西方文明史復(fù)習(xí)資料.doc

西方文明史復(fù)習(xí)資料一、人類文明的誕生一）、四大文明發(fā)源地及其各自主要貢獻(xiàn)：1、兩河流域Mesopotamia(3500 BCE-): Ur烏爾, Sumer蘇摩爾, Akkad阿卡德, Babylonia巴比倫 貢獻(xiàn)：楔形文字cuneiform - First Written Language農(nóng)業(yè)：Sumer: barley大麥 was the main crop, but wheat, flax亞麻, dates, apples, plums李子, and grapes were also grown Ur：6000人口中有2500的勞動力畜牧業(yè)Husbandry 最早的白羊毛，羊（meat and milk; butter and cheese ）比牛多2、古印度 Ancient Egypt 數(shù)3、古埃及 ancient Egypt1） 大規(guī)模動員勞動力來建造大工程Large scale mobilization動員 of labors for huge projects.例Pyramid2）天文學(xué)和建筑學(xué)Development in Astronomy and Architecture3）書寫系統(tǒng)Writing system4）行政體系A(chǔ)dministration system4、古中國 ancient China 四大發(fā)明： gunpowder、 Compass、printing、 Papermaking二）、猶太文明 Judaic Heritage單一神論Monotheism( the belief in one God. God is all powerful ) Judaism Christian Beliefs多神論polytheism三）、Greco-Roman Heritage 1、古希臘羅馬文明總結(jié) Summery of Greco-Roman Heritage1）Philosophy and way of thinking: Logic (Combined with Christianity to influence the daily life of the west)2）Political system3）Law4）Arts2、Greek Heritage貢獻(xiàn)： a. Logic, philosophy, science, literature, arts, political thoughts, historiography, poetics, esthetics, etc.b. Handcraft, architecture, navigation, military arts, political and legal systems, etc.哲學(xué)Philosophy: Pre-Socrates1）愛琴海時代Aegean civilizations 黑暗時代Greek Dark Age (1200-750 BCE) 荷馬時代The Homeric Age (ca. 800 BCE) 2）古希臘時代（700-500 BCE） Ancient Greek Civilizations 民族報和城邦Ethnos and Polis (City-state) 科林斯、斯巴達(dá)與雅典 Corinth, Sparta and Athens 貴族、專制、民主Athens-Aristocracy, Tyranny and Democracy Apollo阿波羅在此時代貢獻(xiàn)：文學(xué)和藝術(shù)Literature and arts：Homer 和Iliad伊利亞特 & Odessa 奧德賽 戲劇Dramas: Tragedy and Comedy史學(xué)：Herodotus (c. 484 BCc. 425 BCE) , the father of History史學(xué)之父講述了希臘波斯戰(zhàn)爭 The Histories tells the story of the Greco-Persian Wars ，Written about 440 BCE 代表人物： 蘇格拉底 Socrates. 469 BC399 BC柏拉圖Plato亞里士多德Aristotl 伯利克里Pericles, the popular Athenian democratic leader(461-429 BCE) Despotism、Patriarch、Democracy專制、元老、民主Hellenic Age The Persian War波斯戰(zhàn)爭 Athenian Imperialism雅典帝國主義 The Peloponnesian War (431- 404 BCE) Macedonian Unification of Greece希臘馬其頓統(tǒng)一3）Hellenistic Age泛希臘時代 Alexander the Great亞歷山大大帝 Diffusion of Greek culture希臘文化擴散 2） Roman Heritage 貢獻(xiàn)：法律 建筑a. Ancient Romeb. Republic Romec. Roman Empire四）日耳曼文明Germanic Heritage1、Commune Systems2、Autonomy3、Common Laws重點 the law of ancient Rome from the time of the founding of the city in 753 BCE until the fall of the Western Empire in the 5th century CE. It remained in use in the Eastern, or Byzantine, Empire until 1453. As a legal system, Roman law has affected the development of law in most of Western civilization as well as in parts of the East. It forms the basis for the law codes of most countries of continental Europe and derivative systems elsewhere. 代表人物： Julius CaesarAmerican civilization例如：瑪雅文明Maya第二部分：中世紀(jì)Middle Ages第一部分：奴隸制的衰落與封建制的崛起一、奴隸制的衰落Fall of Slavery System1、羅馬帝國的瓦解Collapse of Roman Empire CE 4762、基督教的興起Rise of Christian Church Belief in afterlife來世3、外族人的入侵Barbarian Invasions*二、西方封建制特點Features of Western Feudalism1）領(lǐng)主和他們的附庸Lords and their vassals2）封地和農(nóng)奴 Fief and serfs 東西方封建體制的差異Differences between Western and Chinese Feudal Systems1）Lord vs. State2）遺產(chǎn)繼承和社會地位的變動Heredity vs. Social Mobility 注：Feudalism was the expression of a society in which every man was bound to every other by mutual ties of loyalty and service. 長子繼承制PrimogenitureThe firstborn son inherited the entirety of a parents wealth, estate, title or office. In the absence of children, inheritance passed to the collateral relatives, in order of seniority of the collateral line.三、Feudalism and New Technologies1）軍事：來自中國 Military: From China, Stirrup2）生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展 Increase productivity3）家庭成為主要的生產(chǎn)組織Household becomes the major unit of production四、Decline of Feudalism1、人口大減Depopulation of Europe 1） 戰(zhàn)爭Wars: (such as crusades十字軍東征1095-1272) 2）黑死病1347 - 1350 Black Death: one third to half of the population died. 3）人口減少對其影響 The impact of depopulation on the feudalism. 第二部分：資本主義的興起Emergence of Capitalism一、文藝復(fù)興The Italian Renaissance1、簡介：The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence affected literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual enquiry. 2、背景：Backgrounds: 意大利的地理位置Geographical positions of Italy 與東方的商業(yè)往來Commercial exchanges with the Orient 財富的積累Accumulation of Wealth City States城邦: Venice, Florence, Milan, Naples and Papal States2、特點 Features of Renaissance: Humanism1)重視個人成就Emphasis on Individual Achievements2)重視現(xiàn)世，而不是來世Emphasis on this life, not afterlife3)重視在多方面的成績 Emphasis on comprehensive accomplishments in arts, literature, science, politics and everything.3、核心思想：人文主義思想Humanismhumanists asserted the genius of man . the unique and extraordinary ability of the human mindHumanism was not a philosophy per se本身、本質(zhì)上, but rather a method of learning. In contrast to the medieval 中世紀(jì)scholastic mode方式, which focused on resolving解決 contradictions矛盾 between authors, humanists would study ancient texts in the original, and appraise估計、評價 them through a combination of reasoning推理 and empirical evidence實驗數(shù)據(jù).二、意大利文藝復(fù)興的貢獻(xiàn)Achievements of Italian Renaissance1、在藝術(shù)：In arts: 達(dá)芬奇Leonardo da Vinci, Mona LisaThe Last Supper米開朗琪羅Michelangelo,，David Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, and Michelangelo Buonarroti.2、在文學(xué)In Literature: Dante, Petrarch, Bocaccio3、在科學(xué)In science: Da Vinci4、在政治In politics: Machiavelli: The Prince三： 民族國家的興起 Emergence of Nation States一）背景：貿(mào)易和市場的擴張Trades and expanding markets 國家意識Sense of Nation 國家對教會State vs. Church Absolute Monarchy 君主制and despotism專制: Theories and practice The Orient and Empires四：資產(chǎn)階級革命Bourgeois Revolutions 一）英國資產(chǎn)階級革命English Revolution 1、君主專制政體Absolute Monarchy Rule of the House of Stuart斯圖亞特王室2、革命前的社會階級Social Classes before the revolution Merchants 商人 Gentlemen and New Gentry 紳士和新貴族Yeomanry (free-holders & copy-holders) 自耕家 Nobles貴族 3、背景：1) 社會經(jīng)濟背景Social and Economic Background 工商業(yè)Manufacture and Commerce 制造業(yè)，分散工場Manufacturing Putting out system 農(nóng)業(yè)革命Agricultural Revolutio n 圈地，資本主義農(nóng)場Enclosure , Capitalist Farming 國際貿(mào)易 Foreign Trade 2) 輿論文化背景 文藝復(fù)興Renaissance 例：Thomas More, Shakespeare, Milton米爾頓, etc. 清教運動Puritanism 例： The Chosen Salvation4、從革命到斯圖亞特王朝復(fù)辟From Civil Wars to the Restoration 從兩次內(nèi)戰(zhàn)到共和國 From Civil Wars to Commonwealth Royalists保皇派 or cavaliers騎士派 vs roundheads圓顱派 護(hù)國政體Protectorate 斯圖亞特王朝復(fù)辟Restoration 5、革命形勢的形成Political Crisis be the Revolution1）君主專制統(tǒng)治的特點Characteristics of English DespotismWeak Monarch君主; Parliament; Noble system2）斯圖亞特當(dāng)政The Reign of StuartsFeudalist封建 Land system, Taxes and financial policy, foreign policy, Religious prosecutions, conflicts between the monarch and the bourgeois3）代表人物：克倫威爾Oliver Cromwell4、光榮革命Glorious Revolution1）國內(nèi)革命的結(jié)果Consequences of Civil Wars 封建社會關(guān)系崩潰Collapse of Feudal Social Relations 資本主義經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展Development of Capitalist Economy 變更土地所有權(quán)Change of Landownership 資產(chǎn)階級政治理論Political theories of Bourgeoisie2）1688光榮革命Glorious Revolution 1688 詹姆斯二世James II 資產(chǎn)階級政治體系的建立Establishment of Bourgeois Political System 君主立憲制Constitutional Monarchy3）威廉 和 瑪麗William of Orange and Marry, Protestant daughter of James II4）權(quán)利法案Bill of Rights 國王不能頒布法律The king could not suspend law. 不經(jīng)議會允許不能征稅No taxes without the consent of Parliament 在議會中言論自由Freedom of speech in Parliament 請愿的權(quán)利和過度罰款，保釋，或殘忍的懲罰Right of petition and free of excessive fines, bail, or cruel punishment5）第一位首相羅伯特沃爾波爾Robert Walpole the first British prime minister. 6）革命意義：Significance of English Revolution 資產(chǎn)階級政權(quán)的首次勝利The first major political victory of Capitalism 革命在妥協(xié)中結(jié)束Revolution ended in Compromise妥協(xié) 披著宗教的外衣Revolution in religious disguise偽裝, so also called Puritan Revolution二）美國資產(chǎn)階級革命(1775-1783) American Revolution1、三種殖民地Thirteen colonies: 、 north, middle and south; proprietary; autonomous自治的、有自主權(quán)的 and crown北部：小農(nóng)和手工業(yè)North: small farmers and manufacturing; 中部：大農(nóng)業(yè)Middle: Large scale farming; 南部：奴隸種植園South: Slave plantation 2、美利塵民族的形成Nation in the making 1）有益忽視Benevolent negligence 2）民族市場的形成Formation of National market 3）民族意識的形成Sense of nation 4）殖民地與宗主國的矛盾Conflicts between colonies and the mother nation 3、1）七年戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束The end of 7 years war 1763 2）英國殖民政策Colonial policies of the Great Britain Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Acts3）波士頓慘案Boston Massacre 1770 波士頓大屠殺Boston Massacre 4）第一次大陸會議The First Continental Congress 5）波士頓茶黨和不可容忍的法律Boston Tea Party and Intolerable Acts 波士頓傾茶案 Boston Tea Party 6）1775戰(zhàn)爭的第一槍Shots heard round the world: Lexington and Concord, 列克星敦戰(zhàn)Battle of Lexington 7）立憲會議Constitutional Conference 4、獨立宣言起草人Thomas Jefferson漢密爾頓Alexander Hamilton麥迪遜James Madison,美國憲法之父5、權(quán)利法案（前十條修正案）Bill of Rights Right of expression, assembly, petition, of religion, etc. Right to bear arms. Right of just trial. Rights of people: Internal laws vs. International practice.三）、法國資產(chǎn)階級革命French Revolution1、背景：啟蒙運動（1718世紀(jì)）Ideological Background：Enlightenment口號：自由平等博愛Liberty、 Equalit 、Fraternity1）簡介：a European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and man were synthesized合成 into a worldview 世界觀that gained wide assent 贊同、認(rèn)同and that instigated煽動、鼓動 revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics. Enlightenment was a desire for human affairs to be guided by rationality 理性rather than by faith, superstition迷信, or revelation; a belief in the power of human reason人類理性 to change society and liberate the individual from the restraints限制 of custom or arbitrary專制 authority; all backed up by a world view increasingly validated by science rather than by religion or tradition.2)代表人物： Important figures In all Europe, a lot of scientists, men of letters, philosophers are considered the most important figures of the Enlightenment: such as Thomas Paine托馬斯潘恩, Benjamin Franklin本杰明富蘭克林, Thomas Jefferson, Kant康德, Adam Smith亞當(dāng)斯密, John Locke洛克, David Hume大衛(wèi)休謨, Edward Gibbon, Goethe歌德, Gottfried Leibniz萊布尼茲, Carl Linnaeus, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, so on.盧梭Rousseau the Inequality Among MankindVoltaire believed in the supremacy至高無上 and efficacy of human reasonDiderot狄德羅, Denis1713-1784孟德斯鳩Montesquieu His major work:3）特點：The Characteristics of the Enlightenment 1. 理性Reason - Science as the highest human pursuit. 2. 自然神論 Deism - natural God against Catholic Church天主教 3.社會契約 Social Contract Democracy against despotism 4.浪漫主義 Romanticism2、三個等級：教士、貴族、平民三級會議The meeting of the Estates General: May 5, 1789 3、三個階段The First Stage of the French Revolution, 1789-1792 1）第一階段1789-1792 The First Stage of the French Revolution, Storming of the Bastille巴士底獄The Tennis Court Oath at Versailles凡爾賽 成果：a）宣布人民的權(quán)利The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen 人權(quán)宣言的頒布（1789 4 26）Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen1789 Adopted by the National Assembly國民大會 during the French Revolution on August 26, 1789, and reaffirmed by the constitution of 1958 b）在1789年8月4日，國民議會同意取消特權(quán)原則On August 4, 1789 the National Assembly agreed to abolish the principle of privilege. c）封建土地制度被廢除Feudal Land system was abolished.2）第二階段A、外部和內(nèi)部對革命的威脅The Internal and External Threats to the Revolution 財政危機、通貨膨脹和國外戰(zhàn)爭困擾著革命政府Fiscal crisis, inflation and foreign war were in front of the revolutionary government. 反動派的威脅War threats of foreign reactionary forces from the fall of 1791 also challenged stability. B、事件：馬拉之死The Death of Marat 羅伯斯庇爾4、拿破侖時代The Era of Napoleon 拿破侖越過阿爾卑斯山擊敗奧地利1800 Bonaparte took the French Army across the Alps, eventually defeating the Austrians at Marengo 擊敗普魯士French Army entered Berlin on 27 October 1806衰落和失敗Decline and Fall1.Causes of decline and fall 1）和封建主義的和解 Reconciliation with feudalism、2）戰(zhàn)爭 Warsa）侵略戰(zhàn)爭（國內(nèi)外對拿破侖的不滿和反抗）warsb）歐洲人民不再支持拿破侖的戰(zhàn)爭European Peoples resistance to Napoleon Warsand Nationalismc）法國資產(chǎn)階級和人民對拿破侖的戰(zhàn)爭也日益不滿Internal discontent with Napoleon warsd）法國軍力衰弱Military decline(二）帝國的垮臺The Fall of the first Empire（三）波旁王朝復(fù)辟和“白日政變”Restoration of the Bourbons and 100 days ）波旁王朝復(fù)辟the restoration）白日政變100 days5、對拿破侖的評價Evalution6、維也納會議和神圣同盟Congress of Vienna 正統(tǒng)原則principle of orthodoxy 遏止原則principle of containment 神圣同盟Holly Alliance革命的意義：1. By overthrowing the Old Regime, the revolution paved ways to the political rule of bourgeoisie.2. The revolution shook the foundation of feudalism in Europe and influenced the world. Equality and liberty were declared the basic principles for all human race.新政府面臨的危機：內(nèi)部：財政危機Fiscal crisis, inflation and foreign war were in front of the revolutionary government. 外部：外國反動派War threats of foreign reactionary forces from the fall of 1791 also challenged stability. 奧地利和普魯士Austria and Prussia法國革命時間表（1789.5.51870.9.4） 一、波旁王朝（8431791.9）封建君主專制1789.5.5; 三級會議召開，后改名“制憲會議”第三等級：7.14 巴黎人民攻占