英漢語主被動對比與翻譯.doc

英漢語主被動對比與翻譯一、概念主動與被動體現主語和謂語動詞之間的語法關系。所謂主動，是指行為的發(fā)出者在句子里是主語，即施事；而被動是指充當句子主語的是某一行為作用的對象，即受事。二、漢語的被動式與翻譯漢語中表達被動概念有三種形式：帶有被動標記的被動式、不帶有被動標記的意念被動式和無主句。一）帶有被動標記的被動式帶有被動標記的被動式，是指借助詞匯手段實現的。主要有“被、由、給、把、讓、受、挨、為、使、于、蒙、經、叫、遭受、加以、予以、為所、是的、在中”等。此類被動句一般表示較強的被動意義，側重于行為的表達，翻譯時一般譯成英語的被動句。如：1. 救濟品很快被送到火災的災民手中。Relief was quickly sent to the sufferers from the fire.2. 這些發(fā)動機由蒸汽驅動。The engines are driven by steam.二）不帶有被動標記的被動式此類句子中的主語或話題實際上是動作的承受者。句子形式主動，而意義被動。一般情況下，譯成英語，可使用被動式。1. 這座橋將于今年年底建成。The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year.2. 地圖掛在墻上。A map was hung on the wall.三）無主句無主句通常可以用主動形式表達被動意義。一般情況下，可以用英語被動式表達該類無主句。必須保證8小時睡眠。Eight hours sleep must ne guaranteed.但如果選擇的英語動詞的意義和英語的行文習慣，也可以用主動式。洋車夫疑心他醉了，回頭叫他別動，車不好拉。Suspecting he was drunk, the rickshaw puller turned his head and asked him to keep still, for it was hard to pull the rickshaw.三、英語的被動式與翻譯、鑒于以上漢語被動句的三種表達方式，我們在翻譯英語被動句的時候，要找出適當的被動形式，因為漢語表達被動式的詞存在語體等方面的差異，如積極意義（被、受/到）和消極意義（挨、糟）的差異，抽象和具體的差異，口語體（給、叫、讓 + 施事）和書面語體差異等。一般來說，英語被動語態(tài)翻譯成漢語時，有兩種情況：一是必須翻譯成“被字句”，或相似的結構，如以上表達被動式的詞匯手段（“被、由、給、把、讓、受、挨、為、使、于、蒙、經、叫、遭受、加以、予以、為所、是的、在中”等。）這種翻譯方法在總的比例中所占的份量較小。二是翻譯成主動結構或其它結構，這種情況是大量的。具體操作方法：一）譯成被動結構1. Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying and out of the airfield.我們隨時都會被出入機場的敵機發(fā)現。2. They were caught in the rain yesterday.他們昨天叫/讓給淋著了。3. Though Hamlet has been disappointed of the throne, every one respects him.雖然哈姆雷特被剝奪了王位，大家依然尊敬他。二）譯成漢語的主動式（當然被動句）Happy reunion was much felt among the family members at the Spring Festival.春節(jié)合家團圓，充滿著歡樂的氣氛。三）保留原主語，被動譯為主動His life was cut short by cholera.他因患霍亂病兒過早地去世了。四）把原文中的主語譯為賓語By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives.戰(zhàn)爭結束時，這個組織拯救了八百人，但那是以兩百多比利時人和法國人的生命為代價的。五）譯為無主句Children should be taught to speak the truth.應該教導兒童講實話。更多英漢語主被動句翻譯對比：1. 這些產品是我國制造的。These products are made in our country.2. 一條新的鐵路正在建設中。A new railway is being constructed.3. 我們的計劃由于天氣的突然變化給打亂了。Our plans were upset by the sudden change in the weather.4. 1964年10月，中國爆炸了第一課原子彈，這把基辛格嚇了一跳。Kissinger was alarmed by Chinas first atomic blast in Oct, in 1964.5. 我知道，我不聽話是要挨打的。I knew that I would be punished if I did not obey.6. 我們不該受錯誤觀念的影響。We should not be infected by erroneous ideas.7. 他們遭受壓迫與榨取的痛苦。They were aggrieved by oppression and extortion.8. 窗上的玻璃叫那個孩子打破了。The window pane was broken by the child.9. 該計劃將由一個特別委員會加以審查。The plan will be examined by a special committee.10. 社會主義思想體系已為全國人民所接受。Socialist ideology has been accepted by the people of the whole country.11. He was offered some assistance by them.他得到了他們的一些幫助。12. Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.發(fā)現錯誤一定要改正。13. Account should be taken of the low melting point of this substance.應該考慮到這種物質的熔點低。14. He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.他在臺上一亮相，觀眾就熱烈鼓起了掌。15. Much of the most important environmental litigation is brought by public interest groups.大部分重要的環(huán)境訴訟都是由公共利益集團提出的。16. The question will be discussed in the next chapter.這個問題將在下一章討論。17. It is generally believed that Hong Kong will continue to keep its prosperity and stability after its return to China.人們普遍認為香港回歸后會繼續(xù)保持繁榮和穩(wěn)定。18. According to current rules, the country is deemed the place of origin because within it the imported goods have undergone substantial changes.根據現行的規(guī)則，貨物在該國發(fā)生了實質性改變，便將該國列為原產國。19. This method is better, but can still be improved.這個方法好一些，但可以改進。20. He was elected governor of the state of California.他當選為加利福尼亞州長。21. It is now understood that atoms can be further divided into smaller particles.現在人們懂得，原子還可以進一步分成更小的粒子。22. Though Hamlet has been disappointed of the throne, every one respects him.雖然哈姆雷特被剝奪了王位，大家依然尊敬他。翻譯下列英語句子，注意語態(tài)的轉換。1. 現代工業(yè)耗用大量燃料。2. It is generally accepted that Native Americans crossed over into the Americas from Asia many tens of thousands of years ago.3. The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradiated.4. The whole country was armed in a few days.5. But that question was wrung from those men again the next nightand got the same retort.6. We are encouraged by the initiative taken by developing countries to launch a round of global negotiation on international economic co-operation for development.developing countries have taken the initiative to launch a round of global negotiation on international economic co-operation for development.7. Smokers must be warned that doctors have reached the conclusion that smoking increases the possibility of lung cancer.8. The difficulties have been overcome, the work has been finished and the problem solved.9. The snowfall was so heavy that the ground was shrouded in white.10. He was thrown into confusion by the return of his wife.11. Most letters from his wife are read to him by the nurse in the hospital.12. Not too much can or should be read into the percentages.練習答案：1. 現代工業(yè)耗用大量燃料。2. 人們普遍認為，數萬年前，美洲土著人（是）從亞洲，越過海峽，進入美洲（的）。3. 他在小/年輕時候形成/留下的自卑感，直到現在/至今還沒有完全消除（掉）。4. 幾天之內，整個國家就武裝了起來。5. 可是，第二天夜晚，他們又把這個問題搬了出來，但同樣遭到了呵斥。6. 為了發(fā)展，發(fā)展中國家能夠主動就國際經濟合作進行全球性協商，我們深受鼓舞。7. 需要提醒吸煙者，根據醫(yī)生的結論，吸煙會增大患肺癌的可能性8. 困難克服了，工作完成了，問題也解決了。9. 這場雪下得很大，整個大地都變成了白色。10. 他妻子回來了，他不知道如何是好。11. 他妻子的大多數來信都是醫(yī)院的整個護士念給他聽的。12. 這些百分比不能說明太多問題，也不應該用它們說明太多問題。預習內容：英漢語句子的語義結構、語序對比與英語長句的翻譯翻譯下列句子：1. More probable is transported by birds, either externally, by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers, or internally, by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds. (29 words)More probable is transported by birds, /either externally, /by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers, /or internally, /by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds.1）更可能的是；2）由鳥類運輸；3）要么外部，種子偶然黏附在羽毛上；要么內部，鳥類吞食果子；種子隨后的排泄*更可能的是被鳥類運輸，要么外部，通過偶然的羽毛對種子的黏附，要么內部，通過水果的吞食和隨后的排泄。更可能的是由鳥類運輸，要么是通過外部途徑，即由于種子偶然黏附在羽毛上；要么是通過內部的方式，即由于鳥類吞食果子并將種子排泄出來。2. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty. (32 words)They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress /as curse/ which destroys the old muscle-power jobs /that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty. 1）窮人是最先體會到科技進步所帶來的痛苦（詛咒的意象聯想）2）（作為詛咒的？）科學進步摧毀了舊的體力勞動3）以前幾代人用舊式的體力勞動作為擺脫貧困的手段（作為手段來擺脫貧困） *窮人最先體會到科技進步作為詛咒，詛咒摧毀了舊的體力勞動，以前幾代人用舊式的體力勞動作為擺脫貧困的手段（作為手段來擺脫貧困）。 以前幾代人用舊式的體力勞動作為擺脫貧困的手段（作為手段來擺脫貧困），而科學進步摧毀了舊的體力勞動，因此，窮人是最先體會到科技進步所帶來的痛苦。（最先體會到科技進步所帶來的痛苦的是窮人。）翻譯練習：1）More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure. 292）Other identifiable causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased availability of drugs and alcohol, and the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect. 293）The communications revolution has influenced both wor