山東省梁山一中高三英語 語法專題復(fù)習(xí) 專題九 虛擬語氣.doc

山東省梁山一中2014屆高三英語語法專題復(fù)習(xí)：專題九 虛擬語氣一、語氣的定義和種類l、語氣：語氣是動詞的一種形式，它表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。2、語氣的種類：(1)陳述語氣: 表示動作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實(shí)的、確定的或符合事實(shí)的，用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句。如：we are not ready. 我們沒準(zhǔn)備好。what a fine day it is!多好的天氣啊!(2)祈使語氣: 表示說話人的建議、請求、邀請、命令等。如: open the door, please。請打開門。(3)虛擬語氣: 表示動作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí)，而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測等。如: if i were you, i should study english. 如果我是你，我就學(xué)英語了。may you succeed! 祝您成功！二、虛擬語氣在條件從句中的用法 條件句有兩類，一類是真實(shí)條件句，一類是虛擬條件句。如果假設(shè)的情況是有可能發(fā)生的，就是真實(shí)條件何。在這種真實(shí)條件句中的謂語用陳述語氣。如: if it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我們就去公園。如果假設(shè)的情況是過去或現(xiàn)在都不存在的，或?qū)聿淮罂赡馨l(fā)生的，則是虛擬條件句。如: if he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天見到你，他會問你這件事的。(事實(shí)上他昨天沒見到你，因此也未能問你這件事。)在含有虛擬條件句的復(fù)合句中，主句和從句的謂語都要用虛擬語氣?，F(xiàn)將虛擬條件從句和主句的動詞形式列表如下:從 句主 句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反動詞的過去式（be的過去式一般用were）would/ should/ could/ might + 動詞原形與過去事實(shí)相反had + 過去分詞 would/ should/ could/ might + have + 過去分詞與將來事實(shí)相反 動詞過去式，should + 動詞原形，were to + 動詞原形would/ should/ could/ might + 動詞原形注: 主句中的should只用于i、we，但在美國英語中，should常被would代替；從句中的should 可用于各種人稱。l、表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如: if my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在這兒 ，一切都沒問題了。 2、表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如: if you had taken my advice，you wouldnt (couldnt) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建議去做，你一定不會(不可能)考試不及格。3、表示與將來事實(shí)可能相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如: if it were sunday tomorrow, i should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶 奶。if it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他們將不出去了。4、有時(shí)條件從句中的動作和主句中的動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致（表示錯綜時(shí)間的虛擬語氣），這時(shí)動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。例如: if you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你當(dāng)初聽了醫(yī)生的話，身體現(xiàn)在就好了。(從句動作指過去，主句動作指現(xiàn)在) 5、虛擬條件句可以轉(zhuǎn)換成下列形式: (l)省略連詞if。在書面語中，如果虛擬條件從句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把這幾個(gè)詞放到主語之前，構(gòu)成主謂倒裝。例如: should he come (if he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是來了，讓他給我打個(gè)電話。were i you (if i were you), i would not do it. 我要是你，就不做這事。 (2)用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不用條件從句表示出來，而是通過介詞短語來表示。如: without air (if there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果沒有空氣的話，就不會有生物了。but for your help (if it hadnt been for your help) i couldnt have done it. 要是沒有你的幫助，我就不可能完成這件事。 假設(shè)的情況有時(shí)可以通過上下文或其他方式表現(xiàn)出來。如: i was busy that day. otherwise i would have gone there with them. (if i hadnt been busy that day, i would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙，否則，我就和他們一起去那兒了。(如果我那天不忙的話，我就)；i would have finished the work, but i have been ill. (if i hadnt been ill, i would have finished the work.) 我本來該完成這項(xiàng)工作的，但我生病了。(如果我沒生病的話，我就會完成)6、省去條件從句或主句：表示虛擬語氣的主句或從句有時(shí)可以省略，但其含義仍可以推知。(1)省去條件從句。如: you could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了if you had wanted to)(事實(shí)是:你自己沒洗衣服，因?yàn)槟悴幌胂础?(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如: if my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母與我在一起多好啊!(事實(shí)是:祖母已不在世。)；if only she had not left! 如果她沒走就好了!(事實(shí)是:她已經(jīng)走了。)三、虛擬語氣的其他用法l、虛擬語氣在主語從句中的用法：在it is important (strange，natural，necessary)that這類句型里，that所引導(dǎo)的主語從句中的謂語動詞常用 “should十動詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示某事是重要、奇怪、自然、必要等意義。如: it is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每個(gè)成員知道這些規(guī)則。2、虛擬語氣在賓語從句中用法：(1)在動詞wish后的賓語從句中，表示與現(xiàn)在或過去的事實(shí)相反，或?qū)淼闹饔^愿望，從句通常省略連詞that。1)表示對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬:從句動詞用過去式或過去進(jìn)行式(be動詞一般用were)。如: i wish i knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道這個(gè)問題的答案。(可惜不知道)；2）表示對過去情況的虛擬:從句動詞常用had十過去分詞。如: i wish (wished) i hadnt spent so much money. 我后悔不該花那么多錢。(實(shí)際上已經(jīng)花掉)；3)表示對將來的主觀愿望:謂語動詞形式為would十動詞原形。此時(shí)要注意，主句的主語與從句的主語不能相同，因?yàn)橹骶涞闹髡Z所期望的從句動作能否實(shí)現(xiàn)，取決于從句主語的態(tài)度或意愿(非動物名詞除外)。如: i wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；i wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻來。 (2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等動詞后的賓語從句中，謂語動詞用“should + 動詞原形”，表示建議、要求、命令等。如: i demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答復(fù)我。3、虛擬語氣在狀語從句中的用法(1)在帶有even if/ even though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，主句和從句都用虛擬語氣，動詞形式與含有非真實(shí)條件句的虛擬語氣相同。如: even if he had been ill, he would have gone t his office. 即使生了病，他倆去辦公室。 (2)由as if或as though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句表示比較或方式時(shí)。從句謂語形式為動詞的過去式(be用were)或 “had十過去分詞”。如: he treated me as if i were a stranger. 他那樣對待我，好像我是陌生人似的。she talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她談?wù)撃遣坑捌?，就好像她確實(shí)看過一樣。 注:如果表示的事情可能會發(fā)生，那么方式狀語從句中的謂語動詞可用陳述語氣。(3)在in order that或so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，謂語動詞多用 “could或might（有時(shí)也用should）+ 動詞原形”。如: mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly. 格林先生說得很慢，好讓學(xué)生聽清楚。 4、虛擬語氣在定語從句中的用法：在it is time (that) 句型中，定語從句的謂語動詞常用虛擬語氣表示將來，動詞形式一般用過去式，意思是該干某事的時(shí)候了。如: its (high) time we did our homework. 我們該做作業(yè)了。5、虛擬語氣在簡單句中的用法(1)情態(tài)動詞的過去式用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，表示說話人的謙虛、客氣、有禮貌，或委婉的語氣，常見于日常會話中。如: it would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好別太晚睡覺。(2)在一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)中。如: i would rather not tell you. 我寧愿不告訴你。練1、 (3)用“may + 動詞原形”表示祝愿、但愿”，此時(shí)may須置于句首（多用于正式文體中）。如：may you be happy!祝你快樂！may good luck be yours.祝你順利。練習(xí)、虛擬語氣1. if i _ where he lived, i _ a note to him.a. knew, wouldb. had known, would have sentc. know, would sendd. knew, would have sent2. if they _ earlier than expected, they _ here now.a. had started, would beb. started, might bec. had started, would have beend. will start, might have been3. i didnt know his telephone number. _ it, i _ then.a. had i known, would ring him upb. should i know, would have rung him up c. if i knew; would ring him upd. had i known; would have rung him up4. mary is ill today. if she _ , she _ absent from school. a. were not ill; wouldn t beb. had been ill; wouldnt have been c. had been ill; should have beend. hadnt been ill; could be5. were i to do it, i _ it some other way. a. will do b. would doc. would have done d. were to do6. i _ him the answer _ possible, but i was so busy then. a. could tell; if it had beenb. must have told; were it c. should have told; had it beend. should have told; should it be7. without your help, we_ so much. a. won t achieve b. didn t achieve c. dont achieve d. wouldnt have achieved8. you didnt take his advice. _ his advice, you _ such a mistake. a. had you taken; wouldnt have madeb. if you had taken; would make c. were you lo take; shouldn t have maded. have you taken; won t have made9. we wish we _ what you did when we were at high school. a. didb. could have donec. have doned. should do10. she wishes she _ to the theatre last night. a. wentb. would goc. had goned. were going11. tom is very short now. his mother wishes that he _ be tall when he grows up. a. could b. shouldc. would d. were able to12. my sister advised me that i _ accept the invitation. a. could b. mustc. should d. might13. he asks that he _ an opportunity to explain why hes refused to go there.a. is givenb. must givec. should give d. be given14. do you think of wang fangs suggestion that he _ mr. li to the party? a. will invite b. have invited c. is invited d. invite15. i insisted that he _ at once. a. be gone b. go c. would go d. might go16. li ming insisted that he _ anything at all.a. hadn t stolen b. shouldn t steal c. doesn t steal d. steal17. it is quite natural that my coming late again _ them very angry. a. had madeb. would makec. makesd. make18. he acted as if he _ everything in the world. a. knew b. knows c. has known d. wont know19. read it aloud so that i _ you clearly. a. may hearb. will hearc. heard. have heard20. they got up early in order that they _ they first train. a. caught b. will catch c. might catch d. shall catch21. i am sorry that he _ in such poor health. a. are b. shall be c. were d. should be22. that is a good book. you _ it yesterday. a. could buy b. should buy c. should have bought d. bought23. it is high time we _ home. a. will go b. would goc. have goned. went24. i d rather that you _ home. a. wentb. have gonec. will god. had gone25. if only i _ to the lecture! a. listenb. will listen c. am listeningd. had listened26. - if he_ , he _ that food.- luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. a. was warned; would not takeb. had been warned; would not have taken c. would be warned; had not takend. would have been warned; had not taken27.i didn t see your sister at the meeting. if she _, she would have met my brother. a. has come b. did comec. came d. had come28. without electricity, human life _ quite different today. a. is b. will bec. would have been d. would be29. he _ you more help, even though he was very busy.a. might have givenb. might givec. may have givend. may give30. if city noises _ from increasing, people _ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now. a. are not kept; will have tob. are not kept; have to c. do not keep; will have tod. do not keep; have to31. mikes father, as well as his mother, insisted that he _ home. a. stayed b. could stayc. has stayed d. stay32. mr. smith insisted that he _ the work all.a. had done b. have donec. did d. so33. jane would never have gone to the party _ that mary would come to see her. a. has she known b. had she knownc. if she know d. if she has known34. if you had enough money, what _ ? a. will you buyb. would you buyc. would you have bought d. will you have bought35. if you _ that film late last night,