英語四級(jí)常見語法考點(diǎn).doc

一、非謂語動(dòng)詞的概念動(dòng)詞的基本用法是作謂語。當(dāng)句中已經(jīng)有了謂語動(dòng)詞了，要選或要填的動(dòng)詞就只能用非謂語形式了。非謂語形式有三種：1、動(dòng)詞不定式：to do 2、動(dòng)詞的ing : doing 3、動(dòng)詞的過去分詞：done。其中不定式表示目的和將來;動(dòng)詞的ing表示主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行;過去分詞表示被動(dòng)和完成。二、非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)一般式：不定式：主動(dòng)to do ，被動(dòng)to be done ; ing 形式：主動(dòng)doing ，被動(dòng)being done ;過去分詞：被動(dòng)done完成式：不定式：主動(dòng)to have done ，被動(dòng)to have been done;ing 形式：主動(dòng)having done，被動(dòng)having been done進(jìn)行式： 不定式to be doing三、非謂語動(dòng)詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：for / of sb. to do sth.動(dòng)詞 ing 形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：賓格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主語時(shí)，用的所有格+doing)1.不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語的區(qū)別(1)動(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí)，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗(yàn)，不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰時(shí)刻開車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗(yàn))(2)不定式做主語，一般用it當(dāng)形式主語，把作主語的不定式短語后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2.不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別(1)不定式作表語1)不定式作表語一般表示具體動(dòng)作，特別是表示將來的動(dòng)作。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。2)如果主語是不定式(表示條件)，表語也要是不定式(表示結(jié)果)。To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。(2)動(dòng)名詞作表語：動(dòng)名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。His hobby is collecting stamps.他的愛好是集郵。(3)分詞作表語分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語，這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)?？嫉降牡胤?。puzzling令人費(fèi)解的-puzzled感到費(fèi)解的satisfying令人滿意的-satisfied感到滿意的The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多，他們會(huì)感到糊涂的。The argument is very convincing.他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服。3.不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語的區(qū)別(1)有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語acknowledge，admit ，dislike， advocate，complete，appreciate ，avoid，enjoy，delay，escape，deny例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)。(2)有些動(dòng)詞后使用動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語的差別1)forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做)，forget doing忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發(fā)生)2)stop to do 停止、中斷(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事。stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事3)remember to do 記住去做某事(未做)，remember doing記得做過某事(已做)4) regret to do對(duì)要做的事遺憾，regret doing對(duì)做過的事遺憾、后悔5)try to do努力、企圖做某事，try doing試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法6) mean to do打算，有意要，mean doing意味著4.不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別(1)現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別。1)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語的動(dòng)作，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.2)過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語承受的動(dòng)作，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.5.非謂語動(dòng)詞?？嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)(1)疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)疑問詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。When to start has not been decided.何時(shí)動(dòng)身尚未決定。(主語)I dont know what to do.我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語)The difficulty was how to cross the river.困難在于如何過河。(表語)I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。(雙重賓語)(2)不帶to的不定式1)在表示生理感覺的動(dòng)詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有： feel observe overhear watch listen to perceive notice see look at hearOn seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.2)另一類是某些使役動(dòng)詞，如make, let，have等。I would have you know that I am ill.我想讓你知道我病了。上述感覺動(dòng)詞與使意動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí).其后的不定式一般需帶to，The boy was made to go to bed early.3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV.但是，如果謂語動(dòng)詞不是“do not