第十六章 句子的類(lèi)型.doc

第十六章 句子的類(lèi)型16.1 簡(jiǎn)單句的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單句（simple sentence）有“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)”、 “主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”、“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)”、 “主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)”、“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”等五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)。其它各種句子基本上皆由此五種句型縮略或擴(kuò)展而成。1）“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)” 句型可簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（SV），謂語(yǔ)是不及物動(dòng)詞。如：（1）Day broke. 天亮了。（2）Things change. 事物是變化的。2）“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”句型可簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為主謂補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)（SVC）。如：（3）He died young. 他年輕是就死了。（4）John was cast as Hamlet. 約翰扮演哈姆雷特?！爸髡Z(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)“句型（SLP）實(shí)質(zhì)上也是一種主、謂、主補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。如：（5）He and I are pretty good swimmers. 他和我都游泳游得不錯(cuò)。（6）The doctors seemed very capable. 這些大夫好像都很能干。3）“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)” 句型可簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為主、謂、賓結(jié)構(gòu)（SVO），其謂語(yǔ)一般皆是及物動(dòng)詞，其賓語(yǔ)多是直接賓語(yǔ)。如：（7）Robbie didnt deny the facts. 羅比不否認(rèn)這些事實(shí)。（8）She heard whisperings. 她聽(tīng)到了一陣沙沙聲。4）“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)” 句型可簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為主謂賓賓結(jié)構(gòu)（SVOO），其謂語(yǔ)須是可有雙賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞，即所謂的與格動(dòng)詞（dative verb），兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)多一是間接賓語(yǔ)，一是直接賓語(yǔ)。如：（9）We gave the baby a bath. 我們給嬰孩洗了個(gè)澡。（10）Judith paid me a visit. 朱迪思來(lái)看望了我。有時(shí)可有兩個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)。如：（11）He asked her question. 他問(wèn)了她一個(gè)問(wèn)題。5）“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)” 句型可簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為主、謂、賓、賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)（SVOC），其謂語(yǔ)須是可有這種復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。如：（12）I found this book easy. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)此書(shū)不難。（形容詞easy用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)）（13）They held him hostage. 他們將他扣作人質(zhì)。（名詞hostage用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)）（14）He watched the maid come in. 他看著女傭人進(jìn)來(lái)了。（15）I heard him coming up the stairs slowly, as if he were carrying something heavy. 我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他慢慢上樓來(lái)，好像扛著什么重的東西。16.2 并列句的結(jié)構(gòu)并列句（compound sentence）由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句并列而成。常見(jiàn)的并列句結(jié)構(gòu)是：簡(jiǎn)單句+等立連詞+簡(jiǎn)單句。這種簡(jiǎn)單句常被叫做分句。等立連詞之前可用逗號(hào)，也可不用逗號(hào)。如：（1）They were happy and they deserved their happiness. 他們是幸福的，他們也該得到幸福。（等立連詞是and）（2）The signal was given, and the steamer moved slowly from the dock. 信號(hào)發(fā)出了，輪船緩緩駛出碼頭。（等立連詞是and，前有逗號(hào)）（3）Hurry or you wont make the train. 趕快，不然你趕不上火車(chē)。（等立連詞是or）（4）Honey is sweet, but the bee stings. 蜜是甜的，但蜜蜂卻會(huì)蜇人。（等立連詞是but）有時(shí)亦可不用，只用逗號(hào)、分號(hào)、冒號(hào)等把分句隔開(kāi)。如：（5）He is cruel, he is lustful, he is immensely cunning. 他殘忍，他好色，他非常狡猾。（用逗號(hào)連接）（6）Heavy clouds rose slowly from the horizon; thunder drummed in the distance. 濃云從地平線(xiàn)緩緩升起，遠(yuǎn)處雷聲隆隆。（用分號(hào)連接）（7）He knocked at the door again and again: there was no answer. 他一再敲門(mén)，但無(wú)人應(yīng)門(mén)。（用冒號(hào)連接，表結(jié)果）兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句的關(guān)系如不很緊密，等立連詞可引導(dǎo)單獨(dú)一個(gè)句子。如：（8）Youre alive! And shes dead. 你活著！而她卻死了。（等立連詞and引導(dǎo)單獨(dú)句子）（9）Im sorry to trouble you. But can you direct me to the nearest post office? 對(duì)不起打擾一下。你可以告訴我最近的郵局在哪兒?jiǎn)?？（等立連詞but引導(dǎo)單獨(dú)句子）并列句的分句亦可用連接副詞連接。如：（10）I had a drink, then I went home. 我喝了杯酒，然后回到了家。（連接副詞是then）（11）It rained, therefore the game was called off. 由于有雨，因而那場(chǎng)球賽取消了。（連接副詞是therefore）（12）He was angry, nevertheless he listened to me. 他生氣了，但聽(tīng)我的話(huà)。（連接副詞是nevertheless）（13）I want to go to the partyhowever, I have no transport. 我想去參加聚會(huì)，但我沒(méi)有交通工具。（連接副詞是however）（14）I have only an old car; still it is better than nothing. 我只有一輛舊車(chē)，但也比沒(méi)有好。（連接副詞是still）（15）I am busy today, so can you come tomorrow? 我今日很忙，那你能明天來(lái)嗎？（連接副是so）16.3 復(fù)合句的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)合句（complex sentence）由一個(gè)主句（principal clause）和一個(gè)或一上以上的從句（subordinate clause）構(gòu)成。主句是全句的主體，往往可以獨(dú)立存在；而從句僅是全句的一個(gè)句子成分，故不能獨(dú)立存在。如：（1）We met where the road crossed. 我們是在十字路口遇見(jiàn)的。（we met是主句，where the road crossed是從句）（2）I forgot to post the letter which I wrote yesterday. 我忘了把昨天寫(xiě)好的信投郵了。（I forgot to post the letter是主句，which I wrote yesterday是從句）從句雖不能單獨(dú)成句，但它也有主語(yǔ)部分和謂語(yǔ)部分。從句須由關(guān)聯(lián)詞（connective）引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞共有七種：1）從屬連詞：有whether，when，although，because，if等。（3）He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now. 如果你現(xiàn)在就把信發(fā)出，他明天就會(huì)收到。（4）I dont know whether he will be able to come. 我不知道他明天是否能來(lái)。2）疑問(wèn)代詞：who，whom，whose，which，what。如：（5）Who he is doesnt concern me. 他是誰(shuí)與我無(wú)關(guān)。（6）I dont know what you mean. 我不知道你是什么意思。3）疑問(wèn)副詞：when，where，why，how。如：（7）I asked how he was getting on. 我問(wèn)他近況如何。（8）I cant understand why he was so late. 我不明白他為什么來(lái)得這么晚。4）關(guān)系代詞：who，whom，whose，which，that。如：（9）Nobody who understands the subject would say such a thing. 懂得這一行的人是不會(huì)說(shuō)這種話(huà)的。（10）Water that is impure often causes serious illness. 水不潔常會(huì)引起重病。5）關(guān)系副詞：when，where，why。如：（11）July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七八月是天氣很熱的月份。（12）She would like to live in a country where it never snows.她喜歡住在不下雪的地區(qū)。6）縮合連接代詞：what，whatever，who，whoever，that，whichever。如：（13）Show me what you have written. 把你所寫(xiě)的東西給我看看。（14）Whoever does wrong is punished in the end. 惡有惡報(bào)。7）縮合連接副詞：whenever，where，wherever，however。如：（15）Whenever he goes out, he always takes his umbrella. 他每逢出門(mén)總是帶傘。（16）Sit wherever you like. 你愛(ài)坐哪兒都成。從句分主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句六類(lèi)。由于主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句在句中的功用相當(dāng)于名詞，故這三種從句以統(tǒng)稱(chēng)為名詞性從句。名詞性從句所用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大抵相同，而且其前一般不用逗號(hào)。注還有一種比較復(fù)雜的并列句，叫做并列復(fù)合句。并列復(fù)合句的分句有一個(gè)或多個(gè)為復(fù)合句。如：The policeman looked at me suspiciously, and he asked me what I wanted. 那警察用懷疑的眼光看著我，并問(wèn)我要干什么。While the men worked to strengthen the dam, the rain continued to fall; and the river, which was already well above its normal level, rose higher and higher. 當(dāng)人們正在加固河堤的時(shí)候，雨還在不停地下，已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)正常水位的河水漲得越來(lái)越高了。16.4 主語(yǔ)從句用作主語(yǔ)的從句叫做主語(yǔ)從句（subject clause）。引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有從屬連詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、疑問(wèn)副詞、縮合連接代詞、縮合連接副詞等。如：（1）That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明顯，她們確是親姐妹，她們的臉型很相似。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞that）（2）What she did is not yet known. 你干了什么尚不清楚。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問(wèn)代詞what）（3）How this happened is not clear to anyone. 這事怎樣發(fā)生的，誰(shuí)也不清楚。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問(wèn)副詞how）（4）Whoever comes is welcome. 不論誰(shuí)來(lái)都?xì)g迎。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是縮合連接代詞whoever）（5）Wherever you are is my homemy only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家我惟一的家。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是縮合連接副詞wherever）有時(shí)可用引詞it作為形式主語(yǔ)，將真實(shí)主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)從句置于句末。如：（6）It is not known yet whether they will come today. 他們今天是否會(huì)來(lái)還不知道。（7）It is strange that he had made a mistake. 真怪，他竟做錯(cuò)了。全句如是被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，也常用引詞it作形式主語(yǔ)。如：（8）It is said that hes got married. 聽(tīng)說(shuō)他結(jié)婚了。（9）Is it probable that it will rain today? 今天會(huì)下雨嗎？全句如是感嘆句，則必須用引詞it作形式主語(yǔ)。如：（10）How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 真奇怪，孩子們竟如此安靜！16.5 表語(yǔ)從句用作表語(yǔ)的從句叫做表語(yǔ)從句（predicative clause）。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有疑問(wèn)代詞、疑問(wèn)副詞、縮合連接代詞、從屬連詞等。如：（1）The problem is who we can get to replace her. 問(wèn)題是我們能找到誰(shuí)去替換她呢。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問(wèn)代詞who）（2）The question is how he did it. 問(wèn)題是他是如何做此事的。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問(wèn)副詞how）（3）That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了閣樓干的。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是縮合連接代詞what）（4）He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起來(lái)還與十年前一樣。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞as）從屬連詞that有時(shí)亦可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，如：（5）The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻煩是我把他的地址丟了。從屬連詞whether有時(shí)亦可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，如：（6）The question is whether they will be able to help us. 問(wèn)題是他們是否能幫我們。注 從屬連詞if一般不用來(lái)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，但as if卻可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，如All this was over twenty years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday.（這都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一樣。）。16.6 賓語(yǔ)從句用作賓語(yǔ)的從句叫做賓語(yǔ)從句（object clause）。引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有從屬連詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、疑問(wèn)副詞、縮合連接代詞、縮合連接副詞等。如：（1）He told us he felt ill. 他對(duì)我們說(shuō)他感到不舒服。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞 that）（2）I know he has returned. 我知道他已經(jīng)回來(lái)了。（在非正式文體中關(guān)聯(lián)詞that被省去）（3）That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe. 我簡(jiǎn)直不相信他曾說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的話(huà)。（that從句位于句首時(shí)，that不可省去）（4）We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. 鑒于他的特殊情況，我們決定應(yīng)允他一段試用期。（主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞decided與that從句之間有插入語(yǔ)，that不可省去）（5）I doubt whether he will succeed. 我懷疑他是否會(huì)成功。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞whether）（6）I dont know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否幫助我。（7）Who or what he was, Martin never learned. 他是什么人？他是干什么的？馬丁根本不知道。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問(wèn)代詞who和what。從句位于句首是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)）（8）I wonder what hes writing to me about. 我不知道他要給我寫(xiě)信說(shuō)什么事。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問(wèn)代詞what）（9）Ill tell you why I asked you to come. 我會(huì)告訴你我為什么要你來(lái)。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問(wèn)副詞why）（10）You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是縮合連接代詞what）（11）I should like to see where you live, Jon. 我想去看看你住的地方，喬恩。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是縮合連接副詞where）賓語(yǔ)從句亦可用作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，如：（12）He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他對(duì)那天發(fā)生的事感到很不快。（what引導(dǎo)的從句是介詞by的賓語(yǔ)）（13）I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。（where引導(dǎo)的從句是介詞to的賓語(yǔ)）（14）I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要說(shuō)什么。（what引導(dǎo)的從句是復(fù)合介詞as to的賓語(yǔ)）（15）Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 你是否成功將主要取決于你做什么和怎樣做。（what和how引導(dǎo)的從句是介詞upon的賓語(yǔ)）有時(shí)介詞可以省去。如：（16）I dont care (for) who marries him. 我不管誰(shuí)跟他結(jié)婚。（17）Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做這件事的方式。有時(shí)全句可用引詞it作為形式賓語(yǔ)。如：（18）He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English. 他很明確地說(shuō)他寧愿學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。（真實(shí)賓語(yǔ)that從句前有形式賓語(yǔ)it）（19）You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我會(huì)幫助你。（真實(shí)賓語(yǔ)that從句前有形式賓語(yǔ)it）有時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞亦可后跟賓語(yǔ)從句，如：（20）He has just gone away saying that he will return in an hour. 他剛走，說(shuō)他一小時(shí)后回來(lái)。（that引導(dǎo)的從句是現(xiàn)在分詞saying的賓語(yǔ)）16.7 直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ)直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ)都是賓語(yǔ)。一字不改地引述別人的話(huà)，叫做直接引語(yǔ)（direct speech）；用說(shuō)話(huà)人自己的話(huà)轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話(huà)，叫做間接引語(yǔ)（indirect speech）。兩種引語(yǔ)皆須由動(dòng)詞引述，這種動(dòng)詞叫做引述動(dòng)詞（reporting verb），如say，tell，ask，declare，remark，reply，think，write等。直接引語(yǔ)一般皆置于引號(hào)之內(nèi)，第一個(gè)詞的首字母須大寫(xiě)；間接引語(yǔ)通常在句中以賓語(yǔ)從句的形式出現(xiàn)。如：（1）He said, “I am learning English.” 他說(shuō)，“我正在學(xué)英語(yǔ)?！保ㄖ苯右Z(yǔ)）（2）He said that he was learning English. 他說(shuō)他正在學(xué)英語(yǔ)。（間接引語(yǔ)）引述動(dòng)詞及其主語(yǔ)可置于直接引語(yǔ)之前、之后或之中。如：（3）He says, “She will come in the evening.” 他說(shuō)，“她晚上來(lái)?！保ㄖ埃?）“I am very grateful,” said Fisher gravely. “我非常感謝，”費(fèi)希爾嚴(yán)肅地說(shuō)。（之后）（5）“Henceforth,” he explained, “I shall call on Tuesdays.” “今后，”他解釋說(shuō)，“我將每星期二來(lái)訪(fǎng)。”（之中）引述動(dòng)詞如是現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)或過(guò)去一般時(shí)，而主語(yǔ)為名詞時(shí)，則?？梢缘寡b。如：（6）“My wife always drinks coffee for breakfast,” said John. “我妻子早餐時(shí)經(jīng)常喝咖啡，”約翰說(shuō)。直接引語(yǔ)可以變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)。不同種類(lèi)的句子應(yīng)用不同的變化方法。1）直接引語(yǔ)為陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)常由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)（口語(yǔ)中可省略），引述動(dòng)詞常用say，tell等。同時(shí)，根據(jù)主句的要求，間接引語(yǔ)須在人稱(chēng)、時(shí)態(tài)及其它方面作相應(yīng)的變化。a）人稱(chēng)的變化。如：（7）The teacher said, “John, you must bring your book to the class.” 教師說(shuō)，“約翰，你必須把你的書(shū)帶到班上來(lái)?！保ㄖ苯右Z(yǔ)）（8）The teacher told John that he must bring his book to the class. 教師告訴約翰他必須把他的書(shū)帶到班上來(lái)?！保ㄩg接引語(yǔ)）（9）The teacher said that you must bring your book to the class. 教師說(shuō)你必須把你的書(shū)帶到班上來(lái)?！保ㄩg接引語(yǔ)，別人對(duì)約翰說(shuō)）（10）The teacher said that I must bring my book to the class. 教師說(shuō)我必須把我的書(shū)帶到班上來(lái)?！保ㄩg接引語(yǔ)，約翰自己說(shuō)）b）指示代詞的變化。如：（11）He said, “I like this book.” 他說(shuō)，“我喜歡這本書(shū)?！保ㄖ苯右Z(yǔ)）（12）He said that he liked this book. 他說(shuō)他喜歡這本書(shū)。（間接引語(yǔ)，書(shū)在眼前）（13）He said that he liked that book. 他說(shuō)他喜歡那本書(shū)。（間接引語(yǔ)，書(shū)不在眼前）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的變化。如：（14）He said, “I saw her yesterday.” 他說(shuō)，“我昨天見(jiàn)過(guò)她?！保ㄖ苯右Z(yǔ)）（15）He said that he saw her yesterday. 他說(shuō)他昨天見(jiàn)過(guò)她。（間接引語(yǔ)的主句與直接引語(yǔ)的主句的動(dòng)作在同一天發(fā)生，仍用yesterday）（16）He said that he had seen her the day before. 他說(shuō)他前一天曾見(jiàn)過(guò)她。（間接引語(yǔ)的主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在直接引語(yǔ)的主句的動(dòng)作之后，yesterday改為the day before，同時(shí)改用完成時(shí)態(tài)）經(jīng)常改動(dòng)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：nowthen agobefore todaythat day tomorrowthe next day，the following dayyesterdaythe day before，the previous day the day before yesterdaytwo days before the day after tomorrowtwo days laterd）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的變化。如：（17）He said, “I will do it here.” 他說(shuō)，“我就在這兒干。”（18）He said he would do it there. 他說(shuō)他就在那兒干。e）時(shí)態(tài)的變化。主句為現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：（19）He says, “Im tired.” 他說(shuō)，“我累了?！保ㄖ骶錇楝F(xiàn)在時(shí)，直接引語(yǔ)亦為現(xiàn)在時(shí)）（20）He says he is tired. 他說(shuō)他累了。（間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)不變）（21）He has said to me, “Im tired.” 他跟我說(shuō)，“我累了?！保ㄖ骶錇楝F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，直接引語(yǔ)為現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)）（22）He has said to me he is tired. 他跟我說(shuō)他累了。（間接引語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)不變）（23）He will say, “The boy was lazy.” 他將會(huì)說(shuō)，“那男孩過(guò)去懶惰。”（主句為將來(lái)一般時(shí)，直接引語(yǔ)為過(guò)去時(shí)）（24）He will tell you that the boy was lazy. 他將會(huì)告訴你那男孩過(guò)去懶惰。（間接引語(yǔ)仍為過(guò)去一般時(shí)）但主句為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)則一般應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的變化，這就是所謂的“時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)”（sequence of tenses）。如：（25）He said, “Im sorry.” 他說(shuō)，“對(duì)不起。”（直接引語(yǔ)為現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)）（26）He said he was sorry. 他說(shuō)對(duì)不起。（間接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去一般時(shí)）（27）He said, “You havent changed much.” 他說(shuō)，“你可變化不大呀?！保ㄖ苯右Z(yǔ)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）（28）He said that I hadnt changed much. 他說(shuō)我變化不大。（間接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)）（29）She said, “Hes waiting.” 她說(shuō)，“他正在等著呢?！保ㄖ苯右Z(yǔ)為現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）（30）She said he was waiting. 她說(shuō)他正在等著呢。（間接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)）（31）She said, “He has been waiting.” 她說(shuō)，“他一直在等著呢?！保ㄖ苯右Z(yǔ)為現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)）（32）She said he had been waiting. 她說(shuō)他一直在等著。（間接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)）注在有些句子中，現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)保持不變。如：“The earth moves around the sun.” The teacher told us. “地球繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)，”老師告訴我們說(shuō)。（直接引語(yǔ)為現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)）The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun. 老師告訴我們說(shuō)地球繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)。（間接引語(yǔ)仍用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)）（33）He said, “The man came at six.” 他說(shuō)，“那人是六點(diǎn)來(lái)的?！保ㄖ苯右Z(yǔ)為過(guò)去一般時(shí)）（34）He said that the man had come at six. 他說(shuō)那人是六點(diǎn)來(lái)的。（間接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)）（35）He said, “The rain was falling yesterday.” 他說(shuō)，“昨天在下雨。”（直接引語(yǔ)為過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)）（36）He said that the rain had been falling the day before. 他說(shuō)前一天一直在下雨。（間接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)）注如是不會(huì)引起誤會(huì)，直接引語(yǔ)中的過(guò)去一般時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，在間接引語(yǔ)中亦可不變。直接引語(yǔ)中的過(guò)去完成時(shí)或過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)自然亦不變。（37）She said, “He will come late.” 她說(shuō)，“他要遲到了?！保ㄖ苯右Z(yǔ)為將來(lái)一般時(shí)）（38）She said he would come late. 她說(shuō)他要遲到了。（間接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)）（39）He said, “I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.” 他說(shuō)，“我將于這個(gè)周末前讀完這本書(shū)。”（直接引語(yǔ)為將來(lái)完成時(shí)）（40）He said that he would have finished reading the book by the end of that week.” 他說(shuō)他將在那個(gè)周末前讀完這本書(shū)。（間接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)）（41）He said, “Ill be seeing you off on the 10 oclock train.” 他說(shuō)，“我將送你乘十點(diǎn)鐘的火車(chē)?！保ㄖ苯右Z(yǔ)為將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)）（42）He said that he would be seeing me off on the 10 oclock train.” 他說(shuō)他將送我乘十點(diǎn)鐘的火車(chē)。（間接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)）（43）She said, “He can swim very well.” 她說(shuō)，“他游泳游得很好?！保ㄖ苯右Z(yǔ)為含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)）（44）She said that he could swim very well. 她說(shuō)他游泳游得很好。（間接引語(yǔ)中情態(tài)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去一般時(shí)）注如直接引語(yǔ)為過(guò)去一般時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)仍用過(guò)去一般時(shí)。有些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞如must，ought to，need，had better等只有一種形式，故在間接引語(yǔ)中其形式不變。如：（45）“If he were here, he would vote for the motion,” she said. “假如他在這里，他是會(huì)投票贊成這項(xiàng)動(dòng)議的，”她說(shuō)。（直接引語(yǔ)為虛擬語(yǔ)氣過(guò)去一般時(shí)和過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)）（46）She said that if he had been there, he would have voted for the motion. 她說(shuō)假如他在那里，他是會(huì)投票贊成這項(xiàng)動(dòng)議的。（間接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)樘摂M語(yǔ)氣過(guò)去完成時(shí)和過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)）2）直接引語(yǔ)為疑問(wèn)句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)關(guān)聯(lián)詞用whether，if或其它疑問(wèn)詞；詞序與一般從句相同，be，have等助動(dòng)詞皆置于主語(yǔ)之后；引述動(dòng)詞常用say，ask，wonder，inquire等。直接引語(yǔ)為陳述句時(shí)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)作各種變化的要求亦同樣適用。a）直接引語(yǔ)為一般疑問(wèn)句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)由whether或if引導(dǎo)。如：（47）He said to us, “Are you away today?” 他對(duì)我們說(shuō)，“你們今天走嗎？”（直接引語(yǔ)為一般疑問(wèn)句）（48）He asked us whether we were going away that day. 他問(wèn)我們是否那一天走。（間接引語(yǔ)用whether引導(dǎo)）（49）“Is he your brother?” She said. “他是你的兄弟嗎？”她問(wèn)。（直接引語(yǔ)為一般疑問(wèn)句）（50）She asked me if he was my brother. 她問(wèn)我他是不是我的兄弟。（間接引語(yǔ)用if引導(dǎo)）b）直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問(wèn)句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，其關(guān)聯(lián)詞應(yīng)用疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞。如：（51）“Who will help me finish the job?” She asked. “誰(shuí)愿幫我完成這項(xiàng)工作？”她問(wèn)道。（直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問(wèn)句）（52）She asked who would help her finish the job. 她問(wèn)誰(shuí)愿幫她完成這項(xiàng)工作？（間接引語(yǔ)用疑問(wèn)代詞who引導(dǎo)）（53）“What have you done?” He asked. “你干什么了？”他問(wèn)道。（直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問(wèn)句）（54）He asked what Id done. 他問(wèn)我干什么了？（間接引語(yǔ)用疑問(wèn)代詞what引導(dǎo)）（55）“Where is it?” He asked. “它在哪兒？”他問(wèn)道。（直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問(wèn)句）（56）He asked where it was. 他問(wèn)它在哪兒。（間接引語(yǔ)用疑問(wèn)副詞where引導(dǎo)）（57）“When will he come?” She asked. “他什么時(shí)候來(lái)？”她問(wèn)道。（直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問(wèn)句）（58）She asked when he would come. 她問(wèn)他什么時(shí)候來(lái)。（間接引語(yǔ)用疑問(wèn)副詞when引導(dǎo)）注下面兩句中間接引語(yǔ)的詞序都是對(duì)的：Tell me who he is. 告訴我他是誰(shuí)。（who是從句中的表語(yǔ)）Tell me who is he. 告訴我他是誰(shuí)。（who是從句中的主語(yǔ)）c）直接引語(yǔ)為選擇疑問(wèn)句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)用whetheror。如：（59）“Do you like tea or coffee?” She asked me. “你喜歡喝茶還是咖啡？”她問(wèn)我（60）She asked me whether I like tea or coffee. 她問(wèn)我喜歡喝茶還是喝咖啡。3）直接引語(yǔ)為祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)多用“名詞（代詞）+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，引述動(dòng)詞常用ask，tell，say，order等。如：（61）I said to her, “Please give me a glass of water.” 我對(duì)她說(shuō)，“請(qǐng)給我一杯水?！保ㄖ苯右Z(yǔ)為祈使句）（62）I asked her to give me a glass of water. 我請(qǐng)她給我一杯水。(間接引語(yǔ)中ask表請(qǐng)求)（63）She said to him, “Come at five oclock.” 她對(duì)他說(shuō)，“五點(diǎn)鐘來(lái)吧。”（直接引語(yǔ)為祈使句）（64）She told him to come at five oclock. 她要他五點(diǎn)鐘來(lái)。(間接引語(yǔ)中tell表命令)4）直接引語(yǔ)為感嘆句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，引述動(dòng)詞有tell，exclaim，等。如：（65）“What a brave boy you are!” She told him. “你是一個(gè)多么勇敢和男孩子??！”她對(duì)他說(shuō)。（直接引語(yǔ)為感嘆句）（66）She told him what a brave boy he was. 她對(duì)他說(shuō)他是一個(gè)多么勇敢和男孩子啊！(間接引語(yǔ)中引述動(dòng)詞用tell)有時(shí)間接引語(yǔ)可用that引導(dǎo)，如：（67）He said, “Alas! How foolish I have been!” 他說(shuō)，“哎，我多傻??！”（直接引語(yǔ)為感嘆句）（68）He confessed with regret that he had been very foolish. 他悔恨地承認(rèn)他太傻了。(間接引語(yǔ)中引述動(dòng)詞用confess)16.8 定語(yǔ)從句用作定語(yǔ)的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句（attributive clause）。定語(yǔ)從句通常皆置于它所修飾的名詞（或代詞）之后，這種名詞（或代詞）叫做先行詞（antecedent）。引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等；關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中只用作狀語(yǔ)。如：（1）The student who answered the question was John. 回答問(wèn)題的那個(gè)學(xué)生是約翰。（who answered the question是關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，用以修飾who先行詞student，who在從句中用作主語(yǔ)）（2）I know the reason why he was so angry. 我知道他這么生氣的原由。（why he was so angry是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，用以修飾why的先行詞reason，why在從句中用作原因狀語(yǔ)）定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟其先行詞之后。如：（3）The room which served for studio was bare and dusty. 這個(gè)用作工作室的房間空蕩蕩的，布滿(mǎn)灰塵。（關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句緊跟其先行詞room之后）有時(shí)亦可與先行詞分離。如：4）A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天要來(lái)一位新教師教你們德語(yǔ)了。（關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句與其先行詞master分離）1）用作關(guān)聯(lián)詞的關(guān)系代詞有who，whom，whose，that，which等。who，whom，whose指人，who是主格，在從句中用作主語(yǔ)（在非正式英語(yǔ)中亦可用作賓語(yǔ)）；whom是賓格，在從句中用作賓語(yǔ)；whose是屬格，在從句中用作定語(yǔ)（有時(shí)亦可指物）。如：（5）The man who was here yesterday is a painter. 昨天在這里的那個(gè)人是位畫(huà)家。（主格關(guān)系代詞who在從句中用作主語(yǔ)）（6）The man who I saw is called Smith. 我見(jiàn)到的那個(gè)人名叫史密斯。（在非正式英語(yǔ)中who 代替了whom，亦可省去不用）（7）I know the man whom you mean. 我認(rèn)識(shí)你指的那個(gè)人。（賓語(yǔ)關(guān)系代詞whom在從句中用作賓語(yǔ)）（8）A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. 失去父母的孩子叫做孤兒。（屬格關(guān)系代詞whose在從句中用作定語(yǔ)，指人）（9）Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一個(gè)窗戶(hù)面臨大海的房間。（屬格關(guān)系代詞whose在從句中用作定語(yǔ)，指room，可代之以of which，但后者較為正式）that在從句中既可用作主語(yǔ)，亦可用作賓語(yǔ)（在非正式文體中可省去）；既可指人，亦可指物，介在當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)中多指物。如：（10）A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read. 用鉛筆寫(xiě)的信很難讀。（關(guān)系代詞that在從句中用作主語(yǔ)，指物）（11）The letter that I received from him yesterday is very important. 昨天他來(lái)的信很重要。（關(guān)系代詞that在從句中用作賓語(yǔ)，指物）（12）Is he the man that sells eggs? 他是賣(mài)雞蛋的那個(gè)人嗎？（關(guān)系代詞that在從句中用作主語(yǔ)，指人）（13）This is the book which has been retranslated into many languages. 這就是那本有多種譯本的書(shū)。（關(guān)系代詞which在從句中用作主語(yǔ)）（14）Where is the book which I bought this morning? 今天上午我買(mǎi)的那本書(shū)在哪兒？（關(guān)系代詞which在從句中用作賓語(yǔ)，可省去）which在從句中亦可用作定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。如：（15）We told him to consult the doctor, which advice he took. 我們叫他去看醫(yī)生，他聽(tīng)取了我們的勸告。（關(guān)系代詞which在從句中用作定語(yǔ)）（16）The two policemen were completely trusted, which in fact, they were. 那兩個(gè)警察完全受到信任，事實(shí)上真是如此。（關(guān)系代詞which在從句中用作表語(yǔ)）as，than，but亦可用作關(guān)系代詞。如：（17）The two brothers were satisfied with this decision, as was agreed beforehand. 兩兄弟對(duì)這個(gè)決定都滿(mǎn)意，它事先已經(jīng)他們同意了。（關(guān)系代詞as在從句中用作主語(yǔ)，其先行詞是this decision）（18）He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. 他是個(gè)外國(guó)人，我是從他的口音知道的。（關(guān)系代詞as在從句中用作賓語(yǔ)，其先行詞是前面的整個(gè)句子）（19）I never heard such stories as he tells. 我從未聽(tīng)過(guò)他講的這類(lèi)故事。（關(guān)系代詞as與指示代詞such連用，在從句中用作賓語(yǔ)，其先行詞是such stories）（20）Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. 她對(duì)他的態(tài)度同她慣常的態(tài)度完全一樣。（關(guān)系代詞as與指示代詞same連用，在從句中用作表語(yǔ)，其先行詞是same）（21）You spent more money than was intended to be spent. 你花的錢(qián)超過(guò)了預(yù)定的數(shù)額。（關(guān)系代詞than在從句中用作主語(yǔ)，其先行詞是money）（22）There are very few but admire his talents. 很少人不贊賞他的才干的。（關(guān)系代詞but在從句中用作主語(yǔ)，其先行詞是few，but=who dont）關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中用作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞既可置于從句之首，亦可置于從句之末。但以置于從句之首較為正式。如：（23）This is the book for which you asked. 這是你所要的書(shū)。（關(guān)系代詞用作介詞for賓語(yǔ)，之首，即which之前）（24）This is the book which you asked for. 這是你所要的書(shū)。（介詞for置于從句之末，which在此可省去）關(guān)系代詞who和that用作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞須置于句末。如：（25）The people you were talking to are Swedes. 你與之談話(huà)的那些人是瑞典人。（關(guān)系代詞主格who用作介詞to賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞to須置于從句之末，who中口語(yǔ)中可省去）（26）Here is the car that I told you about. 這兒就是我和你談過(guò)的那輛汽車(chē)。（關(guān)系代詞that用作介詞about賓語(yǔ)，介詞about須置于從句之末）有時(shí)從句還有其它成分，介詞則置于從句之中。如：（27）This is the boy who he worked with in the office. 那就是與他一道辦公的那個(gè)男孩。先行詞指人時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞既可用who，亦可用that。但關(guān)系代詞在從句之中用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，多用主格who。如：（28）Persons who are quarrelsome are despised. 好爭(zhēng)吵者遭輕視。（除外persons，還有people，those，等皆多用who）（29）All who heard the story were amazed. 聽(tīng)到這個(gè)故事的人都感到吃驚。（代詞如he，they，any，all，one等之后多用who）（30）I will pardon him who is honest. 我愿意寬恕他，他是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。（描述性定語(yǔ)從句用who）（31）I think it is you who sho