翻譯網(wǎng)站unit10.doc

Unit 10Attributive ClausesHighlights of the Unit 單元要點概述Practical Translation Training 實用翻譯訓(xùn)練I. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Attributive Structures英漢定語結(jié)構(gòu)的對比II. Restrictive Attributive Clauses 限定性定語從句III. Non-Restrictive Attributive Clauses 非限定性定語從句IV. Attributive Clauses Functioning as Adverbials 兼有狀語功能的定語從句Reflections and Practice 思考與練習(xí)BACK單元要點概述實用翻譯訓(xùn)練英譯漢：White Star Liner Titanic實用翻譯訓(xùn)練漢譯英：“不沉之船”的厄運I. 英漢定語結(jié)構(gòu)的對比II. 限定性定語從句1. 合并法 2. 分譯法 3. 混合法III. 非限定性定語從句1. 分譯法 2. 合并法IV. 兼有狀語功能的定語從句1. 譯作漢語原因狀語從句2. 譯作漢語結(jié)果狀語從句3. 譯作漢語讓步狀語從句4. 譯作漢語條件狀語從句5. 譯作漢語目的狀語從句本單元詳細(xì)介紹了英語定語從句的性質(zhì)及其翻譯方法。如語言學(xué)家們所示，英語的定語從句呈右開放狀，可以向右無限擴(kuò)展；而漢語沒有定語從句之說，作為修飾成分的定語習(xí)慣上放在被修飾詞之前（左邊），呈左封閉狀，不能像英語那樣隨意地擴(kuò)展。因此我們在翻譯復(fù)雜的英語定語長句時，最有效的方法就是將其切分為一個個短句再分別處理。英語限定性定語從句的翻譯方法一般分為三種：1. 合并法，即在句式較短的情況下，將定語從句用“的”結(jié)構(gòu)譯出；2. 分譯法，即化整為零，分別翻譯一對于長而復(fù)雜的定語從句可以采取此法；3. 混合法，即打破原文的定語結(jié)構(gòu)，譯者根據(jù)自己對原文的正確理解，用自己的話譯出原文的意思。英語非限定性定語從句的翻譯方法與限定性定語從句的譯法相似，不過，分譯法的使用更為頻繁一些，有時也可視情況而譯成漢語的并列句、復(fù)合句或獨立句。在很多情況下，英語中的定語從句兼有狀語的功能，這時我們可視情況將其譯作與漢語相應(yīng)的表示原因、結(jié)果、目的、時間、條件、讓步等的狀語從句。本單元對此一一做了列舉、歸納，并提出了相應(yīng)的翻譯方法。Practical Translation Training1. English-Chinese TranslationWhite Star Liner TitanicAfter resting on the ocean floor, split asunder and rusting for nearly three-quarters of a century, a great ship seemed to come alive again. The saga of the White Star Liner Titanic, which struck an iceberg and sank on its maiden voyage in 1912, carrying more than 1,500 passengers to their death, has been celebrated in print and on film, in poetry and song. But last week what had been legendary suddenly became real. As they viewed videotapes and photographs of the sunken leviathan, millions of people around the world could sense her mass, her eerie quiet and the ruined splendor of a lost age.Watching on television, they vicariously joined the undersea craft Alvin and Jason Jr. as they toured the wreckage of the luxury liner, wandering across the decks past corroded bollards, peering into the officers quarters and through rust-curtained portholes. Views of the railings where doomed passengers and crew members stood evoked images of the moonless night 74 years ago when the great ship slipped beneath the waves.The two-minute videotape and nine photographs, all in color and shot 12,500 ft. under the North Atlantic, were a tiny sample of the 60 hours of video and 60,000 stills garnered during the twelve-day exploration. They were released at a Washington press conference conducted by Marine Geologist Robert Ballard, 44, who led the teams from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution that found the Titanic last September and revisited it this July.Recounting the highlights of what has already become the most celebrated feat of underwater exploration，Ballard revealed some startling new information. His deep-diving craft failed to find the 300-ft. gash that，according to legend，was torn in the Titanics hull when the ship plowed into the iceberg. Instead，he suggested，the collision has buckled the ships plates，allowing water to pour in. He also brought back evidence that the ship broke apart not when she hit bottom，as he had thought when viewing the first Titanic images last September，but as she sank：the stem，which settled on the bottom almost 1，800 ft. from the bow，had swiveled 180 on its way down.Notes and Explanations1. split asunder 斷裂開2. saga n. 傳說，冒險故事3. leviathan n. 巨大的事物；龐大海獸4. the mined splendor of a lost age 直譯：逝去的年代被毀損的輝煌5. vicariously ad. 代理地，通過他人的經(jīng)驗感受地6. the officers quarters 高級船員的住艙7. rust-curtained portholes 蓋滿了鐵銹的舷窗； curtain v.用簾遮蓋，掩蓋8. doomed passengers and crew members 慘遭厄運的乘客和船員9. the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 伍茲霍爾海洋研究10. plowed into the iceberg 在行駛中撞上冰山，plow v.耕犁，（船）行駛，奮力勝前進(jìn)11. buckle v. 扣緊，使彎曲，凹陷12. on its way down 在下沉的過程中2. Chinese-English Translation“不沉之船”的厄運“泰坦尼克”號擁有16個防水艙隔，因此曾一度號稱“不沉之船”，但是冰山扎破了其中的5個一這比原設(shè)計考慮的最嚴(yán)重的碰撞事故還多出一個。因此，“泰坦尼克”號在撞上冰山之后不到3個小時就迅速沉入大海。事后的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，“泰坦尼克”號在撞上冰山之前，一直在危險水域快速行駛，而船上所提供的備用救生艇其運載量僅夠約半數(shù)的旅客和船員使用。另外，靠近出事現(xiàn)場的“加利福尼亞州人”號輪沒有趕來救援，因為船上的無線電接線員下班睡覺去了。Notes and Explanations1. 防水艙隔 watertight compartment2. 號稱不沉之船 proclaim unsinkable3. 扎破 v. puncture4. 事后的調(diào)查 subsequent investigations5. 救生艇其載客量 lifeboat space6.“加利福尼亞州人”號（輪船） the Californian7. 靠近出事現(xiàn)場 close to the scene8. 趕來救援 come to the rescue9. 下班 be off duty （比較：be on duty值班，當(dāng)班）Of various English subordinate clauses, the attributive clause is perhaps the most complicated and therefore it always poses a hard nit for the translator to crack. This is either because of the disparity between English and Chinese syntax or because of their habitual modes of expressing the same idea in different ways. And here are some instances from the above Practical Translation Training： The saga of the White Star Liner Titanic, which struck an iceberg and sack on its maiden voyage in 1912, carrying more than 1, 500 passengers to their death, has been celebrated in print and on film, in poetry and song. 白星公司班輪“泰坦尼克”號在1912年的處女航中因撞上冰山而沉沒，致使船上1500多名乘客罹難。此后關(guān)于它的種種傳說就一直成為各種刊物、電影以及詩歌、歌曲的內(nèi)容而廣為流傳。 Views of the railings where doomed passengers and crew members stood evoked images of the moonless night 74 years ago when the great ship slipped beneath the waves. 看到那些欄桿，不由使人想起74年前這艘巨輪船體傾斜沉入波濤的那個暗無星月的夜晚，當(dāng)時那些慘遭厄運的乘客和船員也曾站在這些欄桿旁。 They were released at a Washington press conference conducted by Marine Geologist Robert Ballard, 44, who led the teams from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution that found the Titanic last September and revisited it this July. 這些錄像帶和照片是44歲的海洋地質(zhì)學(xué)家羅伯特巴拉德在華盛頓舉行的一次記者招待會上公布的。巴拉德領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的伍茲霍爾海洋研究所科學(xué)探險隊，于去年9月發(fā)現(xiàn)了“泰坦尼克”號，并于今年7月重訪了該船。 His deep-diving craft failed to find the 300-ft. gash that，according to legend，was torn in the Titanics hull when the ship plowed into the iceberg. 他的深潛工作船沒能找到泰坦尼克號船殼上那條長達(dá)300英尺的裂縫。據(jù)傳聞，這條裂縫是“泰坦尼克”號巨輪在行駛中撞上冰山而造成的。 the stem，which settled on the bottom almost 1,800 ft. from the bow，had swiveled 1800 on its way down. 船尾在下沉?xí)r旋轉(zhuǎn)了180度，它在海底離船首幾乎有1800英尺遠(yuǎn)。I. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Attributive StructuresA comparative study of English and Chinese attributive structures helps us to bring this disparity to light. As some linguists have pointed out, an English sentence may be followed by an unlimited number of attributive clauses following the word being modified，while a Chinese sentence allows only a limited amount of words preceding the word being modified. And eventually，there is no correspondence between their sentence structure. Lets compare the structure of the following English sentences and its Chinese versions:1. This is the cat.這就是那只貓。2. This is the cat that killed the rat.這就是那只捕殺了老鼠的貓。3. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake.* 這就是那只捕殺了偷吃了蛋糕的老鼠的貓。4. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house.* 這就是那只捕殺了偷吃了放在房間里的蛋糕的老鼠的貓。5. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built.* 這就是那只捕殺了偷吃了放在杰克修建的房間里的蛋糕的老鼠的貓。Apparently，its impossible for a translator to put all the information into one Chinese sentence in the same sequence as in English. Therefore，a readable Chinese version of the above English sentences 3，4，5 should be like these：3.這就是那只捕殺了老鼠的貓。老鼠偷吃了蛋糕。4.這就是那只捕殺了老鼠的貓。老鼠偷吃了放在屋里的蛋糕。5.這就是那只捕殺了老鼠的貓。老鼠偷吃了放在屋里的蛋糕。屋子是杰克蓋的。Consequently，some efficient ways have been suggested to tackle the problems that occurs in the translation of English attributive clauses.II. Restrictive Attributive ClausesRestrictive attributive clauses, which are characterized by the absence of a comma between the subordinate clauses and the principal clauses, are very closely related to the nouns or pronouns ( also called antecedents) that they are modifying. The meaning of the complex sentence would not be complete unless the restrictive attributive clause is taken into consideration. Generally, the following three methods ace used to translate restrictive attributive clauses.1. CombinationThis is the most common practice，in which an English restrictive attributive clause is embedded in the Chinese sentence with 的, and is placed before the words being modified（the antecedents）. By combination, we have actually converted the complex English sentence into a simple Chinese sentence. The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. 在他手下工作的人對他怕得要死。 Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with. 污染是我們必須解決的一個迫切問題。 July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七八月是天氣很熱的月份。 In the room where the electronic is kept, there must be no dust at all.在存放電子計算機(jī)的房間里，不能有一點兒灰塵。2. DivisionSometimes，an English sentence with a restrictive attributive clause is too long or too complicated for the translator to take as a whole. In this case，we may divide it in two，placing the attributive clause after the principal clause to conform to the Chinese usage，repeating the antecedent being modified. They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which，in the past，many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他們正在為實現(xiàn)一個理想而努力，這個理想是每個中國人所珍愛的，在過去，許多中國人為了這個理想而犧牲了自己的生命。 Between these two tiny particles，the proton and the electron，there is a powerful attraction that is always present between negative and positive electric charges. 在質(zhì)子和電子這兩個微粒之間有一個很大的吸引力，而這個吸引力總是存在于正、負(fù)電荷之間。 Newton invented a paper lantern illuminated by a candle which he carried with him to light his way to school on dark winter mornings. 牛頓發(fā)明了一只點蠟燭的紙燈籠，在昏暗朦朧的冬天早晨上學(xué)時帶著燈籠照路。Sometimes，however，a sentence with a restrictive attributive clause may be translated as a compound sentence without repeating the antecedent. He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.他種出了200個大得驚人的西紅柿，每個重達(dá)兩磅。 A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat. 燃料是一種物質(zhì)，在適當(dāng)溫度下能夠燃燒并放出熱量。 They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased. 他們制定出一種新方法，采用之后生產(chǎn)已迅速得到提高。3. MixtureBy mixture here we mean combining the principal clause and the attributive clause into a single Chinese sentence without any demarcation（區(qū)分）. This method is usually adopted in translating English there be. structure. There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month. 在那群人中，有些人每天站在那里，站了一個月。 There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. 樓下有人要見你。 Fortunately，there are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless. 幸好有些化學(xué)燃料是潔凈無煙的。 There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized. 某些金屬既能導(dǎo)電，又能被磁化。Besides，there are some English complex sentences with a very simple principal clause，laying their emphasis on the attributive clauses. In this case, the principal clause may be condensed into the subject of a simple sentence，with the attributive clause as its predicate. We are a nation that must beg to stay alive, said a foreign economist. 一位外國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家說道，“我們這個國家不討飯就活不下去?！?We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity.我們駕駛的飛機(jī)幾乎每一個部件都有國籍的某些標(biāo)志。 Good clocks have pendulums which are automatically compensated for temperature changes. 好的鐘擺可以自動補償溫度變化造成的誤差。III. Non-Restrictive Attributive ClausesNon-restrictive attributive clauses are characterized by a comma between the principal and the attributive clause. In comparison with restrictive attributive clauses, nonrestrictive attributive clauses hold a loose relationship with the antecedents, functioning as a supplementary part in the sentence. In terms of translation techniques, there is no significant difference between these two kinds of attributive clauses. However, the method of division is adopted more frequently in translating non-restrictive attributive clauses than in translating restrictive attributive clauses, while the method of combination is just the other way around.1. DivisionSeveral methods of division are adopted in the translation of non-restrictive attributive clauses.1) Translating into Compound Sentences by Repeating the Antecedents I told the story to John，who told it to his brother. 我把這件事告訴了約翰，約翰又告訴了他的兄弟。 Fine grains of dust can reflect blue light，which coarse grains of dust cannot. 微?；覊m能反射藍(lán)光，但粗?；覊m卻不能。 This is a college of science and technology，the students of which are trained to be engineers or scientists. 這是一所科技大學(xué)，該校學(xué)生將被培養(yǎng)成工程師或科學(xué)工作者。 The process of combining with oxygen is oxidation，of which bunting is one type. 與氧結(jié)合的過程就是氧化，燃燒就是其中的一種。2）Translating into Compound Sentences by Omitting the Antecedents After dinner，the four key negotiators resumed their talks，which continued well into the night. 飯后，四個主要談判人物繼續(xù)進(jìn)行會談，一直談到深夜。 He saw in front that haggard white-haired old man, whose eyes flashed red with fury. 他看見前面那個憔悴的白發(fā)老人眼里閃耀著憤怒的目光。 This type of meter is called a multimeter，which is used to measure electricity. 這種儀表稱為萬用表，用來測量電。 Electrons also flow in a television，where they are made to hit the screen，causing a flash of light. 電子也流入電視顯像管，撞擊熒光屏，產(chǎn)生閃光。3) Translating into Independent Sentences One was violent thunderstorm，the worst I had ever seen，which obscured my objective.有一次是暴風(fēng)驟雨，猛烈的程度實為我平生所僅見。這場暴風(fēng)雨遮住了我的目標(biāo)。 Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully，which showed that the computations were accurate. 不過，問題還是圓滿地解決了。這說明計算很準(zhǔn)確。 One of the greatest promoters of structural organic chemistry around the turn of the century was Emil Fisher，who，as early as 1893，had already the structure of cellulose as a polysaccharide in mind. 在上世紀(jì)末和本世紀(jì)初，埃米爾費希爾是結(jié)構(gòu)有機(jī)化學(xué)方面最偉大的推動者之一。早在1893年，他就認(rèn)為纖維素的結(jié)構(gòu)是聚糖。2. CombinationNon-restrictive attributive clauses can also be translated by using the method of combination. This is the usual case when we try to avoid a loose structure and take coherence into consideration. The sun，which had hidden all day，now came out in all its splendor. 整天躲在云層里的太陽，現(xiàn)在又光芒四射地露面了。 He liked his sister，who was warm and pleasant，but he did not like his brother，who was aloof and arrogant. 他喜歡熱情洋溢的妹妹，而不喜歡冷漠高傲的哥哥。 Transistors，which are small in size，can make previously large and bulky radios light and small. 采用體積較小的晶體管可以使先前那種大而笨的收音機(jī)變得又輕又小。 You can break up a beam of incoherent light with a prism，which is made of glass. 用玻璃制的棱鏡就可以分解非相干光束。IV. Attributive Clauses Functioning as AdverbialsSome attributive clauses (both restrictive and non-restrictive) function as the adverbial in the complex sentence, having a very close logic relationship with fire principal clause and indicating the cause, result, purpose, time, condition, concession, and so on. Therefore, when translating such sentences, we should render them into corresponding Chinese adverbial sentences.1. Translating Into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Cause A solid fuel，like coal or wood, can only bum at the surface, where it comes into contact with the air. 固體燃料，如煤和木材，只能在表面燃燒，因為表面接觸空氣。 We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. 我們知道，由于貓的眼睛比我們?nèi)说难劬δ芪崭嗟墓饩€，所以貓在黑夜也能看得很清楚。 You must grasp the concept of work which is very important in physics. 你必須掌握“功”的概念，因為它在物理學(xué)中很重要。2. Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Result There was something original，independent，and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. 這個方案富于創(chuàng)造性，獨具一格，很有魄力，因此他們都很喜歡。 Copper，which is used so widely for carrying electricity，offers very little resistance. 銅的電阻很小，所以廣泛地用來傳輸電力。 The diode is coated with a thin layer of hard glass which eliminates the need for a hermetically sealed package. 二極管的表面有一層薄薄的硬玻璃，故無需使用密封的管殼。3. Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Concession He insisted on building another house，which he had no use for. 他堅持要再造一幢房子，盡管他并無此需要。 The scientist，who was dog-tired, went on with the experiment. 那位科學(xué)家雖已筋疲力盡，但還是繼續(xù)進(jìn)行實驗。 Electronic computers，which have many advantages，cannot carry out creative work and replace man. 盡管電子計算機(jī)有許多優(yōu)點，但是它們不能進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性工作，也不能代替人。4. Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Condition Men become desperate for work，any work，which will help them to keep alive their families. 人們拼命想得到工作，不管什么工作，只要能維持一家人的生活就行。 A body that contains only atoms with the same general properties is called an element. 物質(zhì)如果包含的原子性質(zhì)都相同，則稱之為元素。 For any machine whose input and output forces are known，its mechanical advantage can be calculated. 對于任何機(jī)器來說，如果知其輸入力和輸出力，就能求出其機(jī)械效益。5. Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Purpose They have built up a new college here，where students will be trained to be engine