluck.Thegestureofthumbingaridesignifiesaskingforafreerideinmotorvehiclebystretchinguponesthumb.InAmerica,peopleholdtheirthumbsandforefingersintoacircleandstretchuptheotherfingers,whichmeans“OK”inAmerica,butitmeanssomebodyisfiredbybossinJapan.InChina,holdinguponesthumbmeansgood,andraisingoneslitterfingermeansbad.ButJapanesewillholduptheirlittlefingerstoexpressoneistheirlover.InAmerica,wavingoneshandmeansgoodbye.ButSouthAmericanswillnotleavewhentheyseethisgesture,inturns;theywillruntowardsyou.(9)PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesturnaroundtheirringsconstantlytoshownervousnessoruneasiness.NowpeoplefromTaiwanandHongKongalsohavethisgesture.ButifpeopleinthemainlandofChinaactlikethis,theywillberegardedtheyareshowingoffrichness.Itiscleartoseethesamegesturewithdifferentmeaningsindifferentcultures,andpeoplefromdifferentcultureswillexpresssamemeaningbydifferentgestures.Soitisnecessaryforustoknowtheculturaldifferencetoavoidmisunderstanding.4.3Postures“Postureisamatterofhowpeoplesit,walk,standandmove.”12同8p65Whatkindofposturepeopleusealsocanreflecttheculturaldifferencesbetweeneastandwest.“Hewespointedoutculturemost
溫馨提示
- 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
- 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
- 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
- 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
- 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
- 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- 農(nóng)村壁爐修造方案(3篇)
- DB23-T2975-2021-消費品召回風(fēng)險評估-黑龍江省
- DB23-T2888-2021-楊樹人工造林間作北蒼術(shù)栽培技術(shù)規(guī)程-黑龍江省
- 公司總務(wù)后勤管理制度
- 廠內(nèi)小件物流管理制度
- 光伏公司績效管理制度
- 醫(yī)療機(jī)械設(shè)備管理制度
- 連排別墅重建方案(3篇)
- 會展比選方案(3篇)
- 公司檢修小組管理制度
- 1999年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試.文科數(shù)學(xué)試題及答案
- 國家開放大學(xué)2025年春《形勢與政策》形考任務(wù)1-5和大作業(yè)參考答案
- 安全生產(chǎn) 規(guī)章制度和安全操作規(guī)程
- 河南省洛陽市伊川縣2024-2025學(xué)年七年級下學(xué)期期中生物試題(含答案)
- 工人下班免責(zé)協(xié)議書
- 美術(shù)有趣的課件
- 健康活動:快樂生活的源泉
- 定額〔2025〕1號文-關(guān)于發(fā)布2018版電力建設(shè)工程概預(yù)算定額2024年度價格水平調(diào)整的通知
- 美容院衛(wèi)生管理制度(常用版)
- 冠心病介入診療對比劑應(yīng)用專家共識
- 《國學(xué)典籍英譯》課程教學(xué)大綱
評論
0/150
提交評論