Argument閃光句型.docx

Argument閃光句型1. The mere(純粹的，起碼的，僅僅的) fact that ticket sales in recent years for screenplay（電影劇本）-based movies have exceeded those for book-based movies is insufficient（不足的，不夠的） evidence to conclude(show, prove, illustrate（舉例說明）, demonstrate(證明，論證，示范) that writing screenplays now provides greater financial opportunity for writers.A這個事實（概念）并不足以證明B這個事實（概念）2. It is possible that fees paid by movie studios for screenplays will decrease in the future relative to those for book rights.3. The argument fails to rule out(劃去，排除，取消) the possibility that a writer engages in（參加，使從事于）both types of writing as well as other writer.這個論述并沒有排除。的可能性4In any event(無論如何), the advertisement provides no justification(理由) for the mutually（互相地，互助）exclusive（排外的，獨占的，唯一的）choice that it imposes on（利用，欺騙，施加影響于）the writer.5 The argument simply equates(treat) success with(as the indication of) movie ticket sales, which is unwarranted（無根據的，無保證的）.作者簡單的把A和B劃上了等號（簡單的把A等同于B）6 The author assumes (make assumption) that physical capabilities are the only attribute（品質，特征，屬性） necessary to operate a motor vehicle.作者假定物理性能是對運轉機動車所必須的唯一屬性。7Moreover(此外), the author provides no evidence that the realism（現(xiàn)實主義） of color photography（攝影，攝影術） is the reason for its predominance（優(yōu)勢）. 此外，作者沒能提供證據證明A就是B的原因。8This assumption presents（提出，呈現(xiàn)，介紹） a false dilemma(進退兩難的局面，困難的選擇), since the two media are not necessarily mutually exclusive（互斥的） alternatives（事物，二中擇一，可供選擇的辦法）.9Common sense（常識） tells us that a photographer can succeed by working in both media. 常識告訴我們。（不理性的，最好不用）10The argument ignores the factorssuch as initiative（主動）, creativity（創(chuàng)造，創(chuàng)造力）, technical skills, and business judgment（判斷）that may be more important than the choice of medium（媒體） in determining success in photograph.11. The major problem with the argument is that the stated（定期的，一定的）similarities（類似，類似處）between Company A and B are insufficient to support the conclusion that Company A will suffer（遭受，經歷，忍受）a fate similar to Company B s. 12. Consequently, the mere fact that Company A holds a large share（份額） of the video-game hardware and software market does not support (支持，擁護) the claim that Company A will also fail. 僅此是如下的事實，并不能支持如下的主張13.Thus, the author unfairly assumes that highly-rated public television programs are necessarily widely viewed, or popular.14.While this may be true in some cases, it is equally possible that only companies with products that are already best-sellers can afford the higher ad rates that popular shows demand. 這一點在某些情況下是真實的，但同樣有可能在別的相反的情況下成立，作者的推理并不是唯一的15.Admittedly(公認地，誠然，無可否認的), the vice presidents reasoning linking employee benefits with company profits（利潤，益處） seems reasonable on the surface. 16.One can infer（推斷） from the surveys results that a full one-third of the respondents（回答者）may have viewed the current（當前的，現(xiàn)在的，最近的，草寫的，通用的） benefits package unfavorably（不適宜地，不利地）. 我們可以從調查的結果推出。（和作者不同的結論，削弱作者的論述）17Lacking(缺乏的，不足的) more specific(明確的，特殊的) information about how these other employees responded, it is impossible to assess（估定，評定）（evaluate(評價，估計), judge（鑒定，判斷，斷定，認為） the reliability(可靠性) of the surveys results or to make an informed（見多識廣的） recommendation（推薦，介紹信，勸告，建議）. 18It is unlikely that the brief（摘要，大綱） one-week periods（周期） under comparison（比較，對照） are representative（代表） of longer time periods.19If so（假如這樣的話）, even though（即使） 3 percent more accidents occurred（發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)） after the change, the authors (arguers) argument that changing the speed limit increases danger for drivers would be seriously weakened. 假如是。作者如下的觀點也會大大的削弱20.The editorial（社論）fails to take into account(重視，考慮) possible differences between East and West Cambria that are relevant（有關的，相應的） to how drivers react to（與。起反應） speed-limit changes. （此句用于攻擊錯誤類比時使用（false analogy ）21In addition(另外), while it is true that many voters（投票者） change their minds several times before voting, and that some remain undecided（未定的，不穩(wěn)定的） until entering the voting booth（貨攤，售貨亭，棚）, this is not true of everyone. 一方面，。是有道理的，但這個道理不一定適合每個人 （用于攻擊草率推廣中的絕對化詞匯）22. Without knowing the extent and nature of the damage resulting（作為結果的，因而發(fā)生的） from the bad publicity（公開） or the reason for the violation（違反，妨礙，侵害，違背）, we cannot accept the authors conclusion.23. The authors proposal（提議，建議） is inconsistent（不一致，不協(xié)調的，矛盾的） with the authors conclusion about the consequences（結果） of adopting（采用，收養(yǎng)） an ethics（偶爾，道德規(guī)范） code.24. To begin with（首先，本來）, the author fails to consider health threats（威脅，兇兆） posed（形成，引起，造成，擺姿勢，洋裝） by incinerating（把。燒成灰，燒棄） trash.25. The authors conclusion（結束，結論，締結） that switching（開關，轉換，配電系統(tǒng)） to incineration（燒成灰，焚化） would be more salutary（有益的） for public health would be seriously undermined.26. However, this is not necessarily the case.27. The authors implicit（暗示的，盲從的，含蓄的） claim that incinerations are economically advantageous（有利的） to landfills（垃圾，垃圾掩埋法=trash）is poorly supported.28. Consequently, unless the author can demonstrate that the city will incur（招致） expenses（費用，開支） that are not covered by the increased revenues（收入，國家的收入，稅收） from these projects, the authors concern about these issues is unfounded（沒有理由的，未建立的）.因此，除非作者能證明。否則作者的這些擔心是沒有根據的（UNLESS A，B（否定結構 ），）29First of all, while asserting(斷言，聲稱) that real incomes are rising, the author provides no evidence to support this assertion.30. But no evidence is provided（倘若） to show that this explanation is correct.31. Moreover（而且，此外）, the author fails to consider and rule out other factors that might account for（說明，解決） proportional（成比例的，均衡的） decrease in spending on food. 32.The author ignores other likely benefits（possible factors）of agricultural technology that affect food pieces only indirectly or not at all. 作者忽略了有可能出現(xiàn)的好處 （作者考慮問題沒有考慮正負得失）33.In the first place, a great deal of empirical（經驗主義的，完全根據經驗的） evidence shows that sequels（結局） are often not as profitable（有利可圖的） as the original movies.34. However, unless the original cast（演員表） and production team are involved（棘手的，有關的） in making the sequel, there is a good chance it will not be financially successful. 然而，除非。否則很有可能。會發(fā)生35.Since the difficulties inherent（固有的，內在的，與生俱來的） in this process（過程，作用，方法，程序，步驟） make it hard to predict（預知，預言，預報） whether the result will be a success or a failure, the conclusion that the sequel will be profitable is presumptuous(武斷的).36.This assumption overlooks other criteria（標準） for determining a bridges importancesuch as the number of commuters（通勤者，經常往返者） using the bridge, the role of the bridge in local emergencies（緊急事件，緊急需要） and disasters, and the impact（影響，效果，沖突，碰撞） that bridge closure（關閉） would have on the economies of nearby cities.37. Without such evidence, we cannot accept the authors conclusion that no government funds（資金，基金） should be directed toward maintaining（維持，維修，供養(yǎng)） the Styx River bridge. 沒有這樣的證據，我們不能接受作者的結論38.The fact that the nearby city has a weakening（弱化） economy does not prove that the city will not contribute significantly（意味深長地，值得注目地）to tax（對。征稅）revenues. A不能說明B39. Substantiating（證實，使實體化） this assumption requires examining the proper（正當?shù)?，固有的，適當?shù)?，正確的，特有的） duty of government.40. Accordingly（因此，從而）, this assumption is simply an unproved claim.因此，這個假定只是一個未經證實的主張41.The author is presenting a false dilemma by imposing(強加（壯麗的，使人難忘的）) an either-or（只能二選一的）choice between two courses of action that need not be mutually exclusive. 見8條42.It is equally possible that legislators（立法者）can address（演說，向。致辭，） both areas of concern(（利害）關系，關注，涉及) concurrently（并發(fā)地，一致地）.43.The argument relies（依賴于，信賴）on the assumption that the legislators in question(所討論的) have the opportunity to address urban（城市的）crime（犯罪，犯罪行為） problems.44.Finally, the author unfairly trivializes（使平凡，使瑣碎） the severity（嚴肅，嚴格，嚴重，激烈） of rural（鄉(xiāng)下的，田園的，生活在農村的） crime by simply comparing it with urban crime. 論者無理的輕視了。（小看了。；不重視。）45.It is possible that the sales trend（傾向，伸向） in a particular（特別的，特殊的，詳細的，獨特的） location（場所，位置，特定區(qū)域）is not representative（典型的，有代表性的）of sales in other regions（地區(qū)，區(qū)域，地方，領域）.46.However, the author fails to acknowledge（承認） and rule out other possible causes of such accidents.47.A third problem with the argument is that the statistical evidence upon which it relies is too vague（含糊的，不清楚的） to be informative（提供情報的）.48.If the subjects for the study were randomly（隨便的，未加計劃的） chosen and represent（表現(xiàn)，描繪，象征，扮演，回憶） a diverse（不同的，變化多的）cross（相反的，交叉的） section of the population of shampoo users, the results will be reliable（可靠的，可信賴的） regardless（不管，不顧，不注意） of the number of participants（參與者，共享者）.49.Experience alone is far from being enough to guarantee（保證，擔保）minimized（將。減到最?。﹑rocessing（處理）costs（成本，價錢，代價）.50.Given(贈予的，特定的，假設的) that Olympic Foods does benefit from（受益于） lowered processing costs due to（由于，應歸于） its years of experience, the prediction（預言，預報） about maximum profits is still in lack of solid（可靠的） ground（范圍）.51.Any adverse（不利的，敵對的，反對的）change in those factors will have negative impact（對。發(fā)生影響）on the companys profitability（收益性，利益率）.52.Contingencies(偶然事件) such as market changes, competition, material and labor（勞工） costs, legislative（立法的，立法機關（的） moves, and the national or international economic cycle can all lead to dropping profit.53.Opening subsidiaries（輔助的，補充的）may just coincide（一致，符合）with changes in the above mentioned（提及，說起，論及）factors and the consequent（作為結果的，隨之發(fā)生的） impact on the companys profitability.54.Comprehensive（全面的，廣泛的）analysis is necessary to identify（確定，識別，鑒別） the actual cause(s) of the companys lowered profitability. 全面的分析是必要的，以便確定。結果的真正原因（攻擊“沒有考慮其他可能的因素”的時候使用，原因可能是一個或者多個）55.The other premise（假定，提論，預述）in the argument that centralization（集中，中央集權化）would improve（改善，改進）profitability lends little support to the argument because its own credibility（可信性）is suspect（令人懷疑的，不可信的，可疑的）.56.There is no data available, however, to support any causal relation between the number of people watching TV programs about the visual arts and the number of people visiting art museums.57.We do not have any evidence suggesting that the increase or decrease of the number of TV program viewers will cause the likewise（同樣地） increase or decrease in the number of museum visitors, or vise（簽證，簽準） versa.58.The statistics offered in the announcement（宣告，公告）warrants（保證，擔保） only the conclusion that the decline of The Mercurys circulation（循環(huán)，流通，發(fā)行量）and the alleged（聲稱的，所謂的） competitor（競爭者）, the lower-priced newspaper The Bugle, coexisted（共存）in the past five years. 這段論述中所提供的證據，只能支持如下的結論（可能作者的結論作出限定后是成立的） （在攻擊類似“結論放大了”的時候用）59.Any further linkage（聯(lián)接）of these two phenomena（現(xiàn)象）requires more evidence and is not justified（證明。是恰當?shù)模゜y the data so far available.60.Therefore, any decision aimed at addressing the problem of falling circulation must be based on more thorough（十分的，徹底的）investigation（調查，研究）to gather（集合，聚集）sufficient（充分的，足夠的）data in order to narrow down and locate（定位）the actual cause(s) of the problem.任何指在解決。問題的決定都必須基于更徹底的調查以便獲得充分的數(shù)據來（限定）縮小這個問題真正的一個或多個原因61.There is also the possibility that The Mercurys declining circulation has little to do with The Bugle.62.Since the arguer makes a claim about workers in general, the workers sampled for the survey should be able to represent all workers.63. From the survey quoted(引用，引證，提供，提出) in the argument, however, we find no sign of such procedures for random sampling（隨意取樣）, and have good reason to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general attitudes of all workers as a whole（總體上）.從這段論述所引用的調查來看，我們找不到任何有關隨機取樣的調查程序的跡象，懷疑調查，抽樣調查的代表性來反應。（用于攻擊“調查類的問題”）64.When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generalization(一般化，普通化，概括) they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidate（使無效）the generalization. 當抽樣調查被用來對一個特定的群體做出一般的概括的時候，那么這個樣品要在抽樣的時間上盡可能接近這個你要用來支持的一般性的結論，以便歷史的改變不會使這個概括無效。 （要在調查的時間上盡可能接近，實用性不強）65If this will be the case, then the increasing number middle-aged people in the future will not necessarily mean the likewise increase of business volume(銷售量) in department stores.66.Opinions should be judged by their own merits（優(yōu)點，價值）, and should not be dismissed merely because they are voiced by a few people.67.To find the exact cause or causes of economic ups or downs（盛衰，沉?。? examination should be applied to all factors that have significant（有意義的，重要的） impact on the economy.68.Since no effect was made to gather information about the spending amounts of the shoppers who had not read the ad in Gazette（報紙，政府的公報，（大學的）學報）, the possibility cannot be excluded（排斥，把。排除在外） that the average amount spent by a shopper did not vary significantly, whether the shopper had read the ad or not.69.Without further investigation any claims made about the effectiveness（效力） of the radio ad are doubtful even though the caf did observe a better business.70. The fact that the student performance improved（改良的） after the application of interactive computer instruction does not necessarily imply（暗示，意味） that the new teaching method is responsible（可靠的，可信賴的，有責任的，負責的）for the achievements.如下的事實不一定意味著。（同38句，也是一個萬能句型）71.Factors such as funds, computer skills of teaching staff（教職人員）, relative importance of other teaching objectives all have some bearing on（有關，瞄準，對。施加壓力） the extent of the use of computer-aided（半自動的）instruction.72. Economy, as we know, is influenced（影響，改變） by the combination of a host（主機）of factors, local, national and international, political, social, and technological.73. But we are told nothing about the way the poll（民意測驗，選舉之選票）was conducted and how well it represented the public opinions. 可是我們沒有被告知任何這個抽樣是怎么做的，以及它能夠有效的代表什么， （對調查結果正確性的攻擊，可用此句型）74.But the problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify（證明。是正當?shù)模﹖he analogical deduction（類比推理）. 這個問題是這兩種情形，不具有足夠的相似性來使得作者的類比推理成立 （false analogy）75. According to the memo, companies are urged to follow this code, but there is no evidence whatsoever(無論如何) to show any serious commitment（許諾，委托事項） on the part of those companies other than their overt（明顯的，公然的） agreement to abide by（堅持，遵守）it.76. The argument provides no direct information as to the degree to which the publics demand for restaurants is satisfied by the supply from the industry.77. There is no evidence whatsoever to indicate that the water is solely（獨自地，單獨地） responsible for the health condition of the local people.78. But any conclusion at this stage is premature（未成熟的，太早的，早熟的） in absence of a comprehensive examination of the schools educational competence（能力）.79.This observed phenomenon（現(xiàn)象）, actually, says little more than that these two events are synchronic（同時發(fā)生的）to each other and that is all.80. It does not naturally warrant the conclusion that movie violence has significantly contributed, and thus is causal to, the increased urban crimes in real life.81.In this argument the arguer concludes that the Appogee Company should close down field offices and conduct all its operations from a single, centralized（集中的，中央集權的） location because the company had been more profitable（有利可圖的）in the past when all its operations were in one location.82.For a couple of reasons, this argument is not very convincing.83.The arguer employs two lines of reasoning to reach this conclusion.84.In addition, the arguer reasons（說服，勸說，推論） that 15-year-olds are physically（身體上的） more capable than older drivers of performing the various skills associated with driving a vehicle and thus should be eligible（符合條件的，合格的） to get a license.85.The arguer draws the conclusion that photographers who work in color hold a competitive（競爭的） advantage over those who work in black-and-white.86.To support this conclusion, the arguer claims that the greater realism（現(xiàn)實主義） of colored photos accounts for its predominant（卓越的，突出的，主要的，有影響的） use in magazines and portraits（肖像，人像）.87.This editorial asserts that West Cambria should not change its highway speed limits because such changes adversely（逆地，反對地） affect driver alertness（警戒，機敏） and are therefore dangerous.88.To support this claim, the editorial cites（引用，引證） statistics indicating（指示，標志） that whenever（只要） East Cambria changed its speed limits, an average of 3 percent more automobile accidents occurred（發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)） during the week after the change than during the week preceding（在前的，前述的） it, even when the speed limit was lowered.89.As it stands（按照現(xiàn)在的情況，事實是這樣）, this argument suffers from（忍受，遭受） three critical flaws（瑕疵，缺點，裂紋）.90.In this argument, the planning department of an investment firm reaches the conclusion that the firm should encourage investment in Solarioa new manufacturer of solarpowered（太陽能） products（產品）.91. The basis for this recommendation is the expectation that solar energy will soon become more cost efficient and attractive than other forms of energy.92.This assumption is based on recent declines in（衰退） the cost of equipment used to convert（使轉變，轉換。，轉換信仰） solar energy into electricity and on new technologists that are being develo