環(huán)球時代專八人文知識大英帝國的興衰.doc

北京環(huán)球時代英語專業(yè)考研 MTI翻譯碩士 專四專八 日語考研等環(huán)球時代專八人文知識：大英帝國的興衰The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)大英帝國的興衰I. Whigs and Tories輝格黨人和托利黨人These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).這兩個政黨名稱皆起源于1688年的光榮革命。The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.輝格黨人是指那些反對絕對王權，支持新教徒宗教自由權利的人。輝格黨人在19世紀中葉與持不同意見的托利黨人組盟組成自由黨。The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.托利黨人是指那些支持世襲王權、不愿去除國王的人。托利黨是保守黨的前身。Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century18世紀末的農(nóng)業(yè)革命During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the open-field system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results: 18世紀末、19世紀初的農(nóng)業(yè)革命期間，隨著圈地法的頒布，傳統(tǒng)的開放田地制結束。圈地運動持續(xù)了將近一個多世紀。農(nóng)業(yè)圈地運動的利弊共存：（1） Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; 由于大農(nóng)場兼并了小農(nóng)場，農(nóng)場成為越來越在的生產(chǎn)單位；（2） More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; 人們消費的蔬菜，牛奶及奶制品越來越多，飲食種類愈加豐富；（3） Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns. Enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World;圈地對佃家而言是場災難，他們被趕出土地，被迫到城鎮(zhèn)找工作。圈地運動導致了大規(guī)模的移民，尤其是移民至新大陸。（4） A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships.農(nóng)村關系中產(chǎn)生了新的階級對立。II. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)工業(yè)革命（1780-1830）1The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.工業(yè)革命指的是17世紀末、18世紀初英國工業(yè)的機械化，以及因此而導致的社會結構和經(jīng)濟結構的變化。 2Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:英國成為第一個工業(yè)化的國家，原因如下：(1) Favourable geopraphical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade;優(yōu)越的地理位置：英國地理位置優(yōu)越，適合參與歐洲與世界貿(mào)易；(2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided capital in large quantities for industralization.政治局面穩(wěn)定。17世紀后的英國社會寧靜，對海外貿(mào)易和殖民地興趣日增。國際貿(mào)易給商人和城市銀行家?guī)碡敻?，他們加上由于新農(nóng)作法而發(fā)家的人們?yōu)楣I(yè)化提供了大筆資金。(3) Good foundation in economy. The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy.1688年光榮革命限制了君主的權力，這使得強大的經(jīng)濟利益集團能對議會政策施加影響。(4) It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their products.英國的主要城鎮(zhèn)皆靠近海港或河流，貨物運送便利。(5) Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power. Britain also had useful mineral resources.英國許多河流不僅用于交通，還提供水力及蒸汽動力。英國還有可用的礦產(chǎn)資源。(6) British engineers had sound training as craftsmen.英國工程師為訓練有素的手工藝人。(7) The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems.發(fā)明家受人尊重，他們解決了實際難題。(8) Probably laissez faire and Protestant work ethic helped.很可能利益于放手干及新教工作道德。(9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers.1707年后，英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士形成關稅聯(lián)盟，1807年后愛爾蘭加入。因此，全國市場不再受陰于內(nèi)部的關稅障礙。(10) The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labour for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry.圈地運動和其它農(nóng)業(yè)改良為增加的人口提供了糧食，為工廠提供了勞動力，為工業(yè)提供了所需的一些原材料。 3Typical examples of the inventions during the Industrial Revolution工業(yè)革命中一些重大創(chuàng)新(1) John Kays flying shuttle in 1733;1733年，約翰凱的飛梭；(2) James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny in 1766;1766年詹姆士哈格里夫斯詹妮紡紗機；(3) Richard Arkwrights waterframe in 1769;1769年理查德阿克賴特的水力紡織機；(4) Samuel Cromptons mule in 17791779年塞繆爾克朗普頓的走綻紡紗機；(5) Edmund Cartwrights power loom in 1784;1784年愛德蒙卡特萊特發(fā)明的力織機；(6) James Watts steam engine in 1765.1765年詹姆斯瓦特的高效蒸汽機。 4Consequences of the industrial Revolution工業(yè)革命的結果（1） Britain was by 1830 the workshop of the world;英國成為了世界工場；（2） Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nations wealth.城鎮(zhèn)迅速興起，成為國家財富的源泉。（3） Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appalling conditions.機械化摧毀了不能投入其中的人們的生活。工人們在可怕的條件下勞動與生活。（4） The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.工業(yè)革命產(chǎn)生了工人階級，即無產(chǎn)階級。后來形成了工會制度。III. The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)憲章運動（1836-1848）1. Reasons for parliamentary reforms.議會改革的原因(1) Power was monopolized by the aristocrats.權力由貴族操縱。(2) Representation of town and country, and North and South was unfair.城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村，北方和南方的代表權極不平等。(3) There were also various so-called rotten or pocket boroughs.還有各種稱之為衰敗或口袋選區(qū)的選區(qū)。2Three Reform Bills三個改革法案Between 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed.1832年至1884年間通過了三個改革法案。 a) The Reform Act of 1832 (also called the Greater Charter of 1832) abolished rotten boroughs, and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing tows. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants, based on the value of their property. 1832年的改革法案（也稱為1832年的大憲章）廢除了衰敗選區(qū)；在新興城鎮(zhèn)中較為公平地重新分配了議席；以財產(chǎn)價值為基礎給予許多屋主和佃家。 b) The New Poor Law of 1834 forced the poor people into work houses instead of giving them sufficient money to survive in their own homes.1834年的新貧困法強迫窮人進工廠，而沒有給他們足夠的錢在自己的家里生存。3A Peoples Charter人民憲章There was widespread dissatisfaction with the Reform Act of 1832 and the New Poor Law. In 1836, a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Mens Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (a Peoples Charter) in 1838, with the intention of presenting it to Parliament. It had six points: (1)the vote for all adult males; (2)voting by secret ballot; (3)equal electoral districts; (4)abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament; (5)payment of members of Parliament; (6)annual Parliaments, with a General Election every June.1832年的改革法案和新貧困法引起了普遍不滿。1836年，一群技術工人和小店主組成倫敦工廠聯(lián)盟。他們于1838年起草了有關政治要求的憲章（人民憲章），想把它呈送給議會。憲章有六點內(nèi)容：（1）所有成年男子都有選舉權；（2）進行無記名投票；（3）平等選區(qū)；（4）議員選舉廢除財產(chǎn)資格要求；（5）議員應有報酬；（6）議會每年六月進行大選。4Results of the Chartist Movement憲章運動的結果。Chartism failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism. The working class still immature, without the leadership of a political party armed with correct revolutionary theory. The Chartist movement was, however, the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of 1858-1918, although the sixth has never been practical. Lenin said that Chartism was the first broad, really mass, politically formed, proletarian revolutionary movement.由于領導層的軟弱和分歧，由于缺少與工會的協(xié)調(diào)，憲章運動失敗了。當時的工人階級還未成熟，沒有正確的革命理論武裝的政黨領導。但是，憲章運動是第一次全國范圍的工人階級運動，引起了對許多嚴重問題的關注。在1858至1918年間，六項要求逐漸達到，盡管第六項從未成為現(xiàn)實。列寧說憲章運動是第一個廣泛的、真正群眾參與的，有政治組織形式的無產(chǎn)階級革命運動。 Trade Unions and the Labour Party工會和工黨1. The Trade Union Act of 1871 legalized the trade unions and gave financial security.1871年通過的工會法使工會合法化并給其財政保障。 2. The Labor Party had its origin in the Independent Labor Party(ILP), which was formed in January, 1893. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small socialist societies set up the Labor Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to the Labor Party for the general election called for in 1906.工黨起源于獨立工黨，于1893年1月成立。1900年，工會代表，獨立工黨和許多小型社會主義社團一起成立了工人代表委員會。1906年的大選迫使工人代表委員會及時更名為工黨。 Colonial Expansion殖民擴張1. The growth of dominions自治領的興起English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. Encouraged by Britains control of the seas, especially by the rising tide of emigration, British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. By 1900, Britain had built up a big empire, on which the sun never set. It consisted of a vast number of protectorates, Crown colonies, spheres of influence, and self-governing dominions. It included 25% of the worlds population and area. 英國殖民擴張開始于1583年紐芬蘭的殖民化。在18世紀末、19世紀初，受到海外移民浪潮的鼓舞，英國殖民者很快加他們的擴張到加拿大、澳大利亞、新西蘭。到1900年英國已建立了日不落的大英帝國，包括受保護國、英國殖民地、勢力范圍和自治領，占世界人口與面積的25%。 Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. French rights were guaranteed by the Quebec Act of 1774. The Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into Upper Canada where the British had settled, and Lower Canada populated by the French. The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a dominion.1763年簽訂的巴黎條約將加拿大割讓給英國。1774年的魁北克法保證了法國的權益。之后，1791年加拿娃哈哈把加拿大分為上加拿大和下加拿大，前者是英國人的定居地，后者是法國人的居住點。1867年英國北美法案確定加拿大為自治領。English began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. Free settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840. The gold rushes (1851-1892) brought more people to Australia, and in 1901 the six self-governing wer united in one dominion-the independent Commonwealth of Australia.1788年英國人開始把囚犯流放到澳大利亞。1816年開始可以自由定居，1840年后囚犯不再流放到澳大利亞。1851年至1892年的淘金熱使更多的人擁到澳洲。1901年，六個自治領統(tǒng)一為一個自治領-澳大利亞獨立聯(lián)邦。New Zealand became a separate colony of Britain in 1841, achieved self-government in 1857, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907 and was made co1841年新西蘭. The Conquest of India征服印度The British East India Company established in 1600. By 1819 the British conquest of most India was almost complete. After the muting of Bengal army in 1857, the control of India passed to the British Crown and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.1600年英國東印度公司的建立是經(jīng)濟滲透的實例。到1819年英國對印度的征服已基本完成。1857年東印度公司孟加拉軍隊的當?shù)厥勘l(fā)動兵變后，1858年印度改由英國君主統(tǒng)治。1877年維多利來女王正式成為印度女皇。 2. The Scramble for Africa對非洲的掠奪At the beginning of the 19th century British possessions were confined to forts and slave trading posts on the west coast. Over the 19th century the interior of Africa was gradually discovered and colonized by Europeans. Britain led the way in the race. Apart from the colonies in the South and West, Britain was also involved in the North East in Egypt and the Sudan.19世紀初英國的占領地局限于西海岸的堡壘和奴隸交易點。整個19世紀歐洲人逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)并殖民了非洲內(nèi)陸。在這場瓜分競賽中英國占了較大的優(yōu)勢。除了不斷擴張的南部和西部殖民地后，英國又凱覦東北的埃及和蘇丹。 3. Aggression against China侵略中國In 1840, the Opium War broke out between Britain and China. Since then, Britain gradually invaded many coastal areas and imposed a series of unequal treaties upon China.1840年英國和中國發(fā)動了鴉片戰(zhàn)爭。從那時起，英國逐漸侵略了中國的許多沿海城市，并簽定了許多不平等條約。VI. Twentieth Century二十世紀1. Britain and the First World War英國和第一次世界大戰(zhàn)The Work War I was fought from 1914 to 1918 primarily between two European Power blocs: the Central power. Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the Allies, Britain, France and Russia. During the war, the Britain lost much. Apart from the loss of manpower, there had been considerable disruption of the economy and society. Out of the war settlement came the establishment of the league of Nations.第一次世界大戰(zhàn)是從1914年至1918年，戰(zhàn)爭主要在兩大歐洲集團間進行：同盟國，包括德國和奧匈帝國，和協(xié)約國，包括英國、法國和俄羅斯。一戰(zhàn)中英國損失慘重。除了勞動力損失，還有巨大的經(jīng)濟與社會瓦解。 mpletely independent in 1931. 2. Britain Between the Two World Wars兩次世界大戰(zhàn)期間的英國The effects of the New York Stock Market Crash of 1929 soon spread throughout Europe and by 1931 Britain was entering the Great depression.1929年紐約股票交易所崩潰的影響迅速波及歐洲，到1931年英國進入經(jīng)濟大蕭條。 3. Britain and the Second World War英國與第二次世界大戰(zhàn)As Adolf Hitler and Nazism showed off their aggressive momentum in Europe, Chamberlain, the Prime Minister, found his policy of appeasement of German aggression was no longer tenable, and was forced to declare war on Germany on September 3,1939. 當阿道夫希特勒及納粹