定語(yǔ)從句句型結(jié)構(gòu).doc

Sentence Structure 句型結(jié)構(gòu) 句型-按照英語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞的類(lèi)型(五種，即：不及物動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、單賓動(dòng)詞、雙賓動(dòng)詞和復(fù)合動(dòng)詞)可以把英語(yǔ)句型劃分為五種基本的句型。一、 1.主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞 (SV句型)=主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主語(yǔ)加不及物的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成, 常用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作。 如：The sun rises. Tom has already left. 謂語(yǔ)可有修飾語(yǔ)-狀語(yǔ)。 They had to travel by air or boat.2.主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+主補(bǔ)(SVC句型）=主系表結(jié)構(gòu)：本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)組成，主用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的特征，類(lèi)屬，狀態(tài)，身份等。 系動(dòng)詞有: 1.表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound; 2.表示狀態(tài)延續(xù)的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand; 3.表示狀態(tài)變化的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow; eg:Our English teacher is thirty years old. The cake tastes delicious. The potatoes went bad in the fields. Deep water stays still. She is in good health. 3.主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) (SVO句型) =主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu):本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主語(yǔ)+及物的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：1. Tom has made a mistake. 2. I dont know if he can come tomorrow. 3. They havent decided where to go next. 4. She stopped teaching English two years ago. 4.主語(yǔ) + 雙賓動(dòng)詞 + 間接賓語(yǔ) + 直接賓語(yǔ)(SVOO句型) =雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：此結(jié)構(gòu)由“主語(yǔ)+及物謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)（人）+直接賓語(yǔ)（事物）”組成。如:介詞to或for. He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me. 用to側(cè)重指動(dòng)作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對(duì)著某人。 用for 側(cè)重指動(dòng)作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。 常跟雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：(需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等(需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。 5.主語(yǔ) + 復(fù)合動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓補(bǔ)(SVOC句型)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu): 此結(jié)構(gòu)由“主語(yǔ)+及物的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用來(lái)補(bǔ)充和說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)?？梢杂米鲑e補(bǔ)的有：名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞不定式，分詞等。 如： The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing.They made Tom monitor. He used to do his homework with his radio on. My mother asked me to clean my room. The teacher made all students finish their homework on time. 用 it 做形式賓語(yǔ)，即：主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+it+賓補(bǔ)+真正賓語(yǔ)。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family. 6.There be 句型： 此句型是由“there+be+主語(yǔ)+狀語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成，用以表達(dá)存在關(guān)系可以稱(chēng)“有”。 它其實(shí)是全倒裝的一種情況，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 be 之后，there 僅為引導(dǎo) 詞，并無(wú)實(shí)際語(yǔ)意。此句型有時(shí)不用be動(dòng)詞，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等，但一般不用have。如:There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town. Be 與其后的主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)量上一致，有時(shí)態(tài)和情態(tài)變化。如 :there is/are there was/were there will be there is /are going to be. there has/have been there might be there must be there used to be there happen/happens/happened to be 二1.并列句。并列句由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句并列在一起構(gòu)成，一般由并列連詞、連接副詞或逗號(hào)、分號(hào)、冒號(hào)等將各分句連接起來(lái)。 1.由分號(hào)連接。 eg. Lets start early; we have a long way to go. 2.由并列連詞及詞組連接-and/ but /or/ so / however / still/ therefore /yet /while /otherwise/for /bothand/not onlybut also/as well as/ or else/ eitheror/neithernor/notbut等。 eg: Id like to, but I have lots of homework to do. Both my father and mother are teachers. Its very good, yet I dont like it.She was very tired, nevertheless she kept on working. 2.復(fù)合句 構(gòu)成：由一個(gè)逐句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成。主句和從句都有完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，但主句是全局的主體，從句只是全句中的一個(gè)成分，不能獨(dú)立存在。從句通常是用引導(dǎo)詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)的，引導(dǎo)詞起連接主句和從句的作用。 分類(lèi)：名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句），形容詞性從 句（定語(yǔ)從句），副詞性從句（狀語(yǔ)從句）。 主語(yǔ)從句-定義：用作主語(yǔ)的從句叫做主語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類(lèi)：（1）從屬連詞that.如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.（2）從屬連詞whether.如：Whether hell come here isnt clear.他是否會(huì)來(lái)這里還不清楚。（3）連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever；連接副詞 where，when，how，why.如： What she did is not yet known. How this happened is not clear to anyone. Whoever comes is welcome.主語(yǔ)從句能用it作形式上的主語(yǔ)。常以it作形式主語(yǔ)的句型有：A.It+be+形容詞（obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable，etc.）+that從句。如：It is certain that she will do well in her exam.B.It+be+名詞詞組（no wonder，an honor，a good thing，a pity，no surprise，etc.）+that從句。如：Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. C.It+be+過(guò)去分詞（said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged，etc.）+that從句。如：It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.D.It+seem，appear, happen等不及物動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)+that從句。如：It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.E.It+doesnt matter（makes no difference，etc.）+連接代詞或連接副詞引起的主語(yǔ)從句。如：It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 2.注意連接代詞whoever，whatever，whichever等引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的含義。 Whoever comes will be welcome. Whatever he did was right. Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.賓語(yǔ)從句：用作賓語(yǔ)的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句。構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句。引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類(lèi)：（1）從屬連詞that.如：He told us that he felt ill.注： that在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)也并不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下，that不能省略。1.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.（and連接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，that賓語(yǔ)從句放在and的后面時(shí)，that不能省略。）2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.（that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，that不能省略。）3.That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe.（that從句位于句首時(shí)，that不可省略。）4.We decided，in view of his special circumstances，that we would admit him for a probationary period.（主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與that從句之間有插入語(yǔ)，that不可省略。）（2）從屬連詞if/whether.如：I doubt whether he will succeed.I dont know if you can help me. （3）連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever；連接副詞 where，when，how，why.如：I wonder what hes writing to me about. Ill tell you why I asked you to come. You may do what you will.（4）介詞賓語(yǔ)從句-賓語(yǔ)從句也可用作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如：He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.有時(shí)介詞可以省略。如：I dont care （for）who marries him.連詞that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，只用在except，but，in后。其他一些介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句如果由連詞that引導(dǎo)，則需用it先行一步，作形式賓語(yǔ)。如：He is a good student except that he is careless.You may rely on it that I shall help you.介詞賓語(yǔ)不可以用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)，而要用what來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如：Are you sorry for what youve done？某些形容詞或過(guò)去分詞后常接賓語(yǔ)從句，這類(lèi)形容詞或過(guò)去分詞有sure，glad，certain，pleased，happy，afraid，surprised，satisfied等，連詞that可省略。如：I am not sure what I ought to do.Im afraid you dont understand what I said.4.連詞whether （or not）或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句if和whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可以互換使用，但whether常和or not連用，if一般不與or not連用。如：用if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句如果會(huì)引起歧義，應(yīng)避免使用if而用wheter.試比較：Please let me know if you want to go.Please let me know whether you want to go.賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。在think，believe，suppose，expect等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)盡管是否定意思，卻不用否定形式，而將think等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问?。如：I dont think you are right. I dont believe they have finished their work yet. I dont suppose he cares，does he？表語(yǔ)從句：用作表語(yǔ)的從句叫做表語(yǔ)從句。（1）從屬連詞that.如：The trouble is that I have lost his address. （2）從屬連詞whether，as，as if.如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before. The question is whether they will be able to help us. 注：從屬連詞if一般不用來(lái)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，但as if卻可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，如：All this was over twenty years ago，but its as if it was only yesterday.能跟表語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般為系動(dòng)詞be，seem，look等。如：It looked as if it was going to rain. （3）連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever;連接副詞 where，when，how，why.如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 同位語(yǔ)從句：用作同位語(yǔ)的從句叫做同位語(yǔ)從句。同位語(yǔ)從句的先行詞多為fact，news，idea，thought，question，reply，report，remark等，關(guān)聯(lián)詞多用從屬連詞that.如：They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.注：同位語(yǔ)從句偶爾由從屬連詞whether引導(dǎo)。如：I have no idea whether hell come or not. 連接代詞who，which，what和連接副詞where，when，why，how亦可引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。The question who should do the work requires consideration.We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.定語(yǔ)從句:就是一個(gè)句子作定語(yǔ)從屬于主句。定語(yǔ)一般是由形容詞充當(dāng)，所以定語(yǔ)從句又稱(chēng)作形容詞從句。另外，定語(yǔ)從句是由關(guān)系代詞(that.which,who, whom, whose)或關(guān)系副詞(when,where, why)引導(dǎo)的，故又稱(chēng)作關(guān)系從句。who代替人，是主格，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。例如： Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. whom代替人，是賓格，在定語(yǔ)從句作賓語(yǔ)，在非正式英語(yǔ)常可省略。例如： Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? whose一般代替人，有時(shí)亦可代替物，是所有格，在定語(yǔ)從句作定語(yǔ)。例如：The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? （二）關(guān)系代詞which的用法which代替物，在定語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)還可省略。例如： I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.(which可以換成that）三、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句常用的關(guān)系副詞只有三個(gè)：when, where, why，在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀語(yǔ)。它們的用法大家不妨記住一個(gè)口訣：the time whenthe place wherethe reason why（一）關(guān)系副詞when的用法關(guān)系副詞when代替的先行詞表示的是時(shí)間，when在定語(yǔ)從句作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如：I havent seen her since the year when I left Tokyo.（when先行詞是year，同樣when可以用that代替）關(guān)系副詞where代替的先行詞表示的是地點(diǎn)，where在定語(yǔ)從句作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。例如：During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up. （where的先行詞是town）關(guān)系副詞why代替的先行詞表示的是原因，why在定語(yǔ)從句作原因狀語(yǔ)。例如：The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.狀語(yǔ)從句:狀語(yǔ)從句主要用來(lái)修飾主句或主句的謂語(yǔ)。一般可分為九大類(lèi)，分別表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較和方式。1.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely whenI didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.The children ran away from the orchard(果園) the moment they saw the guard.No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble 2 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：where特殊引導(dǎo)詞：wherever, anywhere, everywhereGenerally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.Wherever you go, you should work hard.3 原因狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：because, since, as, since特殊引導(dǎo)詞：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful.Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference.The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.4 目的狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：so that, in order that特殊引導(dǎo)詞：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end thatThe boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.5 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：so that, so that, such that,特殊引導(dǎo)詞：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,He got up so early that he caught the first bus.Its such a good chance that we must not miss it.To such an degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night.6 條件狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：if, unless, 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that Well start our project if the president agrees.You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.7 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：though, although, even if, even though特殊引導(dǎo)詞： as(用在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中必須要倒裝)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter ， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whicheverMuch as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal. 盡管我很尊敬他， 我卻不同意他的建議。The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.He wont listen whatever you may say.8 比較狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as(同級(jí)比較), than(不同程度的比較)特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the more the more ; just as ， so; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as BShe is as bad-tempered as her mother.The house is three times as big as ours.The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，猶如油之于機(jī)器。9 方式狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as, as if, how特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the wayWhen in Rome, do as the Roman do.She behaved as if she were the boss.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，是定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。這是一種介詞前置的定語(yǔ)從句句型，介詞與關(guān)系代詞之間存在一種介賓關(guān)系。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞定語(yǔ)時(shí)，把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞前，即演變出“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”句型。例如：The man whomwhothat you should write to is Mr. White. (whom 作to 的賓語(yǔ)，to在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后)=The man to whom you should write is Mr. Write. (介詞to置于whom前，whom 作賓語(yǔ))你該給他寫(xiě)信的那個(gè)人是懷特先生 一、當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，用“介詞+whom”句型注意：此時(shí)不用who或that。 (1)The person to whom I lent my bicycle is Mr. Ball. （whom不能省略，也不用who 或that）(2)The girl with whom my sister visited the Great Wall has just come back from London. 二、先行詞指物時(shí)，用“介詞+which”句型注意：先行詞指物時(shí)，不能用關(guān)系代詞that直接跟在介詞后作賓語(yǔ)。例如：1.The prize for which he worked so hard was a new bike. （which不能改為that）2.The house to which he took us was very old. （which不能改為that）三、介詞的選擇和運(yùn)用是重中之重1.根據(jù)介詞與先行詞的搭配習(xí)慣確定介詞。先行詞不同，與之習(xí)慣搭配的介詞也不同。例如：(1)Do you still remember the day on which we met for the first time? (2)Do you still remember the days during which we worked together? 2.根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配習(xí)慣確定介詞。動(dòng)詞不同，要求與之搭配的介詞不同，動(dòng)詞與不同介詞的搭配所表達(dá)的意義也大相徑庭。例如：(1)He lost the book in which he kept many telephone numbers. (2)I dont know the person to whom you talked just now. 3.根據(jù)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)在定語(yǔ)從句中的作用與含義而確定介詞。例如：(1)The plane by which my father went to Shanghai was late. (2)The plane on which my father worked was very large. (此處on which=on the plane表地點(diǎn))注意下面幾點(diǎn)特殊情況：1. 含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)一般不拆開(kāi)使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom，不可用who或者that；指物時(shí)用which，不能用that；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)(3) The plane inby which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most