(電大復(fù)習(xí))全國高校網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育大學(xué)英語（B）考試閱讀理解

全國高校網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育 大學(xué)英語（ B）考試 閱讀理解 提 綱 1、考試大綱要求 2、解題技巧、步驟及注意事項(xiàng) 3、題型分析 4、實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) 5、補(bǔ)充解題竅門 1、考試大綱要求 ： 1.1 測試要求 1.2 題型 1.3 Directions 1.1 測試要求 1.1.1 考生 應(yīng)能讀懂與日常生活和社會生活相關(guān)的不同類型的文字材料，閱讀速度為每分鐘 50個單詞。 1.1測試要求 ： 1.1.2 在閱讀中 ,考生應(yīng)能夠做到 以下幾點(diǎn)： （ 1）理解文章的主旨要義； （ 2）理解文中具體信息； （ 3）根據(jù)上下文推測生詞詞義； （ 4）要進(jìn)行有關(guān)的判斷、推理和引申，理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。 1.2 題型： 選擇題 ，共 3篇閱讀文章。分值比例為 30%，即 30分。共 15道小題，每題 2分。從 A、 B、C、 D四個選項(xiàng)中選出最佳答案。答題時間約為 30分鐘 體裁 主要有應(yīng)用文、描述文、記敘文、說明文以及議論文等。 題材 包括歷史地理常識、幽默故事、科普類文章、文化社會類文章、經(jīng)貿(mào)類及人物介紹等。 1.3 Directions: Part III Reading Comprehension (30points) Directions: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions. For each question there are four choices marked A.B. C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 2、解題技巧、步驟及注意事項(xiàng)： 2.1 選擇題 2.2 常用閱讀方法 2.3 解題步驟 2.4 不良閱讀習(xí)慣 2.1 選擇題 根據(jù)試題的答案是否已在文章中清楚地表明，將選擇題分為： 主觀題 和 客觀題 主觀題 ：側(cè)重考察考生根據(jù)已知的信息細(xì)節(jié)及相關(guān)的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推理和判斷的能力 客觀題 ：主要是考察考生對文章細(xì)節(jié)、事實(shí)和主旨大意的辨別能力 1. 理解和辨別與中心思想有關(guān)的事實(shí)和重要細(xì)節(jié)； 2. 根據(jù)材料中的相關(guān)事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行一定的判斷和推理，理解文章更深層次的含義； 3. 掌握和理解所讀材料的大意和中心思想； 解題從以下幾個方面入手： 4. 根據(jù)中心思想和上下文正確判斷和理解詞匯、短語及句子的含義； 5. 依據(jù)對整篇文章內(nèi)容的分析，把握作者的口吻、語氣、感情傾向、看法及態(tài)度。 解題從以下幾個方面入手： 2.2 常用閱讀方法 略讀 指通過快速地整體瀏覽，領(lǐng)略內(nèi)容大意，幫助理解，為細(xì)讀做準(zhǔn)備。 跳讀或?qū)ぷx 尋找所需信息，如年代、數(shù)字、人名、地名等把握住關(guān)鍵詞，利用語法過渡詞，語氣轉(zhuǎn)折詞及時態(tài)等，抓住文章脈絡(luò)。 2.2 常用閱讀方法 細(xì)讀 分段細(xì)讀，注意細(xì)節(jié)語言結(jié)構(gòu)，抓住事實(shí)和關(guān)鍵信息，深入理解。 推讀 根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行猜測，推測未直接寫明的含義、因果關(guān)系以及生詞詞義。 概讀 從每篇標(biāo)題到各個部分都進(jìn)行概讀，以歸納出要點(diǎn) , 概括作者的主旨、意圖、觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度，了解全文的概貌。 2.3 解題步驟 2.3.1 通讀 全文 通讀采用概讀或略讀法進(jìn)行速讀，即 “ skim”（ read quickly to get the main idea）?？忌谧疃痰臅r間內(nèi)要達(dá)到以下目的： （ 1）理解短文主旨大意 （ 2）辯識文體，掌握結(jié)構(gòu)。記敘文要了解故事背景、時間、地點(diǎn)、人物活動等主要線索。論述文要了解其中心思想及其所做的闡述。 2.3 解題步驟 2.3.2 看題、尋讀 即瀏覽短文后面的試題。在閱讀試題的題干和四個選項(xiàng)以后，了解每個試題的考查內(nèi)容和題型，以便帶著問題有目的地尋讀短文，查找答案。 2.3 解題步驟 2.3.3 復(fù)讀 復(fù)讀采用跳讀法，即“ scan” （ read quickly without careful reading, often looking for a particular thing, such as facts, names, time, figures, etc.）考生按照試題要求，有針對性地從短文中迅速找出所需要的關(guān)鍵信息。 2.3 解題步驟 2.3.4 核讀 對感覺把握不大或較難的試題，尤其是概括歸納題、作者意圖題等，可以根據(jù)全文及各題答案，反復(fù)思考，看其是否一致，是否合乎邏輯。尤其是對細(xì)節(jié)題、推理題、詞義題等，不能僅憑主觀想象，要在文中的有關(guān)段落找到根據(jù)，以做到正確無誤。 2.4 避免不良閱讀習(xí)慣 回視重讀 因?yàn)閾?dān)心遺漏細(xì)節(jié)、要點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，或閱讀材料超出學(xué)生的知識閱讀理解范圍而重讀已讀過的部分。 默讀時出聲 在文字符號和意義之間加入聲音。 指向閱讀 手指或筆指著一個個單詞閱讀。閱讀速度受制于手或筆的移動。 3、題型分析： 將閱讀理解分為四種類型： 3.1 主旨題 (main idea questions) 3.2 細(xì)節(jié)題 (facts questions) 3.3 推斷題 (inference questions) 3.4 指代釋義題 (designation & paraphrase questions) 3.1 主旨題 (main idea questions) 3.1.1 常見的提問方式有： The passage is about The theme/main idea of the passage is What is the purpose/conclusion/view of the passage? The best title for this passage would be What does the passage mainly discuss?. 3.1 主旨題 (main idea questions) 3.1.2 命題特點(diǎn)： 1）段首、段尾句通常是表達(dá)文章中心思想的主題句，為?？键c(diǎn)； 2）對比轉(zhuǎn)折處往往表達(dá)作者的真實(shí)寫作目的或觀點(diǎn)，是文章的重要內(nèi)容，為?？键c(diǎn)； 3）用一些常見的因果詞，如 because, for, as, since, therefore(因此 ), consequently(結(jié)果 ), lead to(導(dǎo)致 )， owing to(由于 ) 引導(dǎo)的因果句用以表達(dá)文章主旨，為?？键c(diǎn)。 3.1 主旨題 (main idea questions) 3.1.3 辨別主題句 一般而言，主題句具有語意完整、形式簡潔、觀點(diǎn)明確的特征，給人以“一言道破”的感覺。在有些文章中，段落主題句和語篇主題句一般位于段落或篇章的開頭部分，開頭就明確主題，然后展開討論；在有些文章中，主題句則出現(xiàn)在段末或篇末，作為由具體事實(shí)引出的一般結(jié)論。 3.1 主旨題 (main idea questions) 3.1.4 干擾項(xiàng)的主要特點(diǎn) 1）有些干擾選項(xiàng)只概括了局部信息，即某個自然段中的細(xì)節(jié)或某個自然段的大意，在做題時，切記晃一眼就匆忙做選擇； 2）有些干擾選項(xiàng)概括范圍過寬，即選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容超出或多于文章闡述的內(nèi)容； 3）有些干擾選項(xiàng)涉及到無關(guān)信息，即文章本身無法推斷出來的信息，也就是文章中沒有提到也找不到語言依據(jù)的信息。 3.1 主旨題 (main idea questions) Example 1: The snow was falling very heavily. The sky was very cloudy. The wind was blowing very hardabout 45 miles per hour. It was -18 degrees outside. It was hard to see objects only a few feet in front of you. Q: Which of the following sentences best express the main idea of the paragraph? A. Its cold outside. B. Its winter time. C. The weather was changeable. D. The weather was terrible. 3.1 主旨題 (main idea questions) Example 2: There is a simple economic principle used to determine prices. It is called the law of supply and demand. Supply means the amount of, or access(接近 )to certain goods. Demand represents the number of people who want those goods. If there are more goods than wanted, the price of them falls. On the other hand, if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply, then the price rises. Of course, manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices. 3.1 主旨題 (main idea questions) Q: The title that best expresses the ideas of the passage is_. A. Economic Principle B. Law of Supply and Demand C. More Goods, Lower Prices D. Fewer Goods, Higher Prices 3.2 細(xì)節(jié)題 (facts questions) 3.2.1 常見的提問方式有： Which of the following is (not) true? Which of the following is mentioned except? The reason for is that? 3.2 細(xì)節(jié)題 (facts questions) 3.2.2 命題特點(diǎn)： 提問方式靈活多變，對象涉及到短文的各種具體細(xì)節(jié)，如時間、地點(diǎn)、原因、結(jié)果、方式等等。但有一個共同特點(diǎn)，答案一般都能在文章當(dāng)中直接找到。有時候，命題者為了增加考題的難度，會有意避開文中所用的詞匯，而用該詞的同義詞或相近的短語。在這種情況下，考生就需要根據(jù)題目所涉及的細(xì)節(jié)，在文中找到出處，對比選項(xiàng)后再作答。 3.2 細(xì)節(jié)題 (facts questions) 3.2.3 語言標(biāo)志詞： 1）與主旨大意有關(guān)的重要事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)的詞 ,如for example, that is, it is essential等 2）表示因果關(guān)系的詞 ,如 because, since, so, as a result, derive from（來自 ,起源于） 3）表示轉(zhuǎn)折對立關(guān)系的詞 ,如 while, however, but, although, yet, still, in fact, on the other hand, on the contrary等 3.2 細(xì)節(jié)題 (facts questions) Example : One of the most important weapons used during the Second World War was not a weapon used against people, but rather a drug used against disease. The wartime use of penicillin(盤尼西林 ) saved thousands of lives. In the First World War, for example, pneumonia(肺炎 ) was responsible for eighteen percent of all the deaths in the United States army. In the Second World War, the rate went down to less than one percent. In addition, penicillin was instrumental in keeping wounds from getting infected and in helping to speed the healing process of those wounds that did become infected. 3.2 細(xì)節(jié)題 (facts questions) Q 1: According to the passage, one of the leading causes of death during the first World War was _. A. gas B. accidents C. disease D. drugs Q 2: According to the passage, penicillin was useful in the Second World War for all of the following purposes except _. A. hurting the enemy B. treating pneumonia C. preventing infection D. healing wounds 3.3 推斷題 (inference questions) 3.3.1 常見的提問方式： We can learn from the passage that The passage/the author imply that It can be concluded from the passage that Which of the following is the authors view on? The authors purpose of writing the passage is 3.3 推斷題 (inference questions) 3.3.2 邏輯推理的關(guān)鍵詞： 褒義詞 ： positive（肯定的、積極的） , useful, efficient等 貶義詞 ： negative（否定的、消極的） , disgusting（令人厭惡的） , critical（批判的） , disapprove（不贊成） 等 中性詞 ： indifferent（冷漠的） , neutral（中立的）等 3.3 推斷題 (inference questions) Example 1: Have you ever heard of a star that doesnt shine? Some stars have used up all their fuel. They are called “dead stars”. Scientists believe these stars must be very large and heavy, because they seem to push and pull other stars around them. Since we cannot see these dead stars, how do we know that they exist? Scientists can determine their existence by studying the movements of stars that do shine. Q: The story implies, but does not directly state that dead stars _. A. affect other stars B. are too far away to be seen C. force all smaller stars away D. do reflect light 3.3 推斷題 (inference questions) Example 2: Each day every person in the United States throws away more than five pounds of garbage(垃圾 ). There is more garbage now than ever before and most of it is made up of the packages and cans in which we buy our food. The traditional way of getting rid of solid wastes is quickly becoming inadequate. Many cities are doing experiment with newer ways of handling their piles of garbage. One of these new ways is “recycling”(回收利用 ). Through recycling usable materials are taken out of garbage and made into something else. These usable parts of garbage are put through the cycle of going from a row material to a finished product again. 3.3 推斷題 (inference questions) Q 1: Traditionally, garbage is thought to be _. A. a worthless burden to big cities B. something that can be reused C. a raw material for making new products D. able to recycle but difficult to handle Q 2: A lot of cities are trying new ways to treat garbage mainly because _. A. their environment is becoming more and more dirty B. the traditional ways of treating wastes are not efficient C. they are short of useful material D. they need new material made from garbage 3.4 指代釋義題 (designation & paraphrase questions) 3.4.1 常見的提問方式： What is the meaning of “”in Line The word “” stands for According to the passage, the phrase “” means The word/phrase/sentence “” in line “”refers to 等 3.4.2 幾種推測詞義的方法： 1）利用同義詞的釋義 例如 ： Jane is punctual, that is, every day she comes here on time. 簡很 準(zhǔn)時 ，也就是說，她每天都 準(zhǔn)時 來這里。 分析 ： that is引出對 punctual的釋義，即 on time（準(zhǔn)時，按時）。 3.4 指代釋義題 (designation & paraphrase questions) 3.4.2 幾種推測詞義的方法： 2）利用例子 例如 ： Select any of these periodicals: Times, Newsweek, Readers Digest or The New Yorker. 從這些 期刊 中來選擇：時代周刊，新聞周報(bào)，讀者文摘或紐約時報(bào)。 分析 ：根據(jù) Times, Newsweek, Readers Digest or The New Yorker的共同點(diǎn)，可以得出 periodicals的釋義，即周刊，雜志。 3）利用比較關(guān)系 例如 ： The snow was falling. Big flakes drifted with the wind like feathers. 雪正下著， 鵝毛般 的雪花隨風(fēng)飛舞。 分析 ：根據(jù) like feathers的比喻意義引出對 flakes的釋義，即“薄片” 3.4.2 幾種推測詞義的方法： 4）利用對照關(guān)系 例如 ： Mary is talkative, but her sister is reticent. 瑪麗很 健談 ，但她的姐姐 沉默寡言 。 分析 ：由 but可知，兩句話是相反的意思。從 talkative(健談的 )可推出 reticent（沉默寡言的）。 3.4.2 幾種推測詞義的方法： 5）利用常識 例如 ： The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel. 門太低以至于我的頭撞到了 門梁 上。 分析 ：根據(jù)常識我們知道門的上面應(yīng)該是門梁，由此可知“ lintel” 的意思。 3.4.2 幾種推測詞義的方法： 4、實(shí) 戰(zhàn) 練 習(xí) Passage 1（ P395 大學(xué)英語 B考試大綱附題型示例） Is teaching important? Well, of course it is There was a time when the necessary knowledge could be taught to the young by family members But as societies became more complex and division of labor more common, it was impossible for family members to teach the information and skills young people needed to become useful members of the society As the need for specialists appeared, the job of teaching came into being in our country, and teaching as a job has been of increasing importance over the past one hundred years Today, we have strict rules for teachers We hope all children can go to school Many things tell us that teaching is indeed an “important” job. 4、實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) 1 Before the job of teaching came into being _ A family members had been responsible for the education of the young B specialists had been in charge of teaching young people C young people had to be self-educated D the society had played an important role in educating young people Passage 1 4、實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) 2 The job of teaching came into being mainly because of _. A the development of the society B the explosion of information C the need for engineers D the civilization of human beings Passage 1 4、實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) Passage 1 Is teaching important? Well, of course it is There was a time when the necessary knowledge could be taught to the young by family members But as societies became more complex and division of labor more common, it was impossible for family members to teach the information and skills young people needed to become useful members of the society As the need for specialists appeared, the job of teaching came into being in our country, and teaching as a job has been of increasing importance over the past one hundred years Today, we have strict rules for teachers We hope all children can go to school Many things tell us that teaching is indeed an “important” job. 4、實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) 3 Teachers salaries are raised today in order to _. A show the importance of teaching as a job B attract more qualified people to become teachers C make teachers “responsible” in their teaching D improve the quality of public teaching Passage 1 4、實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) In recent years, there has been an increasing need for teachers to be “responsible” This means that the public expects teachers to succeed in teaching important information to the young Teachers salaries today, while not much, certainly are much higher than they were in the past These increases have come about because people have realized that without enough salaries, people who have abilities will not become teachers Today almost no one says that “anybody will do” for a teacher The public expects “quality people” to teach the young, and progress is being made to give salaries that will make people who have abilities become teachers. Passage 1 4、實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) 查讀（ scan） 帶著問題查找所需的信息或答案。它包括以下幾個步驟： 1、審題，了解需要尋找哪一類信息； 2、判斷信息在文中的大致方位； 3、掃視全文，確定信息的方位，做出判斷。 4、實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) Passage 1 4“ Anybody will do” for a teacher (in paragraph 2) means that_. A almost all people want to become teachers B a teacher is so highly respected that people all want to help him C a teacher will do whatever he can for his students D the job of teaching is so easy that everybody can do it 4、實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) In recent years, there has been an increasing need for teachers to be “responsible” This means that the public expects teachers to succeed in teaching important information to the young Teachers salaries today, while not much, certainly are much higher than they were in the past These increases have come about because people have realized that without enough salaries, people who have abilities will not become teachers Today almost no one says that “anybody will do” for a teacher The public expects “quality people” to teach the young, and progress is being made to give salaries that will make people who have abilities become teachers. Passage 1 4、實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) Passage 1 5 The main idea of the passage is that _. A greater progress has to be made in teaching B enough salaries are necessary in making “quality people” become teachers C it is important to be successful in teaching the young D teaching is a product of the societys division of labor 4、實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) Passage 2 1 English people _. A. have never discussed who is the worlds greatest dramatist B. never discuss any issue concerning the worlds greatest dramatist C. are sure who is the worlds greatest poet and dramatist D. do not care who is the worlds greatest poet and dramatist 4、實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) Passage 2 For any Englishman, there can never be any discussion as to who is the worlds greatest dramatist (劇作家 ). Only one name can possible suggest itself to him: that of William Shakespeare. Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the work of our greatest writer. All of us use words, phrases and quotations from Shakespeare writings that have become part of the common property of the English-speaking people. Most of the time we are probably unaware of the source of the words we used, rather like the old lady who was taken to see a performance of Hamlet and complained the it was full of well-known proverbs and quotations 4、實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) Passage 2 2. Every Englishman knows _. A. more or less about Shakespeare B. Shakespeare, but only slightly C. all Shakespeares writings D. only the name of the greatest English writer 4、實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) Passage 2 For any Englishman, there can never be any discussion as to who is the worlds greatest dramatist (劇作家 ). Only one name can possible suggest itself to him: that of William Shakespeare. Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the work of our greatest writer. All of us use words, phrases and quotations from Shakespeare writings that have become part of the common property of the English-speaking people. Most of the time we are probably unaware of the source of the words we used, rather like the old lady who was taken to see a performance of Hamlet and complained the it was full of well-known proverbs and quotations. 4、實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) Passage 2 3. Which of the following is true? A. We use all the words, phrases and quotations from Shakespeares writings. B. Shakespeares writings have become the property of those who are learning to speak English. C. It is likely to be true that people often do not know the origins of the words they use. D. All the words people use are taken from the writings of Shakespeare. 4、實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) Passage 2 For any Englishman, there can never be any discussion as to who is the worlds greatest dramatist (劇作家 ). Only one name can possible suggest itself to him: that of William Shakespeare. Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the work of our greatest writer. All of us use words, phrases and quotations from Shakespeare writings that have become part of the common property of the English-speaking people. Most of the time we are probably unaware of the source of the words we used, rather like the old lady who was taken to see a performance of Hamlet and complained the it was full of well-known proverbs and quotations. 4、實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) Passage 2 4. What does the word “proverb” mean? A. Familiar sayings. B. Shakespeares plays. C. Complaints. D. Actors and actresses. 4、實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) Passage 2 For any Englishman, there can never be any discussion as to who is the worlds greatest dramatist (劇作家 ). Only one name can possible suggest itself to him: that of William Shakespeare. Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the work of our greatest writer. All of us use words, phrases and quotations from Shakespeare writings that have become part of the common property of the English-speaking people. Most of the time we are probably unaware of the source of the words we used, rather like the old lady who was taken to see a performance of Hamlet and complained the it was full of well-known proverbs and quotations. 4、實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) Passage 2 5. Why is it worthwhile to study various ways in which Shakespeare used English? A. English words have changed a lot since Shakespeares time. B. By doing so one can be fully aware of th