山東省梁山一中高三英語 語法專題復(fù)習 專題十四 名詞.doc

山東省梁山一中2014屆高三英語語法專題復(fù)習：專題十四 名詞（一）考綱要求名詞應(yīng)掌握以下內(nèi)容：分清名詞的可數(shù)性與不可數(shù)性；可數(shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)，有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)；物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞不可數(shù)但可以具體量化使用；名詞所有格和of格的語言現(xiàn)象；名詞直接作定語；國家名詞的正確使用；名詞詞義的區(qū)分和搭配；單位名詞的搭配；名詞前的修飾語so, as, quite等；time及?？键c。（二）命題導(dǎo)向名詞的“可數(shù)”與“不可數(shù)”是高考命題的熱點之一。不可數(shù)名詞前不能與不定冠詞連用，之后不能加-s。有些抽象名詞卻有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但意義與原來詞不同。有些可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)有兩個意思，一個與單數(shù)意義相同，另一個和單數(shù)含義不同，高考中這些含義很可能成為考查的內(nèi)容。詞語的固定搭配及名詞作定語也是高考命題的注意點。（三）知識概要英語的名詞分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類。專有名詞是指個人、團體、地方、機構(gòu)或事物等所專有的名稱，它的第一個字母必須大寫。如：einstain, beijing, asia等。普通名詞是指一類人、一類事物、某種物質(zhì)抽象概念的名稱，可分為：個體名詞（可數(shù)，如：worker, father, book, tree, school等）；集體名詞（可數(shù)，如：people, family, class, team等）；物質(zhì)名詞（不可數(shù)，如：iron, paper, snow, water, chalk, gold等）；抽象名詞（不可數(shù)，如：life, thought, idea, strength等）。注意：可數(shù)、不可數(shù)是英文名詞和中文名詞的一個重要差異即學習的重點。而很多英語名詞具有雙重性。即，名詞的類別不是固定不變的，它們會根據(jù)詞義的變化和場合的不同而相互轉(zhuǎn)換，其名詞類別的轉(zhuǎn)換可歸納如下：1、個體名詞轉(zhuǎn)抽象名詞或抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)個體名詞e.g. our school is not far from my home.（個體）我們學校離我家不遠。school is over at six.（抽象）六點鐘放學。2、物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)個體名詞或個體名詞轉(zhuǎn)物質(zhì)名詞e.g. he broke a piece of glass.（物質(zhì)）他打破了一塊玻璃。he broke a glass.（個體）他打破了一個杯子。3、個體名詞轉(zhuǎn)專有名詞 e.g. his father is a teacher.（個體）他父親是個教師?！皐hat are you doing there?” father asked.（專有）“你在那兒干什么？”父親問道。（四）名詞的數(shù)名詞分為可數(shù)（有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式）和不可數(shù)名詞（只有單數(shù)形式）。1、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)： 一般加s ：lesson lessons, pen pens 以s, x, ss, ch, sh, o結(jié)尾的加es ：buses, boxes, classes, watches, brushes, hero heroes但有些以o結(jié)尾的名詞，是加s構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)：kilo kilos, piano pianos, radio radios, photo photos, zoo zoos 以輔音字母 + y 結(jié)尾的改y為i，再加es ：city cities, story stories 以f 或fe結(jié)尾的，一般將f或fe改為v，再加es ：knife knives, leaf leaves但有些以f 結(jié)尾的名詞，是在f后加s，構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)形式：belief beliefs, roof roofs, safe（保險箱） safes, proof（證據(jù)） proofs, chief chiefs, handkerchief handkerchiefs2、有些名詞，不按上述規(guī)則構(gòu)成其復(fù)數(shù)形式，有以下幾種情況： 單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同：chinese, japanese, deer, sheep 不規(guī)則變化：man men, woman women, goose geese, foot feet, tooth teeth, child children, mouse mice, ox oxen 。但是，german germans 復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：editor-in-chief editors-in-chief, daughter-in-law daughters-in-law, grown-up grown-ups, woman teacher women teachers, man driver men drivers3、注意以下幾個名詞單復(fù)數(shù)問題 物質(zhì)名詞一般不用復(fù)數(shù)形式,但有些物質(zhì)名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式來表示不同的類別,如：fishes各種魚，fruits各種水果，steels各種鋼材。 物質(zhì)名詞表示數(shù)量時，一般用表示數(shù)量的短語來表示。如：a cup of tea, three bags of apples, four pieces of bread。 有些抽象名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示不同的含義。如：work（工作） works（著作），arm（手臂） arms（軍火），glass（玻璃） glasses（眼鏡），cloth（布） clothes（衣服）。 定冠詞加上姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示全家人或夫婦二人；姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前不加冠詞，則表示若干個姓的人。如：the wangs王家，three wangs三個姓王的。 只用作單數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞。如：physics, mathematics, news, the united states 有些名詞形似單數(shù)，但實為復(fù)數(shù)。如：police, people, cattle 有些名詞如被看作整體時就作單數(shù)用，如被看作組成該集體的各個成員時就作復(fù)數(shù)用。如：class, family, couple, audience, government, public 有些抽象名詞在具體化時，可以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。表示特指時，可和定冠詞連用；表示“某種”或“一次”意義時，可和不定冠詞連用。如：how did you smooth away the difficulties?（指各種具體困難）；it is a great pleasure to talk with you.；what a surprise!（五）名詞的所有格名詞的所有格在句中表示所有關(guān)系，作定語用。1、有生命名詞的所有格一般在詞尾加上“”或“s”。如：toms bike, engless (engles) works, a works school, womens day, the editor-in-chiefs office2、如果一個事物為兩個人所有，只在后一個名詞的詞尾加“s”，如果不是共有，就要在兩個名詞的詞尾都加上“s”。如：tom and mikes room.（共有），toms and mikes books.（不共有）。3、表示時間、距離、國家、城市的無生命名詞，可以在詞尾加“s”或“”表示所有格，如：todays papers, ten minutes walk4、表示店鋪或某人的家時，常在名詞所有格之后省去shop, house, home。如：the tailors5、無生命名詞的所在格通常用of短語來表示。如：the window of the room6、表示有生命的名詞有時也可用of短語來表示所有關(guān)系，而且當該名詞帶有較長的定語時。如：the teachers of the no. 1 middle school.7、雙重所有格結(jié)構(gòu)前的被修飾名詞通常指整體中的部分或一個，雙重所有格只能用于有生命的名詞，這個名詞是確定的。被修飾名詞前有不定冠詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞或數(shù)詞等限定詞時，一般只能用雙重所有格。如：an old friend of my uncles, a daughter of mrs greens, the house of one of my friends（六）名詞的普通格作定語表材料、地點、用途、性質(zhì)、泛指時間、整體等普通名詞可以作定語，一般用單數(shù)形式。e.g. stone figures（石像）；paper money（紙幣）；country music（鄉(xiāng)村音樂）；table cloth（桌布）；river bank（河岸）；school gate（校門口）；book stores（書店）；traffic lights（交通燈）；summer holidays（暑假）；evening dress（晚禮服）。但在個別情況下，也有需用復(fù)數(shù)的。e.g. sports meet（運動會）；the united states government（美國政府）；students reading-room（學生閱覽室）；goods train（貨車）；two men doctors（兩個男醫(yī)生）。練習、名詞1. the _ of the room were covered with _.a. roofs, leafsb. roofs, leavesc. rooves, leafsd. rooves, leaves2. there are three _ in our factory.a. woman doctorsb. women doctorsc. woman doctord. women doctor3. which do you prefer _ or _?a. potatos, tomatosb. potatos, tomatoesc. potatoes, tomatosd. potatoes, tomatoes4. they are _ of different presses(出版社). now they are having a meeting in one of the _ office.a. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefsb. editors-in-chief, editor-in-chiefsc. editors-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefsd. editors-in-chief, editors-in-chiefs5. the ant has two _.a. stomachesb. stomacksc. stomachd. stomachs6. he doesnt like _ for supper.a. chickb. chickenc. chickensd. chicks7. it was _ hot weather that many of us went swimming.a. sob. suchc. so asd. such a8. _ wonderful space they saw on the room!a. howb. how ac. whatd. what a9. we know _ travels not so fast as light.a. soundb. soundsc. the soundsd. a sound10. my family raise a lot of _, including two _.a. cattle, cowsb. cows, cattlec. cattles, cowsd. cow, cattles11. a number of soldiers _ at he camp gate（軍營門口）.a. have gatheredb. has gatheredc. isd. was12. the browns have spent a large _ of money on their new car.a. dealb. amountc. numberd. size13. _ work has been done to improve the peoples living standard.a. manyb. a great manyc. a great deal ofd. a number of14. mr li shook _ warmly with a friend.a. handb. a handc. handsd. the hands15. two _, please.a. coffeeb. coffeesc. cup of coffeed. cups coffee16. i cant pay as _ as he asked for.a. high price ab. high pricec. a high priced. high a price17. _ knowledge of space develops rapidly.a. mansb. mens c. mensd. persons18.i stayed at _.a. xiao wangsb. wangs home c. the wangs d. home of wang19. sister carrie works in a _ factory.a. shoesb. shosesc. shoe d. shoes20. have you ever read _?a. today newspaperb. newspaper todayc. newspaper of todayd. todays newspaper21. two _ walk didnt made me tired.a. hourb. hoursc. hoursd. hours22. the mother over there is _ mother.a. julia and maryb. julia and marysc. julias and marysd. julias and mary23. li mings handwriting is better than _ in the class.a. anyonesb. anyone elsec. anyones elsesd. anyone elses24. the children are playing _ on the _.a. sand, sandb. sands, sandsc. sand, sandsd. sands, sand25. if these trousers are too big, buy a smaller _.a. setb. onec. copyd. pair26. tom usually takes a _ in bus on rainy days.a. walkb. ridec. tripd. travel27. we have no _ about where she has gone.a. informationb. newsc. messaged. flash28. food and _ are daily necessities（需要）for the people.a. clothb. clothec. clothesd. clothing29. my _ of hearing is not so good as it used to be.a. strength b. sense c. powerd. skill30. the _ caused by carelessness _ yesterday. many workers were killed.a. incident, was happenedb. matter, happenedc. event, was taken placed. accident, took place31. the room was so quiet that she could hear the _ of her heart.a. beatingb. waysc. knockingd. striking32. _ has been told not to throw waste things anywhere.a. the publicb. peoplec. womend. man33. he was an _ in the government _.a. office, officialb. official, officec. officer, officed. official, officer34. there are several _ in this novel who are different in _.a. character, characterb. characters, charactersc. character, charactersd. characters, character35. we visited him _ when he was in hospital.a. every other daysb. each other dayc. every other dayd. every two day36. my friend will return in _.a. one day or twob. a day or twoc. one day or twod. a or two days37. _ is always difficult for me.a. translationb. translatec. the translationd. a translation38. _ of this novel is excellent, quite to my surprise.a. translationb. translatec. the translationd. a translation39. the police _ looking into the matter now.a. beb. isc. ared. are going to40. the chinese are _ brave and hard working people.a. the b. ac. /d. one41. no news _ good news.a. isb. arec. haved. has42. maths still _ very difficult for me, though i have done my best.a. looksb. seemsc. isd. are43. “where _ my trousers?” the boy asked.a. isb. wasc. were d. are44. how happy they are! obviously, they are _.a. in nice spiritsb. in nice spiritc. in high spiritsd. in high spirit45. i saw many _ seated in the corner reading something.a. japaneseb. japanesesc. of japanesed. of japaneses46. father went to his doctor for _ about his heart trouble.a. an adviceb. advicec. advicesd. the advices47. we are _ and they are _.a. englishmen, germansb. englishmen, germanc. englishmans, germansd. englishmen, germen48. _ are made of _.a. a glass, a glassb. glasses, glassc. the glass, the glassd. glasses, glasses49. ill have to buy _ trousers.a. ab. two c. a pair of d. a couple of50. there are two _ in our class.a. liub. liusc. liusd. lius51. _ is needed in cold countries.a. a lot of clothesb. much clothingc. many a clothd. lots of clothes52. they are _.a. mathematics studentb. mathematic studentsc. students in mathematicsd. mathematics students53. the laboratory assistant recorded the _ reactions（反應(yīng)）.a. mousesb. micec. micesd. mices54. this letter was sent by _.a. my father friendb. my father friendsc. a friend of my fathersd. a friend of my father55. ten years had passed. i found she had _.a. a little white hairb. some white hairc. a few white haird. a few white hairs56. i have made _ with billy.a. friendsb. friendc. a friendd. the friend57. the population of beijing is _ than that of xian.a. moreb. largerc. fewerd. small58. there are thirty-two _ in our school.a. woman teacherb. women teacherc. women teachersd. woman teachers59. he had tried everything but it made little_ .a. use b. good c. difference d. result60. you must get there within half an hour. there should be no_ in sending the blood to the dying man.a. wait b. delay c. time d. hurry61. enough of it! nobody here thinks what you are saying should make any_ .a. excuseb. sensec. use d. value62. -how dare you play on such thin ice?-playing on ice is not my _of spare time.a. ideab. thought c. mind d. intention63. helen said she would like to go to atlanta by air, but i wonder if she has enough money to pay for the_ .a. travel b. tourism c. journey d. course64. one splendid mountain_ followed another during our journey from mieheel more to rurunz.a. view b. glance c. screend. scene65.the new law will come into _on the day it is passed. (1999上海)a. effectb. usec. service d. existence66. when you play football, what _do you play?a. situationb. placec. part d. position67. its important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the_in language studies.a. situation b. expression c. condition d. translation68. i wrote him a letter to show my _of his thoughtfulness.a. achievement b. agreement c. viewd. appreciation69. one of the advantages of living on the top floor of a high-rise is that you can get a good_ .a. sight b. scenec. view d. look70. nowadays natural gas, wind and other forms of _are widely used in the country.a. energy b. force c. power d. materials71. _with foreign countries can bring us much information about the world.a. contrastb. competition c. contact d. combination72. we all know that_speak louder than words.a. movements b. performances c. operationsd. actions73.we have worked out the plan and now we must put it into _.(nmet1997 38)a. factb. reality c. practice d. deed 74.weve missed the last bus. im afraid we have no _but to take a taxi.(met 1993 ,33)a. way b. choicec. possibility d. selection75.he dropped the _and broke it . (met 1993, 38)a. cup of coffee b. coffees cup c. cup for coffeed. coffee cup76.heres