2013年中考英語語法復(fù)習資料15套2013屆中考英語語法考點知識復(fù)習6.doc

介詞 (一) 知識概要介詞在英語中用法很活，也無一定規(guī)律可循。在初中范圍內(nèi)還應(yīng)學一個記住一個，特別是那些和動詞的特殊搭配。這樣長期下去不斷學習自然會總結(jié)出一套自己的規(guī)律來。下面是一般的規(guī)律，可幫助學習時參考，千萬不要作為定律去背誦，照搬。 介詞 表示時間 表示地點方位 表示原因方式 其 他 about 大約在時間about five oclock 在周圍，大約多遠about five kilometres 關(guān)于、涉及talk about you above 高出某一平面 above sea level across 橫過 walk across the street對面 across the street after 在之后after supper 跟后面one after another 追趕run after you against 背靠逆風against the wall, against the wind 反對be against you Xk b 1.Com among 三者以上的中間among the trees at 在某時刻at ten 在小地點at the school gate 表示速度at high speed 向著，對著at me x k b 1 . c o mbefore 在之前before lunch 位于之前sit before me behind 位于之后behind the tree below 低于水平below zero 不合格below the standard by 到時刻，在時刻之前by five oclock 緊挨著site by site 乘坐交通工具by air, by bick 被由was made by us during 在期間during the holidays for 延續(xù)多長時間for five years 向去leave for Shanghai 為了，對于be good for you from 從某時到某時from morning till night 來自何方from New York 由某原料制成be made from 來自何處where are you from in 在年、月、周較長時間內(nèi)in a week 在里面in the room 用某種語言in English 穿著 in red into 進入里面walk into 除 分divide into 變動turn into water near 接近某時near five years 在附近near the park of 用某種原料制成be made of 屬于性質(zhì)a map of U. S .A on 某日、某日的上下午on Sunday afternoon 在上面on the desk 靠吃為生live on rice 關(guān)于a book on Physics over 渡過一整段時間work over night 在上方over the desk 超過， 高于over five pairs past 超過某一時刻ten past five 經(jīng)過某地walk past the park since 從某時以來since 1980 原因Since you were ill through 經(jīng)過某一時期through his life 通過、穿過某地through the forest tilluntil 直到某時為止till five oclock to 差多少時間five to ten 問，到，去往to Shanghai 面對面face to face 給予give a book to me under 在下面under the desk 少于under ten 在管制之 下 under the rule with 用某種工具with a pen 帶著，具有來源:學*科*網(wǎng)with me without 沒有without air (二) 正誤辨析誤 We got to the top of the mountain in daybreak.正 We got to the top of the mountain at day break.析 at用于具體時刻之前，如：sunrise, midday, noon, sunset, midnight, night。誤 Dont sleep at daytime正 Dont sleep in daytime.析 in 要用于較長的一段時間之內(nèi)，如：in the morning / afternoon, 或 in the week / month / year. 或 in spring / supper /autumn / winter等等。誤 We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon.正 We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon.析 in the morning, in the afternoon 如果在這兩個短語中加入任何修飾詞其前面的介詞都要改為on, 如：on a cold morning, on the morning of July 14th誤 He became a writter at his twenties正 He became a writter in his twenties析 這句話應(yīng)譯為：他在20多歲時就成了作家。在某人的一段生活時間段中要用介詞in來表示，而在具體歲數(shù)時用at來表示。誤 He went to New York to find a job in sixteen years old.正 He went to New York to find a job at sixteen.析 在具體年歲前用at, 如：at the age of 12， at your age， 等等。誤 We went to swim in the river in a very hot day.正 We went to swim in the river on a very hot day.析 具體某一天要用介詞on, 又如：on New Years Day誤 Im looking forward to seeing you on Christmas.正 Im looking for ward to seeing you at Christmas.析 在節(jié)日的當天用on，而全部節(jié)日期間用at,Christmas是圣誕節(jié)期間，一般要有兩周或更長的時間。誤 I havent see you during the summer holidays.正 I havent seen you since the beginning of the summer holidays.析 during表示在某一段時間之內(nèi)，所以一般不與完成時搭配，如：I visited a lot of museums during the holiday. 而for表示一段時間，可以用于完成時，如：I havent see you for a long time. 而through 用來表示時間時則為整整，全部的時間。如：It rained through the night.而since則是表達主句動作的起始時間，一般要與完成時連用。誤 At entering the classroom, I heard the good news.正 On entering the classroom, I heard the good news.析 On 加動名詞表示一就。本句的譯文應(yīng)是：我一進入教室就聽見這個好消息了。又如：on hearing 一聽見， on arrival 一到達就(on表示動作的名詞)誤 In the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.正 At the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.析 at the begining與at the end都是指某事物的開始與結(jié)束部分，均不指時間范圍，而in the beginning 則是指開始一段時間。in the endat last是指最終，終于之意。誤 Till the end of next week. I will have finished this work.正 By the end of next week. I will have finished this work.析 by 引起的時間狀語表示了動作的截止點，其意思為不遲于某一時刻將工作做完，所以主句一般是完成時態(tài)。當然可以有將來時態(tài)，如：Ill be there by five oclock.而till則表達其一動作一直持續(xù)到某一時刻，但句中的動詞一定要用持續(xù)性動詞，而瞬間的截止性動詞應(yīng)用其否定句式，如：I wont finish this work till(until) next weekend.誤 He came to London before last weekend.正 He had come to London before last weekend.正 He came to London two weeks ago.析 before 一般要與完成時連用，而ago則與一般過去時連用。誤 I have studied English for three years gince I had come here.正 I have studied English for three years since I came here.析 since用來表達主句動作的開始時間，所以其引出的從句中應(yīng)為過去時，而不能用完成時態(tài)誤 I can help you repair this bike. You will get it after two hours.正 I can help you repair this bike. You will get it in two hours.析 中文經(jīng)常講兩小時之后來取，兩天內(nèi)會修好，而這個介詞在英文中要用in而不要用after。其原因有二，after 多用于過去時，如：I arrived in New York. After three days, I found a job in the bank. after 加時間是表達一個不確定的時間范圍，如：after three days, 即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在許諾若干時間內(nèi)會完成某事時，一定要用介詞in。誤 Three days after he died.正 After three days he died.正 Three days later he died.析 after 與 later都可以用來表達一段時間之后，但它們所處的位置不同，after 在時間詞前，而later在時間詞后。誤 She hid herself after the tree.正 She hid herself behind the tree.析 after多用來表達某動作之后，所以有的語法書中稱它為動態(tài)介詞，如：I run after him. After finishing my homework, I went to see a film. 而behind則多用于靜態(tài)事物之后。誤 There is a beautiful bird on the tree.正 There is a beautiful bird in the tree.析 樹上長出的果實，樹葉要用on, 而其他外來的人、物體均要用in the tree.誤 Shanghai is on the east of China.正 Shanghai is in the east of China.析 在表達地理位置時有3個介詞：in, on, to。 in表示在某范圍之內(nèi); on表示與某地區(qū)接壤；to則表示不相接。如：Japan is to the east of China. 誤 I arrived at New York on July 2nd.正 I arrived in New York on July 2nd.新 課 標 第 一 網(wǎng)析 at用來表達較小的地方，而in用來表達較大的地方。at常用于at the school gate, at home, at a bus stop, at the station, at the cinema, at a small village。誤 He lived in No. 3 Beijing Road.正 He lived at No. 3 Beijing Road.析 在門牌號碼前要用at, 并要注意它的慣用法：at the end of the street, at the foot of the mountain, at the top of the page。誤 There is a colour TV set at the corner of the hall.新 課 標 第 一 網(wǎng)正 There is a colour TV set in the corner of the hall.析 在屋內(nèi)的角落應(yīng)用in，而墻的外角用at，如：There is a tree at the corner of the street.誤 This weekend Ill stay in Uncle Wangs.正 This weekend Ill stay at Uncle Wangs.析 要注意英文的特殊表達法，如：at a tailors shop (裁縫店)at a tailors, at the doctors (去看病) at the booksellers (在書店) at uncle Wangs (在王叔叔家)誤 Do you know there is some good news on todays newspaper?正 Do you know there is some good news in todays newspaper?析 在報紙上的新聞要用in, 而在具體某一版上，或某一頁上則要用on。誤 The school will begin on September 1st.正 School will begin on September 1st.析 這里的school應(yīng)看作不可數(shù)名詞泛指學校的課程，即開學之意。要注意，有些活動場所當表達正在從事該種活動時不要加冠詞，如：at table (吃飯)， When I came to Toms home, they were at table. 還有： at desk (學習)，at work (工作) at school (上學)， in hospital (住醫(yī)院) at church 作禮拜如加上定冠詞則另有他意，如：at the school 即在學校工作或辦事，in the hospital 即在醫(yī)院工作或去看望病人。誤 In my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time.正 On my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time.析 譯文為：在去車站的路上我買了份報紙，為的是消磨時光在的路上應(yīng)用on ones way。而 in the way 有擋道之意，如：Please move the chair it is in the way。誤 Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into.正 Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke in.正 Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into the office.析 in是表達一個靜止狀態(tài)，在與break連用時其后不加介詞賓語，而into則是動態(tài)介詞，與break連用時要加介詞賓語。誤 Ill leave Beijing to Shanghai tomorrow.正 Ill leave Beijing for Shanghai.正 Ill leave for Shanghai.析 leave for 是離開某地去某處的固定搭配，不可將for改為別的介詞。這樣的搭配還有：start for 動身前往某處，set out for， sail for。誤 Im sorry. I have to get out the bus at next stop.正 Im sorry. I have to get out of the bus at next stop.析 get in, 與 get out是兩個相反的詞組。get in 為上車，而get out為下車，但語法家認為這里的in與out為副詞，所以其后不能接名詞，我們可以講Wed better get in. 或Wed better get out. 還有一組詞組有關(guān)上下車：get onoff(a train, a ship, a struck) get intoout of (a car, taxi)誤 Be careful The temperature of the water is ninety degrees over zero.正 Be careful. The temperature of the water is ninety degrees above zero.析 over 與 above 在作為比某物高的意思時有時可以互換。但在垂直方向上的高矮時，即正上方時則要用above.而泛指上方時用over.誤 There is an old stone bridge above the river.正 There is an old stone bridge over the river.析 over還有一意為跨越，橫跨。誤 The Dead Sea is under the sea level.正 The Dead Sea is below the sea level.析 在垂直下方要用below.也就是講above與below互為反意詞，over與under也是反意詞。誤 There is a big tree in the front of the house.正 There is a big tree in front of the house. 析 in front of 是在物體外部的前面，而in the front of 是在物體內(nèi)部的前面，如：The driver sits in the front of the bus.誤 It took them two days to walk across the forest.正 It took them two days to walk through the forest.析 across 作為介詞有兩個主要意思： 橫過，如：I want to walk across the street. 對面，如：There is a post office across the street,而through 多用于三維空間中的穿越。across則多用于平面上的橫過。如：The little girl ran across the room to meet her mother.誤 The sun sets toward the west.正 The sun sets in the west.析 towards也可用作toward，它主要表達朝向某方向運動，但不一定到達，如：He ran toward(s) the mountain.而在表示方位east, west, north, south 時，其前面要用in。要注意的是這4個詞可以用作副詞，如：I went south. 也可用作名詞，如：I went to the south.也可用作形容詞，如：I went to the south part of China.誤 Do you have no other clothes except those?正 Do you have no other clothes besides those?析 beside 是在旁邊，如：The students stood beside their teachers.而besides是除之外，不僅而且，除了以外還有， 如：I studied English besides French, when I was in college. 而except 則是從同一類物體中去掉某一部分，如：I come here every day except Sunday. 而except for 是指去掉不同種類的事物，如：The room is clean except for two chairs. 而except that則要加從句。誤 Can I write the exam paper with ink?正 Can I write the exam paper with a pen?正 Can I write the exam paper in ink?析 with后要加拿得起來放得下的工具，而墨水、顏料等原料則要用in。誤 Im earlier today. I came here by his car.正 Im earlier today. I came here in his car.析 在交通工具前加介詞by，但不能再有任何指示代詞或冠詞，否則要改換相應(yīng)的介詞。by taxi=in a taxi by train=in a train by bicycle=on a bicycleby ship=on a ship by boat=in a boat by bus=on a busby plane=on a plane by air 空運 by land 陸運by sea 海運 on foot on horsebackby phone by letter by radioby air mail by hand誤 A lot of French wines are made of grape.正 A lot of French wines are made from grape.析 made of 是指由原材料到成品過程中原材料未發(fā)生質(zhì)地的變化，而發(fā)生了某種變化則要用from,如：The desk was made of hard wood.w W w.xK b 1. c o m誤 This is a good dictionary in English grammar.正 This is a good dictionary on English grammar.析 關(guān)于某方面的書籍、報告等有兩個介詞，其中on表示某專業(yè)用書，about則為某方面的普通讀物，如：This is a book about physics.即物理科普知識。誤 Do you have the key of the door. 正 Do you have the key to the door.析 key to the door門的鑰匙。相同用法還有answer to the question, entrance to the highway, danger to health.千萬不要用of。誤 Today a lot of Chinese people have interest of collecting stamps.正 Today a lot of Chinese people have interest in collecting stamps.析 have interest in是在某方面有興趣。誤 I didnt do my homework, so the teacher was angry to me.正 I didnt do my homework, so the teacher was angry with me.析 be angry with其后接人，而be angry at其后接事。如：He was angry at what she said.誤 He was good for skating.正 He was good at skating.析 be good at 為擅長某事，而be good for somebody為對某人很好。誤 It was good to you to help my little boy.正 It was good of you to help my little boy.析 這句話應(yīng)譯為：你真太好了，幫助了我的小孩。而be good to somebody 是對某人態(tài)度好。如：Her mother is good to everyone.誤 My parents were very pleased at me.正 My parents were very pleased with me.正 My parents were very pleased at my studying.析 be pleased with后加somebody, 而be pleased at后加something。誤 He is agree with me.正 He agrees with me.誤 He againsts me.正 He is against me.析 同意agree為動詞，而反對against則為介詞。在使用中一定要注意。誤 I havent heard letters from him.正 I havent heard from him.析 hear from 即為：從某人處得到信件。不要再加letter了。誤 Teacher. May I call at you this weekend?正 Teacher. May I call on you this weekend?析 作為拜訪講call at其后接地點，如：May I call at your home this weekend?而call on其后接人。誤 Do you know the girl on white?正 Do you know the girl in white?析 in white為穿一身白。與in有關(guān)的詞組有：in bed(睡覺)，in hospital(住院)，in a hurry(匆匆忙忙)，in danger(危險中),in joy (高興)，in good health(身體好)，in love(戀愛)，in trouble(困境)，與之相反的是out of ,如：out of trouble (擺脫困境)，out of date(過時了)， out of order(出故障)誤 He looked at me at surprise.正 He looked at me in surprise.析 surprise的用法一般有三種。用于句首，To ones surprise, 如：To my surprise he succeeded. be surprised at, 如：I was surprised at the news. 用于句尾in surprise.誤 She didnt come to school because of she was ill.正 She didnt come to school because she was ill.析 because of 后接名詞，如：The game was put off because of the rain.(三) 例題解析1 - Thank you the beautiful flowers!- Not at all.A in B on C at D for 答案 D. 析 由于某事向某人道謝應(yīng)用for。2 Can you answer this question English?A by B in C with D from答案 B. 析 in 表示用語言、聲音、或材料，如：He answered the question in a low voice.3 Look the map China the wall, please.A after, of, in B at, of, in C after, in, on D at, of, on 答案 D. 析 look at 為看，而on the wall為在墻表面掛著，而in the wall 則是在墻內(nèi)，如：There is hole in the wall.墻上有個洞。4 - When did Mr Green arrive in London?- He arrived there the evening of December 6th.A at B in C on D to答案 C. 析 in the evening / afternoon這兩個詞組不論是在其前或后加上任何修飾詞都應(yīng)將介詞換為on,如：on a cold morning, on a spring morning等。5 We won the relay race. And there was a big smile our teachers face.A off B near C on D between答案 C. 6 The twins got on well their classmates.A to B in C with D about答案 C. 析 get on well with與人相處很好。7 - Please remember to come to my birthday party.- I see. Ill come Saturday evening.A in B at C on D for x k b 1 .c o m答案 C. 8 Lets hurry， or well be late schoolAto Bat Cwith Dfor答案 D.析 be late for， 而 come late to， 如： Dont come late to school9 They will have a maths test two daysAfor Bat Cin Dafter答案 C.析 三天之內(nèi)應(yīng)用in，而不要受中文影響用after， after three days 是個不定的時間范圍，即沒有一個準確的時間。5天、6天、10天全是after three days。10 My brother joined the army A1989， March Bin March， 1989 CMarch， 1989 D1989， in March 答案 B.析 在月份、年、前用介詞in，而日子前用on。11 He couldnt work out the maths problem your helpAwithout Bunder Cfor Dwith答案 A.析 在某人幫助下應(yīng)用with， 如：With the help of the teacher I passed the exam easily而要是沒有你的幫助則用 without your help12 Granny took one look at us her glassesAby Bthrough Con Din答案 B.析 through 為穿過。13 We had our breakfast a quarter sevenA/， to Bin， to Cat， to Don， to答案 C.析 具體時間點前用at，而差幾分幾點用to，這里應(yīng)譯為：我在差一刻七點吃的早飯。14 I learn French the radio every dayAon Bin Cfrom Dat答案 A.析 從收音機中聽到某事應(yīng)用詞組 on the radio。15 Its good manners to wait lineAin Bon Cat Dwith答案 A.x k b 1. c o m析 in line 為排隊。16 How many English words had you learnt last term?Aby the end of Bat the end of Cto the end of Dtill the end of 答案 A.析 by the end of 為動作的截止時間，與完成時態(tài)相配合17 The manager was very satisfied his workAin Bon Cabout Dwith答案 D.析 be satisfied with 為固定搭配。18 John hit Jack faceAon the Bin the Con his Din his答案 B.析 英文中的某些動詞其后要接人，然后加介詞the身體部位，如：He caught the boy by the arm。19 I was born the night September 15， 1978Ain， on Bat， on Cat， in Don， of 答案 D.析 在時間前加介詞時應(yīng)以最小的時間單位為準。20 Its a bad manner to laugh people when they are troubleAover， in Bat， in Cin， at Dat， for答案 B.析 laugh at 嘲笑某人， laugh over 笑著談?wù)撃橙嘶蚰呈拢?in trouble 陷入困境。21 I cant do this work well Toms helpAunder Bfor Cwithout Dfrom答案 C.22 Dont shout the old woman。You should be more polite herAto， at Bat， to Cin， for Dfrom， for答案 B.析 shout at 為沖某人喊叫，而 be polite to somebody 為對某人和氣。23 We must be strict our selves everythingAwith， in Bin， with Cwith， to Dto， of答案 A.析 be strict with 對某人嚴格要求。24 He went to the football match lunch last SundayAto Bwithout Cbehind Dbetween答案 B.析 without lunch 未吃午飯。25 The peoples Republic of China was founded 1949來源:Z.xx.k.ComAwith Bon Csince Din答案 D.析 在年代前用in。因句子是過去時而不是完成時，所以不能用since。26 Mr Black got to Hangzhou a fe