研英語究生下冊完型+翻譯.doc

UNIT 1There are two factors which determine an individuals intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born . Human brains differ considerably, being more capable than others. no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individualthe sort of environment in which he is brought . If an individual is handicapped , it is likely that his brain will to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is . The importance of environment in determining an individuals intelligence can be by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and John. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in foster homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational John, was educated in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. This environmental continued until the twins were their late teens, they were given tests to their intelligence. Johns I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the and fully forty points higher than his identical brother.有兩個因素決定一個人的智力。首先是他出生時帶的大腦排序。人類的大腦彼此之間有很大不同，有的有比別人多的能力。但不管他出生時有多好的大腦，個人將有底下的智力，除非他有學(xué)習(xí)的機會。因此第二個因素是在他長大的環(huán)境中發(fā)生了什么。如果一個人在環(huán)境方面有障礙，很可能他的大腦將無法發(fā)展，他將永遠(yuǎn)不會他能夠達到的智力水平。同卵雙胞胎彼得和約翰的歷史可以環(huán)境對于確定一個人的智力的重要性。當(dāng)這對雙胞胎三個月大，他們的父母去世了，他們被安置在不同的寄養(yǎng)家庭。彼得被飼養(yǎng)在一個孤立的社區(qū)并且教育機會少，低智商的父母家中。然而約翰，在生活富裕、上過大學(xué)的父母家中接受教育。這種環(huán)境差異繼續(xù)到這對雙胞胎十幾歲時，當(dāng)測試他們的智力時。約翰的I.Q.是125，高于平均二十五點，比他的兄弟高出整整四十分。UNIT 2 Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in some interesting discoveries. Scientists believe that a way to improve the power of the brain may soon be possible. Scientists have that the brain can make its own drugs. The brain contains a protein substance which can act directly the brain to change aspects of mental activity. Some may change or improve, for example, intelligence, imagination, and good memory.Chemicals found in the brain messages. In recent years scientists have found chemicals that mood, memory and other happenings of the . About 25 have been found far.Today the role of and protein substance in human behaviour is creating much interest. Research seems to show that they may help insomnia, pain, and mental illness. They have a great capacity to the brain to conquer deficiencies. They also improve the qualities of memory and already in the brain. hold the secret to mood and emotion. Some day there may be a chemical way to create a better and more brain.最近對人類大腦研究的結(jié)果中有一些有趣的發(fā)現(xiàn)：科學(xué)家認(rèn)為一種改善大腦力量的方式可能很快就將成為可能?？茖W(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)大腦可以產(chǎn)生自己的藥物。大腦中含有一種蛋白物質(zhì)，它可以直接作用于大腦以改變心理活動的各個方面。有些可能會改變或改善，例如，創(chuàng)造力，智力，想象力和良好的記憶力。在大腦中發(fā)現(xiàn)的化學(xué)物質(zhì)攜帶著消息。近年來科學(xué)家們已發(fā)現(xiàn)影響情緒，記憶和頭腦的其它事情的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。目前約25種已被發(fā)現(xiàn)。今天，化學(xué)物質(zhì)和蛋白質(zhì)物質(zhì)在人類行為的作用創(chuàng)造了很大的興趣。研究似乎表明，它們可能有助于控制失眠，疼痛，和精神病。它們有一個巨大的能力來刺激大腦克服不足。它們還提高記憶和已經(jīng)在大腦中的學(xué)習(xí)的質(zhì)量。他們保持情緒和情感的秘密。有一天，有可能會有一種化學(xué)方法來創(chuàng)造一個更好、更有效率的大腦。UNIT 4 What is globalization? Economic globalization is a historical process, the result of human innovation and technological progress. It the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows. The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) international borders. There are also broader cultural, political and environmental dimensions of globalization that are not here. At its most basic, there is mysterious about globalization. The term common usage since the 1980s, reflecting technological advances that have it easier and quicker to complete international both trade and financial flows. It refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries of human economic activityvillage markets, urban industries, or financial centers. Markets promote efficiency competition and the division of laborthe specialization that allows people and economies to what they do best. Global markets offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more and larger markets around the world. It means that they can more capital flows, technology, cheaper imports, and larger export markets. But markets do not ensure that the benefits of increased efficiency are shared by all. Countries must embrace the policies needed, and the poorest countries may need the support of the international as they do so.什么是全球化？ 經(jīng)濟“全球化”是一個歷史過程，是人類創(chuàng)新和技術(shù)進步的結(jié)果。它指的是世界各地的經(jīng)濟日益一體化，特別是通過貿(mào)易和資金流動。這個術(shù)語有時也指人（勞動力）和知識（技術(shù)）跨越國際邊界的運動。也有更廣泛的文化，政治和環(huán)境的全球化，這里沒有涉及到的范圍。 關(guān)于全球化，其最基本的，沒有什么神秘的了。這個術(shù)語從20世紀(jì)80年代就已成為常見的用法，它反映了使國際交易雙方的貿(mào)易和資金流動更容易和更快地完成的技術(shù)的進步。它指的是超越國界同一市場力量、在人類經(jīng)濟活動的鄉(xiāng)村市場，城市工業(yè)和金融中心的各級經(jīng)營的幾個世紀(jì)的延伸。市場通過競爭和勞動分工允許人民和經(jīng)濟集中在他們所做的最好的的專業(yè)化，來促進效率。全球市場為人們提供更多的機會來開發(fā)世界各地的更多，更大的市場。這意味著他們可以有機會獲得更多的資本流動，技術(shù)，廉價進口和更大的出口市場。但市場并不一定確保所有共享的、提高效率的好處。國家必須準(zhǔn)備接受必要的政策，以及最貧窮國家可能需要國際社會支持的情況，就像他們做的如此。UNIT 5 Spinal Cords Agricultural and public-health experts in Britain find many other serious flaws in the governments of the mad-cow epidemic. Officials waited 18 months after discovering the first cases of BSE to declare it a notifiable requiring that all cases be reported to the authorities. They waited nearly three years to use of cattle brains and spinal cords in food for . The government offered to compensate farmers for suspected BSE cases they destroyed - but at far less than the animals value, a rate that farmers from reporting the disease in their herds, according to critics. It could all have been over in a month, says Millstone. It might have cost a few million pounds. But thats a fraction of what its going to cost now.Currie argues that the government fumbled when it disclosed the possible link between CJD and mad-cow disease. If you are going to a health scare, she says, you have to announce at the same time what you are going to do about it. The government has yet to announce any measures beyond a few tightened restrictions, such as the ban on mammalian meat in cattle feed. Currie herself knows all too well how easy it is to start a public health ; she left her post as health minister after helping touch off a scare in the winter of 1988-89 over the safety of British eggs and other farm 脊髓英國的農(nóng)業(yè)和公共衛(wèi)生專家發(fā)現(xiàn)許多其他政府處理瘋牛癥疫情的嚴(yán)重缺陷。官員在發(fā)現(xiàn)第一例瘋牛病后用了18個月來宣稱它是一種“需要向官方匯報”的疾病：要求所有事例都向當(dāng)局報告。他們等待了近三年來禁止牛腦和脊髓在人類食品中使用。政府為農(nóng)民提供補償，因為他們銷毀了任何疑似瘋牛病病例，但根據(jù)評論家所稱，補償遠(yuǎn)少于動物的正常價值，勸阻農(nóng)民報告自家牛群疾病的費用?！斑@可能在一個月內(nèi)” Millstone說：“這可能要花費數(shù)百萬英鎊，但這是現(xiàn)在要花費的一部分?！?柯里認(rèn)為，政府在披露克雅氏病和瘋牛病之間可能存在的聯(lián)系時同樣是在摸索 ?！叭绻阋家粋€健康恐慌，”她說，“你需要同時宣布你要做些什么?！闭€沒有宣布任何超出了一些限制的預(yù)防措施，比如禁止在牛飼料中放哺乳動物的肉?？吕镒约禾宄刂浪嵌嗝慈菀自斐晒步】档目只?；在幫助掀起了1988至1989年冬季對英國的雞蛋和其他農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的安全性恐慌后，她辭去了她衛(wèi)生部長的職位。UNIT 6Almost every American a watch, and, in nearly every room in an American home, theres a clock. Be time. Dont waste time. Time is money. Time for no one. All of these familiar reflect the American obsession with promptness and efficiency. Students and employees their teacher and bosses when they late. This desire to et the most out of every often affects behavior, making Americans when they have to wait. The pressure to make every moment count sometimes makes difficult for Americans to relax and do . The desire to save time and handle work more efficiently often leads Americans to buy many kinds of machines. These range from household appliances to equipment for the office, such as calculators, photocopy machines, and computers. One machine is video cassette recorder (VCR), which gives Americans a new kind of control time. Baseball fans dont have to the Sunday afternoon game on TV because of a family birthday party. They simply videotape it. Then, for them, the Sunday afternoon game on Sunday evening.幾乎每一個美國人都戴手表，并且在幾乎每一個美國家庭的房里間都有一個鐘表?！皽?zhǔn)時”，“不要浪費時間”，“時間不等人”。所有這些耳熟能詳?shù)闹V語反映的是美國人對守時和效率的癡迷。學(xué)生和員工在他們的老師和老板遲到時會對他們感到失望。這種想最大限度利用每一分鐘的渴望往往會影響他們的行為，使美國人當(dāng)他們不得不等待時不耐煩。想要利用每一分鐘的壓力有時讓美國人難以放松，什么也不做。節(jié)省時間和更有效地處理工作的愿望，經(jīng)常導(dǎo)致美國人購買多種機器。從家用電器到辦公室設(shè)備，比如計算器，復(fù)印機和電腦。一個這樣的機器是錄像機（VCR），為美國人提供了一種對時間新的控制。棒球球迷不用因為一個家庭生日派對而錯過電視上周日下午的比賽。他們簡單地把它錄下來。然后對他們來說，周日下午的比賽周日晚上發(fā)生。UNIT 7 Intellectual property regimes coupled with trade regulations have serious implications for third world economies. Agricultural research has much faster on plants than animals. And there is reason to expect that if species patents on plants are upheld, the practice of such patents will be restricted to them. It seems from developments so far that the blitzkrieg is its way to higher life forms. Protection and enforcement strategies for plant-based technology are through four different forms of intellectual property: utility plants, plant patents, plant variety protection certificates and trade secrets. patenting provides a broader range of protection and costs less, this has potential to be preferred means of plant-based inventions by private companies in the US. New utility patents form more aggressive property rights than ever existed in biological material Utility patents can establish property in broad classes of organisms in radically different as long as the organisms have the same traits and functional properties. The Harvard oncomouse patent is an onco mammal patent. Harvard thus owns any mammal with any recombinant cancer causing gene, (and there are about forty of them known) inserted into any mammal or its ancestors at an embryonic stage. This allows to patent organisms they have never actually produced. Broadly worded patent rights (as in the case of cotton or soybean), or the taking out of a large number of patents effectively competition through the threat of infringement suits. a global scale this allows patent holders to exert on the production of a variety of agricultural commodities leading to unprecedented competitive advantage. The enormity of this possibility has led to biocolonial in the developing world.Utility patents also farmers from the common practice of saving and using seeds from previous crops or from animals, as well as restricting research exemptions. This could create a barrier to innovation. Most nations have in place a research exemption analogous to the fair use doctrine in copyright law.知識產(chǎn)權(quán)與貿(mào)易制度對第三世界經(jīng)濟造成嚴(yán)重影響。關(guān)于植物的農(nóng)業(yè)研究發(fā)展的比動物要快得多。并且沒有足夠的理由期待，如果支持物種專利植物，對于他們批準(zhǔn)專利的習(xí)慣將被限制。似乎從發(fā)展到目前為止，閃擊戰(zhàn)在通向更高的生命形式的路上緩慢前行。對以植物為基礎(chǔ)的技術(shù)的保護和執(zhí)法戰(zhàn)略通過四種不同形式的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)：實用植物，植物專利，植物新品種保護證書和商業(yè)秘密來實施。由于專利提供了一個更廣泛的保護并且成本低，這有可能成為在美國的私人公司保護以植物為基礎(chǔ)的發(fā)明的首選方法。實用新型專利比之前存在于生物材料的任何形式具有更激進的產(chǎn)權(quán)。只要生物具有相同的特征和功能特性，實用專利就可以在完全不同的物種廣泛的生物上建立產(chǎn)權(quán)。哈佛腫瘤鼠的專利實際上是一個腫瘤哺乳動物專利。哈佛大學(xué)因此擁有帶有任何重組致癌基因的任何哺乳動物（其中約四十種已知）插入到任何哺乳動物它或處于胚胎階段的祖先。這允許生物技術(shù)人員他們申請從來沒有實際制造的生物的專利。措辭廣泛的專利權(quán)（例如棉花或大豆），或其中拿出來的大量專利通過侵權(quán)訴訟的威脅有效地抑制競爭。在全球范圍內(nèi)，這允許專利持有人對導(dǎo)致了前所未有的競爭優(yōu)勢的各種農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)施加控制。這種巨大的可能性已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了發(fā)展中世界對“biocolonial”的關(guān)注。實用新型專利也禁止農(nóng)民保存和使用從以前作物的種子或動物繁育的種子的普遍做法，以及限制研究豁免。這可能對進一步創(chuàng)新造成的障礙。類似于在版權(quán)法中對公平使用原則的豁免，大多數(shù)國家的研究豁免已經(jīng)到位。Unit 8 Shyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a great many people. Shy people are anxious and self-conscious; that is, they are concerned with their own appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are constantly in their minds; What kind of impression am I making? Do they like me? Do I sound stupid? Am I unattractive clothes? It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings must people adversely. A persons self-concept is in the way he or she behaves, and the way a person behaves affects other peoples reactions. In general, the way people think about themselves has a effect on all areas of their lives. Shy people, having low , are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need that they are doing the right thing. Shy people are very sensitive to ; they feel it confirms their inferiority. They also find it difficult to be pleased by because they believe they are unworthy of praise. A shy person may respond to a compliment with a statement like this one; Youre just saying that to make me feel good. I know its not true. It is clear that, while self-awareness is a healthy , overdoing it is harmful. Can shyness be completely , or at least reduced? Fortunately, people can overcome shyness determined and patient effort in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes with lack of self-esteem, it is important for people to accept their weaknesses strengths. For example, most people would like to be A students in every subject. It is not fair for them to label themselves because they have difficulty in some . Peoples expectations of themselves must be Living on the impossible leads to a sense of inadequacy Each one of us is a , worthwhile individual. We are interested in our own personal ways. The better we understand ourselves, the easier it becomes to our full potential. Lets not allow shyness to block our chances for a rich and fulfilling life.害羞是許多人不快樂的原因。害羞的人是焦慮和自我意識的，也就是說，他們過分關(guān)注自己的外表和行動。令人擔(dān)憂的思想也在不斷縈繞在他們的腦海中，我給人什么樣的印象？他們喜歡我嗎？我聽起來很蠢嗎？我穿的衣服難看嗎？很明顯，這種不舒適的感覺必然給人們帶來了不利的影響。一個人的自我概念是反映在他或她的行為方式上，以及一個人的行為影響其他人的反應(yīng)。一般情況下，人們認(rèn)識自己的方式對他們生活的所有領(lǐng)域有深遠(yuǎn)的影響。害羞的人，自尊低，他們可能很被動，容易受他人的影響。他們需要確保他們所做的是“正確的事情”。害羞的人對批評非常敏感，他們覺得這證實了他們低人一等。他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)很難因為被恭維而感到高興，因為他們相信他們是不值得贊美的。一個害羞的人可能對句恭維做出這樣的聲明;：“你這樣說只是為了讓我感覺很好。我知道這不是真的?！?很明顯，盡管自我意識是一種健康的品質(zhì),過分的自我意識卻是有害的。害羞能完全消除或至少減少嗎？幸運的是，人們可以通過堅決而又耐心地努力建立自信來克服害羞。由于害羞與缺乏自尊密切相關(guān)，所以人們接受自己的弱點和優(yōu)勢是十分重要的。例如，大多數(shù)人在每一個科目中都想成為的“A”類的學(xué)生。他們標(biāo)榜自己低人一等是不公平的，因為他們在某些方面有困難。人們對他們的期望一定要切合實際。生活在不可能導(dǎo)致不適感。我們每個人都是一個獨特的，有價值的個體。我們對我們個人的方式感興趣。我們越是更好地了解自己，就越容易不辜負(fù)我們的全部潛力。不要讓羞怯妨礙我們追求豐富和滿足生活的機會。Unit21. It took several years for the virus to break out of Congos dense and sparsely populated jungles but ,once it did ,it marched with rebel armies through the continents numerous warzones, rode with truckers from one rest-stop brothel to the next ,and eventually flew, perhaps with an air steward, to America, where it was discovered in the early 1980s. 幾年之后此病毒從剛果荒蠻濃密的叢林中爆發(fā)出來。一旦流傳開來，它就隨著反叛部隊穿越大陸的各個戰(zhàn)區(qū)；隨著貨車司機駛過各個妓院；最終，可能隨著空中乘務(wù)員飛往美國，并在那里于20世紀(jì)80年代初被發(fā)現(xiàn)。2. Of the 25 monitoring sites in Zimbabwe where pregnant women are tested for HIV, only two in 1997 showed prevalence below 10%. 在京巴布韋的25個受監(jiān)控的地區(qū)，懷孕的婦女接受了HIV病毒的檢測。1997年只有2個地區(qū)顯示其感染率在10%以下。3. This is because so many people in poor countries do not contribute much to the formal economy. To put it even more crudely, where there is a huge oversupply of unskilled labour, the dead can easily be replaced. 這是因為在貧窮國家許多人對正常的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展不起作用。說的再殘酷些，在一個擁有大量非技術(shù)勞力的國家里，死去的勞力很容易被取代。4. When a breadwinner develops AIDS, his (or her) family is impoverished twice over: his income vanishes, and his relations must devote time and money to nursing him. 當(dāng)一家之主染上了艾滋病，他或她的家庭損失就不是一個人的事了。因為不只是他的收入沒有了，他的親屬還要花時間和金錢去照料他。5. There was no attempt to play down the spread of HIV to avoid scaring off tourists, as happened in Kenya. Thais were repeatedly warned of the dangers, told how to avoid them ,and left to make their own choices. 泰國政府認(rèn)為沒有必要像肯尼亞那樣由于害怕嚇走了旅游者而淡化HIV傳播的嚴(yán)重性。泰國人反復(fù)告知HIV的危害性，以及如何避免它，最后由他們自己去做出選擇。Unit4 In general , the WTO has adopted rules which are in the interest of trans-national business and rejected rules opposed by business. WTO policies have been protested by representatives of “civil society”, such as unions, consumer activists, environmentalists, indigenous people, and womens groups . In Mexico, where a currency crisis threw the nation into depression shortly after implementation of NAFTA , small business owners were in the streets , too, opposing “free trade ”.Poor countries of the global south，which disagree with northern unions over labor protections, agree the WTO is not working in the interests of most people. 總體而言，世界貿(mào)易組織采納了有利于跨國商務(wù)活動的規(guī)則，拒絕了商務(wù)活動反對的規(guī)則。世界貿(mào)易組織的政策遭到了來自“民間社團”代表，如工會、消費者積極分子、環(huán)境保護主義者、土著居民、婦女團體等的反對。墨西哥在執(zhí)行北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定不久，貨幣危機使國家陷入經(jīng)濟蕭條，小業(yè)主們也走向街頭反對“自由貿(mào)易”。不同意北部聯(lián)盟有關(guān)勞動保護條款的南半球的貧窮國家也認(rèn)為世界貿(mào)易組織并不為大多數(shù)人謀福利。Unit5 In Turin，the summit leaders were still looking for a solution. Meanwhile, they tried to head off the consumer stampede with confident smiles and bold speeches. No matter how many British cows are destroyed, European beef sales are not likely to return their pre-scare levels for a long timeif European beef sales are ever likely to return