七年級下冊英語語法復(fù)習(xí)總結(jié).doc

七年級下冊英語語法復(fù)習(xí)總結(jié)一、 冠詞的用法定冠詞the的用法1、 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。e.g.: The man in a white car is Toms father.2.指上下文已經(jīng)提到的人或事物。e.g.: Nancy bought a storybook. The book is very interesting. 3、用在世界上獨一無二的名詞前。e.g.: The sun is bigger than the moon.4、用在樂器名詞前。e.g.: She often plays the piano after school.5、用在方位名詞前。e.g.: in the eastthe westthe norththe south; on the leftthe right6、用在敘述詞和形容詞最高級前。e.g.: Xiao Ming is the tallest boy in his class. 7、用在某些形容詞前，表示一類人。e.g.: the old; the poor; the sick; the blind8、用在江河、海洋、山川、湖泊、群島的名稱前。e.g.: the Great Wall; the West Lake9、用在由普通名詞和另外一些詞構(gòu)成的國家名稱、機構(gòu)團體等專有名詞前。e.g.: the United Nations; the United States10、用在某些習(xí)慣用語中。e.g.: in the sky; at the same time; all the time; at the weekend; by the way不定冠詞aan的用法。1、 表示類別，反之一類人或物。e.g.: A horse is bigger than a rabbit.2、 指某人或某物，但不具體指明是哪個人或物。e.g.: A woman is waiting for you at the gate. 3、 表示數(shù)量 “一”，但數(shù)的概念不如one 強烈。e.g.: I have a book.4、 表示職業(yè)、身份和宗教。e.g.: His father is a doctor.5、 用在某些習(xí)慣用語中。e.g.: a few; in a hurry; have a look.不用冠詞的情況。1、 在專有名詞（包括人名、地名、節(jié)日、月份、季節(jié)）前不用冠詞。e.g.: China; America 2、 物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞前一般不加冠詞。e.g.: time; water; fruit 3、 表示一類人或事物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前不加冠詞。e.g.: They are nurses.4、 人稱、稱呼語、頭銜、職務(wù)等名詞前一般不加冠詞。e.g.: Nancy; Alice; Mr. Wang 5、 三餐、球類、棋類、游戲名稱前不用冠詞。e.g.: have lunch; play football6、 在by +交通工具中不加冠詞。e.g.: by bus; by bike7、 名詞前有物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞或名詞所有格修飾時不用冠詞。e.g.: My pen is on the desk.1. 地點介詞的用法; 5. 賓語從句;6. 省略句;7. 情態(tài)動詞Can的用法 there be 句型。二、動詞的時態(tài)1、 一般現(xiàn)在時：（1） 表示事實，現(xiàn)狀，性質(zhì)或經(jīng)常的、習(xí)慣性的動作。常與 often, usually, always, sometimes, today, every day, once a week, every five minutes, on Sundays等時間狀語連用。e.g.: I go to school at seven every day.（2） 表示普遍真理。e.g.: The earth goes around the sun.（3） 表示在現(xiàn)在時間里發(fā)生的動作。e.g.: Here comes the bus.（4） 在時間和條件狀語從句中代表一般將來時。e.g.: I will go shopping with my mother if she is free tomorrow.2、現(xiàn)在進行時：結(jié)構(gòu)：amisare+動詞-ing形式用法：（1） 表示目前發(fā)生（進行）的動作（不指狀態(tài)），常用的時間狀語有：now, at the moment,等，并常出現(xiàn)在祈使句中，與look, listen連用。e.g.:1. Are you writing a letter to your friend now? 2. Listen! She is singing in the next room. （2） 表示目前階段正在進行，而此刻不一定進行的動作。e.g.: We are planting trees these days.（3） 表示位置移動的動詞的進行時表示動作將要發(fā)生。Come, go, leave, arrive, fly 等，并常與表示將來時的時間狀語連用。e.g.: They are leaving for England tomorrow afternoon.注：復(fù)習(xí)現(xiàn)在分詞的變化規(guī)則，特殊變化特殊記！3、一般過去時：句型結(jié)構(gòu)：（1） be動詞型e.g.: I was ten years old last year.（2） 行為動詞型e.g.: Tom went to Beijing last week.用法:(1) 主要用于過去的某個時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。e.g.: His friend was at work last night.(2) 表示過去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動作，常與often, always等表示頻度的時間狀語連用。e.g.: We often went to work by bus last year.(3) 和when等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句連用。e.g.：When he got home, he had a rest. (4) 常與表示過去的時間狀語連用。(ago, yesterday, last week, in the old days, in 1995.)e.g.: We began our work three hours ago.賓語從句賓語從句是英語復(fù)合句中的其中非常重要的從句之一。它是用一個句子做另一個句子的賓語，將這個句子叫做賓語從句。賓語從句做介詞或及物動詞的賓語?，F(xiàn)在從下列三個方面總結(jié)歸納如下：一，引導(dǎo)詞1、由that 引導(dǎo)的陳述句性的賓語從句，在很多動詞如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等動詞后。連詞that只起連接作用，在從句中不做句子的成分，也無詞匯意義，在口語中常被省略，但在大多數(shù)情況下還是以不省為好，特別是在筆語中。例：I told him that he was wrong.在think, believe, suppose, expect等動詞引起的賓語從句中，有時謂語盡管是否定意義，卻不用否定形式，而將think 等動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问?。例：I dont think you are right. (我認(rèn)為你做的不對)在許多帶有復(fù)合賓語的句子中，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句經(jīng)常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式賓語。例：We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我認(rèn)為他向每一個人撒謊是錯誤的)2、由連詞if、 whether 引導(dǎo)的表示“是否”的賓語從句。Whether, if 在從句中不做句子的成分，一般情況下，whether和if 可以替換。例：I dont know if/whether he will come tomorrow.The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.在介詞后面的賓語從句中不用if引導(dǎo)例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money。賓語從句中有or not時不用if引導(dǎo).例：I dont know whether the movie star will come or not.和不定式連用作賓語時不用if引導(dǎo).例：Whether to go there or not has not been decided.3、由wh-引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which,和連接副詞when, where, why, how 等連接的賓語從句，它們在句中即有連接從句的作用，又在句中充當(dāng)句子的成分。例：Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定語)I dont know where he lives. (where 做地點狀語)二，賓語從句的語序，賓語從句從句的語序必須是陳述語序，既連接詞+主語+謂語+其他成分例：I believe that they will come soon.He asked me whether I was a teacher.They wanted to know what they can do for us.三，賓語從句的時態(tài)。賓語從句的時態(tài)受主句的限制，既：主句是一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，從句根據(jù)實際情況而定。主句是一般過去時態(tài)，從句用相應(yīng)的過去的時態(tài)。如果從句的動作發(fā)生在主句之前，則從句要用過去完成時態(tài)。例:1)She says that she is a student.She said that she was a student.2) She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.3) She says that she has finished her homework already.She said that she had finished her homework already.4) She says that she can sing a song in English.She said that she could sing a song in English.如果賓語從句說的是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象或事實時，這時賓語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.He told me that Japan is an island country.Could you tell me是用來征詢對方的意見，語氣委婉，并不表示過去。例：Could you tell me when we will visit the History Museum?注意事項：由陳述句變成賓語從句時，要注意人稱的變化。例：She said: “I have been to England before.”She said that she had been to England before.She asked me: “Do you like maths?”She asked me if I liked maths.賓語從句與簡單句的交換。由連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，如果賓語從句的主語和主句的主語是同一個人時，可以用“疑問詞+不定式”做賓語的簡單句結(jié)構(gòu)。例：I dont know what I should do next.I dont know what to do next.He didntt know where he would live.He didntt know where to live.There be 句型1 there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中的be 是可以運用各種時態(tài)的。 例：There is going to be a meeting tonight.今晚有個會議。 There was a knock at the door.有人敲門。 There has been a girl waiting for you.有個女孩一直在等你。 There will be rain soon.不久天就要下雨了。 2動詞be單復(fù)數(shù)形式要跟there be之后的真正的主語一致。并且要根據(jù)就近一致原則來變換be 的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。 如： There is a book on the desk.課桌上有一本書。 How many people are there in the city? 這個城市里有多少人口。 There is a pen and two books on the desk.課桌上有一個鋼筆和兩本書。 There are two books and a pen on the desk. 課桌上有兩本書和一個鋼筆。 There are some students and a teacher in the classroom. 在教室里有一些學(xué)生和一位老師。 There is a teacher and some students in the classroom. 在教室里有一位老師和一些學(xué)生。 3 在there be引起的句子結(jié)構(gòu)中，用來修飾主語的不定式主動形式和被動形式均可。 例：There is no time to lose (= to be lost).時間緊迫。 There is nothing to see (=to be seen).看不見有什么。 There is nothing to do.(=to be done) 無事可做。 二、 結(jié)構(gòu)變形：在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中還可把be 改變從而使得there be結(jié)構(gòu)有了一些改變具體總結(jié)如下： 1 There used/seem/ happen/appear to be 例：There might be snow at night.晚上可能有雪。 There appeared to be nobody willing to help.看來沒人愿意幫忙。 There used to be a building here.過去這兒有一座樓房。 There happened to be a man walking by.碰巧有個人在此經(jīng)過。 There doesnt seem to be much hope.好象沒有太大的希望。 2 在there be的 be 前還可以加上各種情態(tài)詞， 例：There must be something wrong.一定有問題。 There ought not to be so many people.不應(yīng)該有這么多的人。 There might still be hope .可能還有點希望。 3 在there be句型中的be還可以換成其他的動詞與there連用，這些詞都是表示狀態(tài)的如：live stand exist remain等或用來描寫某事的發(fā)生或某人的到達如come, appear, enter, follow, occur等。 例：There lived a rich man.這以前住著一個富翁。 Then there came a knock at the door.然后有人敲門。 Long, long ago, there lived a king.很久很久以前，有一個國王。 There followed a terrible noise.然后是傳來了可怕的聲音。 Suddenly there entered a strange man.突然進來了一個奇怪的人。 練習(xí)： 1 _ a reading lamp on the table. A There is B There has C It is D It has 2 What a rainy summer weve had! Yes, there_ only 3 sunny weekends the whole summer. A have been B are C had been D has been 3 I didnt want _ to be a war between these two countries. A it B them C there D their 4 There is reported _a number of the wounded on both sides. A to be B being C was D will be 5 _ no coffee left, they had to make do with tea. A It being B There being C It was D There was 6 There is a little hope of _ a settlement of the argument. A to be B there to be C there being D being 7 I dont expect there _ any misunderstanding. A is B to be C being D will be 8 There are five pairs_ , but Im at a loss which to buy. A to choose B to choose from C to be chosen D for my choosing 9 There is no use_ a lot without _ anything. A to talk, do B talked, doing C talking, being done D talking, doing 10 If the storm h