文選閱讀作業(yè).doc

Group one What is absolute advantage ? In economic study , we definite “ absolute advantage ” as “ one country can produce some commodities more efficient than the rest of the world ” . For example , in 18th century , the English were the worlds most efficient manufacturers of textiles , while the French has the worlds most efficient wine industry . According to Adam Smith , countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantatge , and then trade part of them for the goods produced by other countries . Therefor , by specializing in the production of goods in which each has an absolute advantage , both countries benefit by engaging in trade . And then , what does comparative advantage mean ? It means that , in a world of two commodities and two countries , one country has absolute advantages , but not in the same degree , in the production of both commodities , while another country is in a opposite position . Then , we say , the second country has a comparative advantage in producing the goods in which it has less disadvantage . And now , a problem emerge , could these two countries enter into a trading relationship ? “ No ”, said Adam Smith , but David Ricardo disagreeded . He reckoned , if the country who has absolute advantages specialize in producing one commodity in which it has more efficiency and the other country produce another one , then both can still benefit a lot by trading with each other . Group four Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is one of the worlds most famous theories of human motivation . He premised that peoples desires can be arranged into a hierarchy of needs of relative potency . When the low needs are satisfied , other and high needs emerge immediately to dominate the individual , and the need will never slow down its steps until it reaches the highest level . Maslows Hierarchy of Needs has five stages . Physiological needs are at the bottom of the hierarchy , then Safety , Social and Esteem needs , Self-actualization needs are the top one . Why are Physiological needs at the bottom ? Because they are most fundamental . They include food , water , air , protection from the elements , comfort , sex and so on . Once , peoples Physiological needs are gratified , a new set of needs come up to them . They are called safety needs in the needs hierarchy . Safety refers to a feeling of well-being and a sense that danger is not present in the environment . Then , social needs emeger when people feel their lives are out of danger . They include needs for friendships and needs for love relationships , which are their desires to get out of lonely . A person , whose first three needs are satisfied will feel the needs for esteem . This is the desire for self-respect , self-esteem , and esteem of others and is a powerful drive creating demand for status-improving goods . The final stage is self-actualization . It means that one eagers to do what one is fitted for . If you are an artist , you paint and you feel happy , if you are a builder , building makes you feel satisfied . And this is because you have met your needs for self-actualization . Group five When purchasing , most people wants to buy something famous or are at least known by a group of people . As we all know , the famous commodities always have well-known brands . Brand , which is a name , term , sign , symbol , or a combination of them , stands for a kind of commodity and , of course , stands for its company . It helps us to identify the goods and services of one seller from others . Besides , brand is a guarantee . Well-known brand guarantees for good quality commodities and satisfactory services , and it reduces the risks in product decisions in many aspects for consumers . Take Nike for example , it reduce your time risk obviously because of its good quality guarantee . You dont have to waste a lot of time to choose a pair of shoes produced by many different companies , just go directly to the Nikes shop and buy one . That is OK . And , dont have to worry about the financial risk , too . You get what you pay for , good quality requires high price , and of course , you also have to pay for its fame . F-A-M-E fame. In a way , fame represent social approval . It means that you are not different from mainstream society and you are accepted by other members . Otherwise , you will be in an embarrassment . So , purchasing Nike brand reduce your social risk . Meanwhile , if you buy Nike brand goods , you also confront less physical and psychological risks . The manufacturers pay much attention to make the products lower down their possibility to pose a threat to the physical and mental health of the user . And this is the most fundamental reason why Nike brand is highly regarded and why we always choose it . Group threeWhen making market logistics decisions , four points must be considered . The first is about order processing . As we all know , the longer time a company takes to deal with orders , the lower the customers satisfaction and the lower the companys profits . So , all companies today should try their best to shorten the order-to-remittance cycle , which include many steps such as roder transmission , order entry , credit checking and so on . Secondly , where should stocks be located ? Its easy to say “ warehouse ”. But what kind of warehouse ? It must be a place with advanced materials-handling systems that not only can stock goods but also can easy to receive and distribute . Time is money , and efficiency creates value . The third point is about inventory . Inventory levels represent a major market logistics decision . The inventory manager favors low inventories . They would like to carry enough stock to fill all customer orders immediately , but this is not easy , because management would need to know by how much sales and profits would increase as a result of carrying larger inventories . So , inventory decision making involves knowing when and how much to order . The last one to consider is transportation . It will affect the goods when they arrive , all of which affects customers satisfaction . To sum up , good transportation play an important role to increase a companys achievement . Group twoLicensing is a method of foreign market operation where a company in one country enters into a contractual agreement with a company or person in another country whereby the licensee is given the right to use something owned by the licensor . Most companies have one or more objectives in mind when they negotiate a license agreement and use licensing as a method of penetrating foreign markets .Their objectives can be summarized as follows : (1) They want to obtain revenue from company-owned patents , trademarks , and accumulated know-how . (2) Gaining some tactical or strategic advantage in marketing its products in foreign markets . (3) Acquiring recip