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金融分析師(CFA)一級(jí)考試課本總結(jié) - Fix income derevative and alternative investments閱讀(38) 評(píng)論(0) 發(fā)表時(shí)間:2008年12月21日 07:31 本文地址:/blog/657383549-1229815875 本文標(biāo)簽: yield bonds coupon 債券 risk Fix income derevative and alternative investments Indenture是借貸雙方的合約。 zero-coupon bonds,到期付par value,中間不付息,所以高折價(jià)發(fā)行,一般用半年期折現(xiàn) accrual bonds,類似zero coupon,以par value發(fā)行,有coupon rate,按利息按復(fù)利,到期結(jié)算 step-up notes,coupon rate逐漸上漲 deferred-coupon bonds,第一次付息推遲。 浮息債券 new coupon rate=reference rate+-quoted margin,upper limit 叫cap,lower limit叫floor,組合叫collar accrual bonds在付息日之間交易,有clean price和full price,計(jì)算交易日為止未付的利息。 Bond中的Option call feature,發(fā)債人可以以高于par value的價(jià)格買回,在call protection時(shí)期不能買回。 prepayment option,允許發(fā)債人提前支付本金給amortizing security put feature,允許bondholder 提前收回principal conversion option,允許bondholder轉(zhuǎn)換一定數(shù)量的普通股;如允許交換別的公司股票,叫做 exchange option 回購(gòu)協(xié)議,repo,賣證券的公司承諾在特定時(shí)間特定價(jià)格買回證券。相當(dāng)于投資者借錢給公司。比margin loan利率低限制少 債券風(fēng)險(xiǎn): 1.利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 2.call risk 3.prepayment risk 4.yield curve risk 5.reinvestment risk 6.credit risk-default risk, credit spread risk, downgrade risk 7. liquidity risk 8.exchange-rate risk 9.volatility risk 10.inflation risk 11.event risk Duration:是yield改變1%,price改變的百分比 duration=%change in price/yield change in % 國(guó)際債券的種類: 1.foreign bonds,別國(guó)在本國(guó)發(fā)行的bonds 2.eurobonds,別國(guó)發(fā)行多國(guó)交易 3.global bonds, 4.sovereign debt,政府發(fā)行 美國(guó)政府發(fā)行的債券: 1.treasury security:可以認(rèn)為risk free 2.treasury bill,小于一年,沒有利息支付,折價(jià)發(fā)行, 3.treasury notes和treasury bonds,半年付息,notes一般2,3,5和10年。bonds一般20和30年 treasury inflation protected securities(TIPS),每半年根據(jù)CPI調(diào)整par value coupon payment=inflation adjusted par value X ( stated coupon/2) treasury strips,用notes和bonds來組合成zero coupon。分為coupon strips和principal strips Mortgage passthrough securities,把大量mortgage打包整合,賣股份(participation certificates) CMOs, collateralized mortgage obligations, 由MPS組成,用不同的tranches(slices)來claim不同的cash flow municipal bonds(munis),通常免稅。兩種:tax-backed debt, revenue bonds Corporate bonds secured bonds有優(yōu)先claim權(quán),針對(duì)特定的assets unsecured bonds叫debenture,有優(yōu)先claim權(quán)的叫senior bonds,junior bonds或者subodinated bonds次級(jí)優(yōu)先。都在優(yōu)先股和普通股之前claim Asset backed securities(ABS) , 金融資產(chǎn)抵押的債券,降低借貸成本,special purpose vehicle可以有高的credit rating,即使金融資產(chǎn)個(gè)別有問題,也不會(huì)影響ABS的評(píng)級(jí)。credit可以通過LC,bond insurance加強(qiáng),進(jìn)一步降低借貸成本. 其他工具: Negotiable CDs,二級(jí)市場(chǎng)交易的,backed by bank assets。Eurodollor CDs是美元計(jì)價(jià)在美國(guó)外發(fā)行的。 bankers acceptances,用于保證支付和貨物送達(dá),折現(xiàn)交易,短期,limited liquidity CDOs,Collateralized debt obligations,一堆debt的 組合,可以包括公司債,bank loans,emerging market debts,MBS,或其他CDOs 一級(jí)市場(chǎng)發(fā)行bonds包括承銷和best-efforts public offerings,還有private placements 二級(jí)市場(chǎng)有交易所交易,OTC交易(dealer market) 央行貨幣工具: 1.discount rate 2.open market operations(最常用) 3.band reserve requirements 4.persuading banks to tighten or loosen their credit policies Pure expectation theory, yield curve 只反映未來的短期利率的期望。 短期利率預(yù)期上升-upward sloping curve 預(yù)期下降-downward sloping curve 預(yù)期上升然后下降-humped yield curve 保持不變-flat yield curve Liquidity preference theory, yield curve是upward sloping,反映時(shí)限越長(zhǎng),premium要求越高 Market segmentation theory,借貸雙方對(duì)期限有各自偏好,yield curve的形狀跟每一個(gè)期限段內(nèi)的需求供給相關(guān) Yield spread 名義Yield spread是2個(gè)bond的market yield的差,由credit quality, call features, tax treatment, maturity 影響 absolute yield spread絕對(duì)差 relative yield spread相對(duì)差 yield ratio Bond valuation process 1.估計(jì)現(xiàn)金流 2.設(shè)定discount rate,基于現(xiàn)金流的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 3.計(jì)算現(xiàn)金流的現(xiàn)值 4.timing of principal repayments is not known with certainty 5.coupon payments are not known with certainty 6.the bond is convertiable or exchangeable into another security Bond price 可以表示成par value的百分比,或者yield。 YTM是半年付的未來現(xiàn)金流折現(xiàn)到目前價(jià)格的單一折現(xiàn)率。半年息X2=年息,也叫bond equivalent yield zero coupon bond price = face value/(1+YTM/2) 2N, 反過來可以算YTM spot rate & no arbitrage value, 可用于套利 bond 收入的3種來源,coupon payments,本金回收資本利得,reinvestment income bond selling at par, coupon rate= current yield=yield to maturity at premium,coupon ratecurrent yield yield to maturity at discount, coupong rate current yield yield to maturity 算YTC用call price作為FV和合適的terminal period bootstripping spot rate,知道頭幾年的spot rate算后一年的 forward rate Option-Adjusted Spread OAS Zero-Volatility Spread Z-spread Z-spread - OAS = option cost in % Duration & Convexity 衡量interest rate risk的兩種方法: 1. full valuation/scenario analysis approach 1)start with a current market yield and price 2)estimate changes in yields 3)revalue bonds 4)compare new value to current value 2.duration/convexity approach, 較簡(jiǎn)單 算effective duration= (V_-V+)/(2V0y), ed用于有option的bond,modified duration用于option free的bond, 兩個(gè)都是用于利率變化很小的情況下。變化較大還需引入convexity effect % change in price = duration effect+convexity effect= durationy + convexity y2100 price value of a basis point(PVBP)=duration 0.0001 value derivative investment 衍生品是衍生自其他資產(chǎn)的價(jià)值或資產(chǎn)回報(bào)的價(jià)值。 contigent claim 某事件發(fā)生時(shí)未來的payoff, option contract是contigent claim也是衍生品 forward commitment是未來買進(jìn)或賣出某個(gè)資產(chǎn)的合約。future,swap,forward contract是FC,也是衍生品 Forwards和swap是dealer做的交易,不影響二級(jí)市場(chǎng) future contract在future exchange交易,是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的forward contract,regulated,backed by clearinghouse,要求當(dāng)天結(jié)算daily settlement 部分option contract在option exchange交易,部分由dealer發(fā)起,不影響二級(jí)市場(chǎng) swap是一系列的forward contract,floating對(duì)fixed rate,或者不同貨幣不同interest rate交換 call/put option writer有obligation,buyer有right deliverable forward contract: long 在未來特定的時(shí)間pay a certain amount to the short,short交割asset,雙方都不付initiation cash settlement forward contract: 不要求實(shí)物交割,只在最后輸?shù)囊环礁跺X給贏的一方 early termination是再反向買一份forward contract 沖銷原來的一份,鎖定收益或損失 currency forward,用于鎖定匯率 bond forward通常是zero coupon bond forward rate agreement (FRA) 是約定在未來時(shí)間按約定的利率借或貸。long position是borrow方,當(dāng)時(shí)利率超過約定利率,long賺錢,對(duì)于long的盈虧公式如下: LIBOR是美元為貨幣的銀行間短期利率,Euribor是歐元為貨幣的短期利率 forward跟future對(duì)比 margin:initial, maintenance, variation marking to market, 到maintenance margin時(shí)會(huì)受到margin call,必須補(bǔ)回到initial margin 多數(shù)future是offsetting掉了,也有exchange for physicals如delivery,cash settlement和off-exchange delivery Call option的long是right to buy, short是obligation to sell put option的long是right to sell,short是obligation to buy strike price X是行權(quán)價(jià), stock option一般是100股為單位 美式權(quán)證到期前任何時(shí)間行權(quán),歐式權(quán)證到期日行權(quán) in-the-money, at-the-money, out-of-the-money intrinsic value, time value asset price上漲,call option value上漲,put下跌; X下跌,call上漲,put下跌 risk-free rate上漲,call 上漲,put下跌 波動(dòng)增加,call上漲,put上漲 interest rate option,行權(quán)價(jià)是interest rate,payoff基于參考rate,比如LIBOR,現(xiàn)金settle;long call和short put的組合可以跟FRA的payoff一樣,但支付是在loan結(jié)束后,比如30,60,90day FRA在fra結(jié)束后立刻支付。 commodity option index option options on future option價(jià)值的上下限 Put-call parity fiduciary call :call option + risk-free bond protective put:stock + long put C+X/(1+Rf)T=S+P, 換位,S=., C=.P=X=, 兩邊一旦不平衡,出現(xiàn)套利機(jī)會(huì),買便宜的一邊 Swap的特點(diǎn): 1.除currency swap外,都不需要付initiation 2.定制 3.不在二級(jí)市場(chǎng)交易 4.unregulated 5.default risk很關(guān)鍵 6.機(jī)構(gòu)主導(dǎo) 結(jié)束swap的方法 1.互相達(dá)成 2.offsetting 3.resale 給第三方 4.exercising a swapion,option to enter into an offsetting swap currency swap的特點(diǎn): 1.開始時(shí)交換本金,兩種貨幣互換 2. 互相支付完整利息,不netting 3.結(jié)束時(shí),按照開始時(shí)交換的幣值再換回來(不考慮當(dāng)時(shí)匯率) plain vanilla interest rate swaps, paying fixed and receiving floating 不互換本金,付息時(shí),只交換net payment,0和游戲。 期限叫tenor,付息日叫settlement date,本金叫notional principal,浮動(dòng)利率是LIBOR flat 或者LIBOR+spread fixed rate payer方的公式: Equity Swap,某種資產(chǎn)的收益跟fixed payment 互換。 option payoff的圖 Coverd call= long stock + short call, 預(yù)測(cè)股價(jià)不會(huì)漲太快,賺一個(gè)發(fā)call option的錢。 protected put=buying a stock + put, 價(jià)格超過股價(jià)+put價(jià)格,才有錢賺。put可以鎖定最大損失=X-整個(gè)position的花費(fèi) Alternative Investment 種類: 1.open-end and closed-end mutual funds 2.exchange traded funds (ETFs) 3.Real estate 4.Venture Capital 5.Hedge Funds 6.Closely Held companies 7.Commodities 開放式基金,在net asset value上交易,是per share basis=(asset-liability)/shares ,收load fee前端后端手續(xù)費(fèi),和ongoing fee包括manegement fee,administrative fee ,和marketing fees 封閉式基金,在after insurance后在二級(jí)市場(chǎng)交易,小溢價(jià)發(fā)行,用于補(bǔ)償保險(xiǎn)成本,交易成本是commission和bid/ask spread,可能會(huì)折價(jià)較多 ETF用于模擬某種指數(shù),有in-kind creation和redemption of shares。authorized participants可以用一攬子股票和ETF互換。避免了封閉基金折價(jià)的問題。 優(yōu)點(diǎn):有效的分散投資,類似股票可以margin和short交易, 可衍生future和option,提供更好的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理,投資者對(duì)投資標(biāo)的很清楚,買賣沒有l(wèi)oad fee,減小資本收益稅。 缺點(diǎn):美國(guó)外的國(guó)家較少index可以用ETF追蹤,導(dǎo)致中小型股票不能很好的反映在投資組合中;長(zhǎng)線投資的投資者.的能力不明顯?可能會(huì)有較大的bid/ask spread假如成交量不大;大型投資者會(huì)直接投資股票,來降低交易費(fèi)和稅 real estate的種類: 1.outright ownership 2.leveraged equity position 3.mortgages 4.aggregation vehicles, 包括real estate limited parnerships,commingled funds和real estate investment trusts(REITs) 特點(diǎn):不能直接對(duì)比導(dǎo)致很難計(jì)算市場(chǎng)價(jià)值,illiquid ,immobile,indivisable, difficult to value 估值方法: 1.cost method,用replacement cost of improvements+土地估值,市場(chǎng)價(jià)可能跟replacement cost差距很大 2.sales comparison method,最近的類似的物業(yè)交易價(jià)格,根據(jù)特性和市場(chǎng)情況做調(diào)整。 3.income method,用未來現(xiàn)金流折現(xiàn)。 簡(jiǎn)化模型:net operating income(NOI)=gross rental income - operating expenses(包括loss from vacancy and collection loss)= potencial income (1-vacancy and bad debt%)-RE taxes -maintenance -other expenses real estate value(income method)=NOI/requied return 稅后現(xiàn)金流折現(xiàn)模型:annual after-tax operating cash flow = (NOI-depreciation-interest) (1-tax rate)-principal payment + depreciation after-tax sale proceeds=sales price - mortgage balance - tax on gain(=capital gains tax ratesales price-(purchase price-

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