考研真題及解析(英語一)

2015考研真題及解析（英語一）Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has_(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)_1,932 unique subjects which _(4)_pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain peoples_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. A when B why C how D what【答案】D what【解析】該題考查的是語法知識。根據(jù)句子結構和選項的特點，可以判斷出空格處應填從屬連詞引導從句;再根據(jù)句子的內(nèi)容，可以看出該從句是一項研究的相關內(nèi)容(what)，不是指研究的時間(when)， 原因(why)和方式(how)，因此，該題的答案為what。2. A defended B concluded C withdrawn D advised【答案】B concluded【解析】從此題所在的句子的前后內(nèi)容可以判斷出，that is_ 中的that是指第一句話的內(nèi)容(朋友與我們基因上的相關性)，很顯然是研究得出的結論。因此，答案為concluded。3. A for B with C on D by【答案】C on【解析】根據(jù)空格所在句子的內(nèi)容(研究對1932分獨特的受試者進行分析)判斷出進行分析的對象是1932 unique subjects。conduct analysis on是固定表達。4. A compared B sought C separated D connected【答案】A compared【解析】該空格所在的句子是which 引導的定語從句修飾study,意思是：對幾對基因不相關的朋友和陌生人進行_。因為“研究”的內(nèi)容是關于朋友間基因上的相關性問題，所以完整的意思應該是：對幾對基因不相關的朋友和陌生人進行比較。所以最佳答案為compared。5. A tests B objects Csamples D examples【答案】C samples【解析】根據(jù)空格的前后內(nèi)容判斷，到第五個空為止，文章都在講實驗過程，和實驗對象，第五個空格所在句子的內(nèi)容是：相同的人們都用于實驗中的這兩類_。所以根據(jù)上下文語境和內(nèi)容，應該選與實驗對象相對應的samples(樣例).因此，答案是samples。6. A insignificant B unexpected Cunbelievable D incredible【答案】A insignificant【解析】空的語境為：盡管這1%看起來似乎_，但是遺傳學家可不這么認為?？涨昂笮纬蓪Ρ绒D(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關系，而從后文列舉的例子中可知遺傳學家James Fowler對這1%基因的態(tài)度是肯定的，故答案為A。7. A visit B miss C seek D know【答案】D know【解析】空的語境為：大多數(shù)人甚至不_他們隔三代的表親，但卻設法選擇那些_我們親戚的人作為朋友。填入的詞必須滿足前后句之間的轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯關系，四個選項帶入，只有D選項符合上下文語義。8. A resemble B influence C favor D surpass【答案】A resemble【解析】空的語境為：大多數(shù)人甚至不認識他們隔三代的表親，但卻設法選擇那些_我們親戚的人作為朋友。根據(jù)全文中心：基因上的相似性，可知本題選擇A。9. A again B also C instead D thus【答案】B also【解析】空所在的句子開頭用“The study”,顯然這是對上文話題的繼續(xù)闡述，前文指出研究發(fā)現(xiàn)朋友與我們有1%的基因關系，而空所在句“the genes for smell were something shared in friends”在進一步詳細討論該話題，前后之間是順接關系，故答案為B。10. A Meanwhile B Furthermore C Likewise D Perhaps【答案】D Perhaps【解析】從選項和文字中句子結構可以判斷，空格處要求填入一個能夠體現(xiàn)前后兩個句子邏輯關系的副詞，空前的句子談到“為什么在嗅覺基因方面存在相似性還很難解釋”，空后卻緊接著對此得出一個相關結論，很明顯是矛盾的，所以此結論只能是一種不確定的推測，故答案為D。11. A about B to Cfrom Dlike【答案】B to【解析】該題為介詞選擇題。后半句出現(xiàn)比較級，可見是和前文形成比較關系，因此和上半句介詞保持一致，用介詞to。該句翻譯：它(這種相似性)吸引我們到相同的環(huán)境，并且使我們更為相似。因此答案為to。12. A drive B observe C confuse Dlimit【答案】A drive【解析】該句意思為：很多機制共同作用，從而_我們選擇基因相似的朋友，_和_交朋友的“功能關系”。根據(jù)上下文可知，此處所填入動詞需符合結構_sb. in doing sth，B選項observe(觀察，遵守)和C選項confuse(困惑)均無此用法。符合該結構只有A選項drive(驅(qū)使)和D選項limit(限制)。根據(jù)上下文可得知：這些機制驅(qū)使我們選擇基因相似的朋友，符合文章主題。如果選限制則為反向干擾。因此答案為drive。13. A according to B rather than C regardless of D along with【答案】B rather than【解析】所填詞為邏輯關系短語，空前說選擇基因相似的朋友，空后說具有“實用關系”的朋友，可知前后為對立關系，并且根據(jù)文章主題，可知肯定前者而否定后者，可鎖定B選項rather than。A選項according to(根據(jù))沒有體現(xiàn)出對立及取舍關系，因此排除;C選項regardless of(不管)表讓步關系，干擾性較強，但文章更強調(diào)取前舍后，因此排除;D選項along with(伴隨)表順接，故排除。故答案為rather than。14. A chances Bresponses Cmissions Dbenefits【答案】D benefits【解析】根據(jù)前文functional kinship(實用關系)可得出D選項benefits(利益)，前后形成呼應。A選項chances(機會)、B選項responses(反應)、C選項missions(使命)均不符合題意。故答案為benefits。15. A later Bslower C faster D earlier【答案】C faster【解析】該句為：evolving _ than other genes(比其他基因進化得_). 根據(jù)同詞復現(xiàn)，我們找到該段第二句話中：human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years(人類進化在過去30000年間提速)。C 選項faster與下文picked pace(加速)形成呼應，故答案為faster。16. Aforecast Bremember Cunderstand Dexpress【答案】C understand【解析】此題考查動詞。根據(jù)語意。空格后面是一個why引導的賓語從句，意為“人類進化在過去三萬年間得以加速的原因”，表示這一研究的結果和意義。能與這一賓語從句構成搭配的只有C選項understand。A選項forecast“預測”與“過去三萬年”相矛盾，B選項remember“記住”和D選項“express”均不符合文意。17. A unpredictable Bcontributory C controllable D disruptive【答案】B contributory【解析】此空需要填入一個形容詞，表達社會環(huán)境對人類進步所起到的作用。help，pick pace這兩個詞表達的都是積極的含義，因此此處需要填入一個帶有褒義的感情色彩的詞， 因此排除A選項“不可預測的”和D選項“破壞性的”; B 而C選項“可控的”,與語意無關;因此正確答案為B選項contributory“促進的”。18. A endeavor Bdecision Carrangement D tendency【答案】D tendency【解析】此處進一步陳述這一研究的結論。A選項endeavor“努力”，B選項“決定”，C選項“安排”，D選項“傾向”。本文的主旨重在解釋人們在交朋友的不自覺的一種傾向，而非通過人為的有意識的舉動來選擇朋友。因此正確答案為D。19. A political B religious C ethnic D economic【答案】C ethnic【解析】結合文意，人們普遍希望和有相似基因背景的人。C選項ethnic意為“種族的，民族的”，是對上文中多次重復出現(xiàn)的genes,以及下文的the same population的同義復現(xiàn)。因此正確答案為C。 A選項political“政治的”， B選項“宗教的”，D選項“經(jīng)濟的”均不符合原文文意。20. A see B show C prove D tell【答案】A see【解析】此處考察動詞，動詞勢必要看前后搭配。see that 構成固定詞組，意為“務必使”，符合文意，即：即使所有的受訪者都擁有歐洲血統(tǒng)，(研究者們)仍然悉心確保所有的受訪者、朋友和陌生人都來自于同一群種。選項B“展示”,選項C“證明”，選項D“辨別”均無此含義，且不符合文意。Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings dont abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very historyand sometimes the way they behave today embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of SpainA used turn enjoy high public supportB was unpopular among European royalsC cased his relationship with his rivalsDended his reign in embarrassment【答案】D ended his reign in embarrassment【解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干要求，定位到文章前兩段。而文章第一段的第二句話提到“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.”(在最近的歐洲選舉中，令人尷尬的丑聞和受歡迎的共和黨，均迫使Carlos收回前言并退位)。D選項中，“stand down”是“end reign”的同義置換，且“embarrassment”與導致Carlos卸任的原因“embarrassing scandals”是相呼應的。故D是正確答案。A、B、C均屬于無中生有。22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostlyA owing to their undoubted and respectable statusB to achieve a balance between tradition and realityC to give voter more public figures to look up toDdue to their everlasting political embodiment【答案】A owing to their undoubted and respectable status【解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞“monarchs”和“heads of state”，定位到第三段的最后一句話“.most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.”(大多數(shù)的王室幸存下來是由于他們讓選民可以避免去尋找一個不受爭議且受尊敬的公眾人物的困難)其中“non-controversial but respected public figure”正是A選項中“undoubted and respectable status”的同義置換。故A是正確答案。23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?A Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealthB The role of the nobility in modern democraciesC The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic familiesDThe nobilitys adherence to their privileges【答案】B The role of the nobility in modern democracies【解析】事實細節(jié)題。定位在第四段的最后一句話“.it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.”(離奇的是，富有的貴族竟然仍是現(xiàn)代民主國家的象征核心)其中，the symbolic heart of modern democratic states是題干the role of the nobility in modern democracies的同義置換。24. The British royals “have most to fear” because CharlesA takes a rough line on political issuesB fails to change his lifestyle as advisedC takes republicans as his potential alliesD fails to adapt himself to his future role【答案】D fails to adapt himself to his future role【解析】事實細節(jié)題。該題考查：英國皇家貴族們非常害怕是因為查爾斯。根據(jù)題干專有名詞Charles可定位到文章第七段“the danger will come with Charles.worst enemies”。本段指出“危險源自于查爾斯，他生活奢靡，等級觀念顯著;并且他沒有意識到君王的幸存很大程度上取決于君王提供了公共服務，同時，查爾斯并不知道，國王才是君主制度最大的敵人，而非共和黨人?！边x項A意為：對待政治問題態(tài)度強硬，文章并無提及;選項B意為，對待建議的生活方式改變失敗，文章中提到生活方式，但并未提到改變生活方式;選項C意為：視共和黨人為潛在盟友，文章中提到，共和黨人并非最大的敵人，并未指明把共和黨人視為盟友，屬于偷換概念，選項D意為：適應未來身份失敗，文章指出查爾斯的生活方式，世界觀以及他對于君王制度的錯誤理解均為身份特殊的他的不正確言行，與選項D表述吻合，故為正確答案。25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?A Carlos, Glory and Disgrace CombinedB Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the ThroneC Carlos, a Lesson for All European MonarchsDCharles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats【答案】C Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs【解析】主旨大意題。該題考察四個選項中哪個可作為文章最佳標題。文章從西班牙國王Carlos退位事件切入，主要討論當下歐洲君王制度所存在的問題，并非討論查爾斯的事件，即可排除選項B“查爾斯繼位焦慮”和D“查爾斯應對威脅緩慢”，而選項A“卡洛斯榮辱并存” 和C“卡洛斯歐洲君王們的前車之鑒”中，選項A屬于細節(jié)信息，不能概括文章大意，選項C可概括，故為正確答案。另外，文章主題詞Monarch只有在選項C中出現(xiàn)，也可作為迅速解題的依據(jù)。Text 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to, say, rifling through a suspects purse. The court has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring ones smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitutions prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesnt ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate toA prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.B search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.C check suspects phone contents without being authorized.Dprohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.【答案】C check suspects phone contents without being authorized【解析】這是一道事實細節(jié)題，根據(jù)題干關鍵詞The Supreme Court回文定位到第一段的第二句話，“The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search for the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest”,一一比對選項，原文中的“police can search for the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant”與選項C “check suspects phone contents without being authorized”是同義替換，其他選項均是無關選項。27. The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one ofA disapproval.B indifference.C tolerance.Dcautiousness.【答案】A disapproval【解析】本題是觀點態(tài)度題，考察作者的態(tài)度。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞“Californias argument”，可以定位到文章第四段第一句“They should start by discarding Californias lame argument”。由第四段第一句話中的“discard(拋棄)”和“l(fā)ame(沒有說服力的)”可以看出作者對于Californias argument 是不支持的態(tài)度，因此選A。28. The author believes that exploring ones phone contents is comparable toA getting into ones residence.B handling ones historical records.C scanning ones correspondences.D going through ones wallet.【答案】A getting into ones residence【解析】根據(jù)題干關鍵詞the author believes和“exploring ones phone contents is comparable to”可回文定位到文章第四段第三句“But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home”，選項A語義與之一致，其中，getting into與entering對應，ones residence與his or her home對應，故A選項為正確答案。29. InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthatA principles are hard to be clearly expressed.B the court is giving police less room for action.C citizens privacy is not effectively protected.D phones are used to store sensitive information.【答案】C citizens privacy is not effectively protected【解析】根據(jù)題干信息In paragraphs 5and 6定位第5段第一句話“Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy.及第6段最后一句話，.and they could take reasonable measures to.，可推知作者的顧慮，因此答案為C.30. Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate thatA the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.CCalifornias argument violates principles of the Constitution.Dprinciples of the Constitution should never be altered【答案】B new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution【解析】這是一道例證題，根據(jù)題干關鍵詞Orin Kerr可以回文定位到文章最后一段。作者引用Orin Kerr這個人的比較是為了說明相關的論點。分析最后一段結構可知，最后一段的第三句和第四句都是在闡述該例子本身，所以相關論點應該往前面找，即是第二句話“New，disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protection”,選項B與之同義替換，其中，reinterpretation和novel applications對應，其他部分與原文完全一致。結合上述分析，同時可以排除選項A the Constitution should be implemented flexibly (憲法應該靈活執(zhí)行)，其范圍過大;選項C Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution(加利福利亞州的觀點違背了憲法原則)的干擾來自于第7段第1句話，但是原文只是說明作者認為法官不應該全面吸收加利福利亞州的觀點