外研版八年級(jí)下第二單元知識(shí)點(diǎn)詳解加題目.doc

教學(xué)內(nèi)容：一. 課前回顧賓語從句易錯(cuò)題：1. I bought the watch two months ago. You mean that you _ it for nearly two months. A. have had B. have brought C. have bought D. have taken2. Lets go fishing if it _ this weekend.But nobody knows if it _. A. is fine; will rain B. will be fine; rains C. is fine; rains D. will be fine; will rain二. 知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理1. Have you ever won any prizes before？ 你以前曾經(jīng)獲過獎(jiǎng)嗎？ever為副詞，表示“曾經(jīng)；從來；在任何時(shí)候?！薄局攸c(diǎn)】ever表示“曾經(jīng)”，常用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的疑問句中，用以加強(qiáng)語氣。可構(gòu)成短語ever since表示“自起”。例：- Have you ever spoken to a foreigner？你曾經(jīng)同外國(guó)人說過話嗎？ - Yes, I have. No, I never.（否定回答用never）典例精講：Anna，have you seen Chinas Got Talent （中國(guó)達(dá)人秀）？Of course. I it last weekend.（咸寧）A. never；saw B. ever；have seenC. never；have seen D. ever；saw【拓展】ever表示“在任何時(shí)候”，常用于否定句及條件句中。例：Nothing new ever happens in this village.這個(gè)村子里至今不曾發(fā)生過新事。If you ever come to Beijing, be sure to let me know.如果你到北京來，務(wù)必通知我一聲?！颈嫖觥縝efore和agobefore在此處為副詞，意為“以前”。before常用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，也可用于一般過去時(shí)中，通常位于句末。例：He has never seen such a huge stone before.他以前從未見過這么大的石頭。before還可以用作介詞或者連詞，意為“在之前”，可表示時(shí)間、位置、順序等。例：My father usually goes to bed before 9 pm.我爸爸通常在晚上九點(diǎn)之前上床睡覺。Turn off the light before you leave the room.離開房間前關(guān)上燈。ago為副詞，意為“以前”，不能單獨(dú)使用，通常用于一般過去時(shí)太句子的末尾，“一段時(shí)間+ago”意為“.以前”?？谠E記憶時(shí)間點(diǎn)前before領(lǐng)，時(shí)間段后ago跟。例：Her father has studied French before.她父親以前學(xué)過法語。 Her father studied French 3 years ago.她父親三年前學(xué)習(xí)了法語。2. And maybe you will win a prize.也許你會(huì)贏得獎(jiǎng)金。 win為動(dòng)詞，意為“贏、獲勝”，例：We are sure to win the game.我們確信能贏得比賽。【考點(diǎn)】辨析win和beatwin指在游戲、比賽、競(jìng)賽、選舉中獲勝，后常跟game， race， prize等表示“物”的詞。 例：Tom won first prize in the writing competition.湯姆在寫作競(jìng)賽中贏得了一等獎(jiǎng)beat指在運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽等中獲勝，打敗了其他人或其他隊(duì)，后常跟somebody， class等表示“人”的詞。例：They beat us in the basketball match last Monday. 上周一他們?cè)诨@球比賽中打敗我們。典例精講：Our team the match. Weve got first place！Well done！A. hit B. beat C. won D. watched 【拓展】辨析may be和maybemay be和maybe一分一合,但它們的含義和用法卻截然不同。maybe是副詞,意思是“也許、可能”,在句中作狀語,相當(dāng)于perhaps,常位于句首.例：Maybe shell come this afternoon.她可能今天下午來. Maybe you put the letter in your pockets.大概你把信放在衣袋里了.在may be中,may是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,be是動(dòng)詞原形,兩者構(gòu)成完整的謂語形式,與主語形成系表結(jié)構(gòu),意為“也許是、可能是”.例：I cant find my watch. It may be in your pocket. 我找不到我的手表了,它可能在你的口袋里. He may be a soldier.他可能是軍人.【注】maybe和may be可相互轉(zhuǎn)換.He may be in the office. = Maybe he is in the office.他或許在辦公室.You may be right. = Maybe you are right.你或許是對(duì)的.3. But I cant afford it.但是，我負(fù)擔(dān)不起。afford為動(dòng)詞，意為“（有財(cái)力）買得起，付得起”。例：The girl likes the handbag very much， but she cant afford it. 這個(gè)女孩非常喜歡這個(gè)手提包，但她買不起【考點(diǎn)】afford常接在can， could， be able to之后，表示擔(dān)負(fù)得起（的費(fèi)用、損失、后果等），常用于否定句和疑問句中。例：Many people cant afford a new house now. 現(xiàn)在許多人買不起新房子?！局攸c(diǎn)】afford 后面可以接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語。例：The family could not afford to send her to college. 家里沒有足夠的錢供她上大學(xué)。典例精講：Some children cant afford necessary stationery.Lets donate our pocket money to them.（揚(yáng)州）A. buy B. buying C.to buy D.be bought【難點(diǎn)】afford 后面可以接雙賓語，即afford sb.sth.“為某人提供某物”。例：Reading will afford you much pleasure.閱讀會(huì)給你提供很多樂趣。4. I will invite you to come with me.我將邀請(qǐng)你跟我一起去。invite為動(dòng)詞，意為“邀請(qǐng)”。例：Did Jim invite you last night？ 昨晚吉姆邀請(qǐng)你了嗎？【考點(diǎn)】invite sb.to do sth.邀請(qǐng)某人做某事例：He invited Mary to have dinner. 他邀請(qǐng)瑪麗吃晚餐。典例精講：翻譯句子昨天我邀請(qǐng)他和我一起吃晚餐。（濱州）_【拓展】invite的名詞形式為invitation“邀請(qǐng)函；請(qǐng)?zhí)?，常與介詞to連用。例：Jane received an invitation to a party just now. 剛才簡(jiǎn)收到了一個(gè)聚會(huì)邀請(qǐng)函。5. He has over ten years teaching experience. 他有十多年的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。【考點(diǎn)】作為動(dòng)詞，experience意為“經(jīng)歷”。例：He has experienced a lot of things in America.他在美國(guó)經(jīng)歷了許多的事情。作為名詞時(shí)，分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。不可數(shù)名詞意為“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”He has rich experience in teaching.他在教學(xué)上有豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)?？蓴?shù)名詞意為“經(jīng)歷”My uncle has many unusual experiences.我的叔叔有許多不尋常的經(jīng)歷。典例精講：In April，the weather in some places in Shanxi was really changeable. People still remember they have four seasons in a week.（山西）A. organized B. experienced C. described 6. Have you ever visited another country？another作為限定詞時(shí)，表示“又一；再一 ”，而作為代詞時(shí)，表示“另一個(gè)”。例：Could you answer me another question？你能再回答我一個(gè)問題嗎？【考點(diǎn)】“ another基數(shù)詞名詞”表示“再”, 等同于“基數(shù)詞more名詞”。例：We wanted another three books. We wanted three more books.我們想再要三本書【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)】圖解巧辨another，the other，the others與others典例精講：Shall we meet at 8 oclock next Sunday morning？ I wont be free then. Lets make it day.（福州）A. other B. another C. the other7. Mike Robinson is a fifteen year old American boy.a fifteen-year-old American boy一位15歲的美國(guó)男孩例：Mr Wang has a twoyearold son.王先生有一個(gè)兩歲大的兒子基數(shù)-year-old復(fù)合詞，相當(dāng)于形容詞，作名詞的前置定語，且表示計(jì)量的名詞year用單數(shù)形式，意為“幾歲大的”。Tom is a twelve-year-old boy.湯姆是一個(gè)十二歲大的男孩?；鶖?shù)詞yearsold常放在be動(dòng)詞后面，作表語，當(dāng)基數(shù)詞大于1時(shí)，year用復(fù)數(shù)形式，意為“歲”。Tom is twelve years old. 湯姆十二歲。典例精講：A girl named Dong Xinyi looked after her disabled father.（齊齊哈爾）A. three-year-oldB. three-years-old C. three years old你知道數(shù)詞的拼寫規(guī)則及用法嗎？寫出數(shù)字：5,237,166,234表示幾點(diǎn)過幾分，在分鐘后加past，再加小時(shí)。例：five past seven 七點(diǎn)過五分 half past six 六點(diǎn)半 a quarter past eight 八點(diǎn)過一刻 seven past eight 八點(diǎn)過七分表示幾點(diǎn)差幾分，在分鐘后面加to，再加小時(shí)例：ten to eight 差十分八點(diǎn)（七點(diǎn)五十分） a quarter to twelve 差一刻十二點(diǎn)（十一點(diǎn)四十五分） twenty to six 差二十分六點(diǎn)（五點(diǎn)四十分）8. At the moment，Mike and Clare are in Cairo in Egypt，one of the biggest and busiest cities in Africa.one of意為“之一”。例：Staying with family and friends is one of the happiest things in the world.和家人、朋友待在一起是世界上最開心的事情之一?！究键c(diǎn)】one ofthe形容詞最高級(jí)可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，意為“最的之一”。此結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。例：One of the most dangerous sports in the world is mountain climbing. 世界上最危險(xiǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)之一是登山。典例精講：As we know，the Yangtze River is one of rivers in the world.（瀘州）A. long B. longer C. longestD. the longest你知道one, it, that作為代詞時(shí)的用法嗎？分別代指什么？9. It has sent Peter to work in Germany， France and China before.此處sent為send的過去式，表示派遣去；命令去例：The boss sent him to go to Beijing yesterday. 昨天老板派他去了北京?！究键c(diǎn)】send sb.to do sth.派某人去做某事。例：She sent me to pick up her son last week. 上周她派我去接她兒子。【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)】send sb.sth.send sth.to sb.把某物寄給某人。例：Please send me a book.Please send a book to me.請(qǐng)寄給我一本書。典例精講：My husbandme flowers every week before we got married，but now he never（隨州）A. sent；does B. sends；doesC. was going to send；do D. sent；do【拓展】由send構(gòu)成的短語：send for 派人去請(qǐng) send up 發(fā)射send out 分發(fā) send off 寄出10. This language is different from English in many ways，and they find it hard to spell and pronounce the words.【重點(diǎn)】“finditadj.to do sth.”等同于find接賓語從句，句式中it為形式賓語，真正的賓語是后面的動(dòng)詞不定式。（用你所學(xué)過的知識(shí)解析這個(gè)句型）例：I find it difficult to learn English well. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好英語很困難。典例精講：用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。At times，parents find it difficult （talk）with their teenage children.（淮安）11. How long have the Robinsons been in Egypt?羅賓遜一家在埃及待了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間？【辨析】how long; how often; how soon; how farhow long1. 表示多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用,主要用來對(duì)一段時(shí)間(如three days, four weeks 等)提問。常用“for+一段時(shí)間”和“since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)” 回答.A：How long does it take to get to London from here? 從這里到倫敦要多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間?B：At least ten hours. 至少要10個(gè)小時(shí)。2. 表示某東西有多長(zhǎng)。A：How long is the river? 這條河有多長(zhǎng)？B：About 500 km. 大約500千米。how oftenhow often用來提問某動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的頻率，即問某人在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)做某事做了幾次,對(duì)頻度副詞或狀語(always，usually， often， never或twice a day, once a week, ,three times a month 等)提問。【注】用英語表示多少次，除了一次（once）和兩次(twice)外,其他都用基數(shù)詞+times來表示，三次 “three times”,五次 “five times”。A：How often does he come here? 他(每隔)多久來一次?B：Once a month. 每月一次。how soonhow soon 指再過多久，主要用來對(duì)表示將來的一段時(shí)間(如：in an hour, in two weeks 等)提問。A：How soon will he be back? 他要多久才回來?B：In an hour. 1 小時(shí)以后。how farhow far意思是“多遠(yuǎn)”，對(duì)距離提問時(shí)用。-How far is it from you home to your school ? 從你家到學(xué)校有多遠(yuǎn)呢？-About two kilometers.大概2千米。典例精講：1. - _have you been learn English. - I have been learn English for six years.（長(zhǎng)沙） A. How long B. How often C. How far 2. - _can you be ready, Andy?（河北） -In ten minutes. A How much B How often C How long D How soon三. 辨析across、through和over1. across “橫過、穿過”，指從的一邊到另一邊。含義與on有關(guān)。如： I swam across the river. 我游過這條河（指從此岸到彼岸） Lets help push the cart across the bridge.我們幫著把車子推過橋吧。2. through “穿過、通過”指穿過兩邊。是從空間較狹窄的一頭穿到另一頭。是從內(nèi)部穿過，含義與in有關(guān)。如： We walked through the forest. 我們穿過森林。 The river flows through the city from west to east. 這條河從西到東流過城市。3. over“橫過、跨越”指橫過道路、河流等“細(xì)長(zhǎng)物”時(shí)，與across通用。over 雖可指從表面的接觸及跳（飛）越，但指渡過則不能用。從房間、原野、海洋等“平面延伸”的一端橫越到另一端時(shí)也不能使用。而常用across. She went across / over the bridge. He jumped across / over the stream他跳過了小溪。 She swam across the straight of Dover.她游過了多佛爾海峽。 They drove across the desert. 他們駛過沙漠。另外，over作介詞還有“翻過”的意思，如：climb over the mountain 翻過那座山。典例精講：The post office is just _ the street.A. over B. through C. across D. cross舉一反三：1. I heard that we had to walk_ three tunnels and _ two bridges.A. over B. through C. across D. cross2. If you _ the street, youll get there.A. over B. through C. across D. crossboth、either和neither三者都是在談到兩個(gè)人或東西時(shí)用的。可用作代詞、形容詞、連詞。1. 作代詞時(shí)：both “兩者都”. either “兩者中任何一個(gè)”. neither “兩者中任何一個(gè)都不”。 作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，可作同位語。而either 和 neither 則用單數(shù)形式，不可作同位語。如： Both of us are teachers. Either of you can do it. Neither of the answerws is right. 兩個(gè)答案都不對(duì)。 They both skate well. 他們兩人都會(huì)滑冰。2. 作形容詞時(shí)：both 修飾名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。Neither 和 either修飾名詞的單數(shù)形式。如： Neither film is very long.兩部電影都不長(zhǎng)。 You may use either pencil. 你可用這兩支筆中的任何一支。 Both pencils are blue. 兩支鉛筆都是藍(lán)色的。3. 作連詞時(shí)： neither 與nor 連用，“既不也不”； either 和 or 連用：“或是或是” “要么要么”連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞遵循就近原則。而both 卻與and 相連。連接主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如： Neither Jack nor I have seen the film.杰克和我都沒看過這影片。 Either you or I am wrong.不是你錯(cuò)就是你錯(cuò)。 Both John and Mike are good at swimming.約翰和麥克都擅長(zhǎng)游泳。典例精講：Which is more useful，biology or chemistry？I think _ them are useful.（廣州市）A. either of B. none of C. both of D. all of舉一反三：_ Lily _ Lucy may go with you because one of them must stay at home.（吉林?。〢. Not only；but also B. Neither；norC. Both；and D. Either；orbesides/ but/ except/ beside1.besides “除了還有”指的是“已有另加上”而except 和but “除了之外沒有”，正好相反。如： I dont care for anything besides this.除此之外，我別無所愛。 What have you done this morning, besides reading the paper and watching TV?除了看報(bào)和看電視之外，你今天上午還做了些什么。2. beside prep. “在旁邊”意思如其它的大不相同。例：They are used to taking a walk on the path beside the river.他們習(xí)慣于在河邊的小路上散步。3. but 作介詞用時(shí)：“除之外沒有”與except同意。但它著重在整體，且常用在no, all, nobody, anything, everything, everybody, everywhere 以及who, whose等詞之后。后常接“名詞、代詞或不定式，接不定式時(shí)，如果其前含有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 do (除作助動(dòng)詞用外)的各種形式，則用動(dòng)詞原形（省略“to”）。如： He does nothing but laugh. 他只是大笑而已。（前有does，故用動(dòng)詞原形laugh.） Nobody was late but you. 除你之外，沒有人遲到。4.except 語氣比but強(qiáng)且明顯。著重在除去的部分。如： I like all the fruits except pears. 除了梨外，我喜歡所有的水果。 The dress is quite nice except for the color.除了顏色外，這件衣服很漂亮。典例精講:No one knew Mr Besons address _ his daughter.A. except B. excepts C. only D. besides舉一反三：Do you know any other foreign language _ English?A. except B. but C. beside D. besides四、回顧小結(jié)對(duì)于本節(jié)課所學(xué)的內(nèi)容你還記得多少？五、課堂小測(cè)一、單項(xiàng)選擇1. Kate is _ girl. Shes very happy at school. Aa eighteen-year-old Ban eighteen-year-old Can eighteen-years-old Da eighteen-years-old2.“Im looking forward to _ my parents soon. What about you？”“Me too.” Aseeing Bsee Csaw3. The _ are going on a vacation in Beijing，the capital city of China. AWhite BWhites CMike and Clare DClare4. _ have you been in Chongqing? For five years. AHow many BHow soon CHow much DHow long5. Hello! Could I speak to Lily? Sorry, she is not in. She _ Shanghai. Ahave been to Bhave gone to Chas been to Dhas gone to 二、用括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式填空。6How many _ (kind) of animals are there in the zoo？7Li Ming has invited me _ (come) to his birthday party. 8He often helps me _ (learn) English.9I cant afford _ (buy) a computer.10The students stopped _ (talk) when the teacher came into the classroom.六、課后作業(yè)一、單項(xiàng)選擇1Laura enjoys_ storybooks.Me, too.Areading Bread Cto read Dreads2He is very poor, so he cant afford _ a new house.Abuy Bbuying Cto buy Dbought3Do you look forward to _ this wonderful film again?Asee Bseen Csaw Dseeing4We often _ the students _ English.Ahelp; learning Bhelp; learnChelp; learns Dhelp; learned5Mr King asked all the children _ English in the classroom.Aread Bto reading Cto read Dreading6We have a_ holiday every National Day.A3 days B3days C3day D3 days7Tom, _ you ever _ that new film? Yes. I _ it a week ago. Ahave; seen; saw Bhave; seen; seeCdo; see; see Dhad; seen; saw8At times, parents find it difficult _ with their teenage children.Atalk Btalked Ctalking Dto talk9My host family tried