木哥考研英語閱讀新題型20篇模擬預測題.doc

2016年考研英語閱讀新題型最新模擬題原題Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we can even create entirely new brain cells that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. 41_All of us work through problems in ways of which were unaware, says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind”. Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. 42_The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. 43_ This emphasis clearly leads to ordinary performance. On the contrary, knowing what youre good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.44_ Figure out what has worked for you when youve learned in the past, and you can draw your own map for developing additional skills and behaviors for the future. Ms. Ryan says, “If you have a pathway to learning, use it because thats going to be easier than creating an entirely new pathway in your brain.”Ms. Ryan and Ms. Markova have found what they call three zones of existence: comfort, stretch and stress. Comfort is the realm of existing habit. Stress occurs when a challenge is so far beyond current experience as to be overwhelming. Its that stretch zone in the middle activities that feel a bit awkward and unfamiliar where true change occurs.Getting into the stretch zone is good for you, according to Ms. Ryan. It helps keep your brain healthy. It turns out that unless we continue to learn new things, which challenges our brains to create new pathways, they literally begin to weaken, which may result in brain diseases. She recommends practicing a technique called kaizen, which calls for tiny, continuous improvements.45_ That can be fatal in business, particularly for executives who surround themselves with like-thinkers. If seniority and promotion are based on similarity to those at the top, chances are strong that the company lacks intellectual diversity.A This is where developing new habits comes in. If youre an analytical or procedural thinker, you learn in different ways than someone who is inherently innovative or collaborative.B Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new things we try the more we step outside our comfort zone the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.C After the confusion, the brain begins organizing the new input, ultimately creating new synaptic connections if the process is repeated enough.D “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will.”E But if, during creation of that new habit, the “Great Decider” steps in to protest against taking the unfamiliar path, people may keep doing the same thing over and over again.F At teenage years, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.G Simultaneously, take a look at how colleagues approach challenges, Ms. Markova suggests. We tend to believe that those who think the way we do are smarter than those who dont.Part B一、文章體裁結構分析這是一篇有關人們開發(fā)新習慣進而引發(fā)創(chuàng)新的說明文。文章第一、二段引出習慣這一話題，并說明了開發(fā)新的習慣可以帶來創(chuàng)新。第三、四、五段解釋了新習慣是如何產生的；后面剩余幾段說明了人在拉伸區(qū)容易發(fā)生新的變化進而促進人的大腦健康。二 、試題解析【參考答案】 41. B 42. F 43. D 44. A 45. G41.【正確答案】B【解答過程】從文中給出的內容我們粗略地知道文章談論的是有關開發(fā)新習慣引發(fā)創(chuàng)新的話題。本題缺失內容位于第二段的段尾，因此我們要回到空前的內容去尋找答題線索。前面提到如果我們有意識地去開發(fā)新的習慣， 就能讓思維跳到創(chuàng)新的軌道上，由此，我們可以推測選填的內容可能會進一步解釋這兩者的關系。查看選項，B中“we can direct our change by consciously developing new habits”剛好涉及這一內容，而且“Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit” 剛好是對前面“consciously”這個詞的回應和解釋，因此本題答案為E。42.【正確答案】F【解答過程】本題缺失內容是第三段的段尾。我們可以根據(jù)上下文來判斷合理的選項，空前的內容提及“我們都以我們意識不到的方式來處理問題”；第四段的句首又提到“我們之中很少有人生來就能運用我們的創(chuàng)造性和合作思維模式”，據(jù)此我們可以推斷正確的選項應該與部分能力未被開發(fā)有關，查看選項，只有F提到人們在青少年的時候有一半也就是兩種能力關閉了，這正好與空后的內容相一致。故答案為C。43.【正確答案】D【解答過程】本題缺失內容在第四段的中間，而中間的內容必然會起到銜接上下的作用，因此我們需要參考該空的前后來尋找線索?？涨暗膬热菡劦健拔覀冎泻苌儆腥松鷣砭湍苓\用我們的創(chuàng)造性和合作性思維模式”；空后的內容談到“這種強調很明顯導致了平庸表現(xiàn)”，這說明缺失的內容應該是有人進行了這種強調，查看選項，D正好與此有關，而且選項開頭的“this” 剛好能指代前面的“我們之中很少有人生來就能運用我們的創(chuàng)造性和合作性思維模式”，故答案為A。44.【正確答案】A【解答過程】本題缺失內容是第五段的段首句。同樣我們需要在其上下文找線索。空前的內容(第四段最后)反對由于缺乏創(chuàng)新導致的平庸表現(xiàn)，故此處應該引出新的東西；而且空后提到“找出你過去學習的有用的東西，你可以畫出未來可以開發(fā)的附加技巧和行為圖”,這顯然與人的分析或者學習東西的能力有關，參看選項，A剛好就是與這個有關，故答案為A。45.【正確答案】G【解答過程】本題缺失內容是段首句，我們應根據(jù)前后文來確定答案。空前內容(上一段)提到Ryan建議人們進行kaizen的技巧練習，那么我們可以推測接下來應該還有別的方法參考；而且空后提到“這對商業(yè)具有致命的打擊，對那些身邊充斥著只會附和的員工的老板們來說尤其如此?！边@說明有一種想法或傾向是致命的，查看選項，G中的發(fā)“simultaneous”剛好可以引入別的方法，而其中的“我們總是相信那些做法和我們一致的人要比那些做法和我們不一致的人聰明得多”這句話剛好和“附和”是一個意思，而且是一種有害的主觀傾向，剛好能滿足這一空的要求，因此答案是G?！靖蓴_項分析】干擾項C，提到“After the confusion”，說明前面必然要提到混亂、困惑狀態(tài)下的狀況，而這在文章中根本找不到對應內容，故排除；干擾項E項中首次出現(xiàn)了“the “Great Decider”，文中只字未提該短語或做出任何相關的解釋，如果選擇會很突兀，故排除掉。全文翻譯：習慣是一個很有趣的事情。我們漫不經心地觸及它，讓我們的大腦處于自動巡航狀態(tài)，放松地進入熟悉的日常工作的無意識舒適之中。威廉.華茲華斯在19世紀說：“不是選擇，而是習慣駕馭了輕率的獸群”。在21世紀，即使是習慣也帶上了負面涵義。因此在與創(chuàng)意和創(chuàng)新相同的語境里談習慣似乎有些矛盾。但從事大腦研究的人員已經發(fā)現(xiàn)，當我們有意識地開發(fā)新習慣時，我們甚至能夠創(chuàng)造全新的腦細胞，這能夠使我們的思緒跳躍到創(chuàng)新的軌道上。不必將我們當作是一成不變的習慣的動物，我們實際可以通過有意識地開發(fā)新習慣來引導我們自己的變化。實際上，我們越多嘗試新東西，越多超越我們的舒適區(qū)，我們就會從內在里具備創(chuàng)造性，不管是工作上還是生活里。開放的思想一書的作者Dawna Markova說，我們所有人都以我們意識不到的方式來處理問題。20世紀60年代的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類出生時就有能力以四種方式應對挑戰(zhàn)：分析性，程序性，相關性(合作性)和創(chuàng)新性。但在青少年時期，大腦關閉一半的能力，僅保留哪些似乎在人生最初10多年中最有價值的哪些思維模式。目前對于標準化測試的重視強調分析和程序，意味著我們之中很少有人生來就能運用我們的創(chuàng)造性和合作性思維模式。2006年出版的今年我將一書作者M. J. Ryan 解釋說：“這破壞了美國信仰體系中的最重要法則每個人都能做成任何事情”。這種重視很明顯導致了平庸表現(xiàn)。相反地，知道你擅長做的，并且多做會成就卓越。就是在此新習慣登場了。如果你是一個分析型或程序型的思考者，你學習的方式不同于先天是創(chuàng)新或合作型的人。找出你過去學習的有用的東西，你可以畫出未來可以開發(fā)的附加技巧和行為圖。Ryan女士說：“如果你有路徑來學習，就要用它，因為這將比在你的大腦創(chuàng)作全新的路徑要容易得多?！盧yan和Markova兩位女士已經發(fā)現(xiàn)了她們稱之為三種存在區(qū)的東西：舒適，拉伸，壓力。舒適是現(xiàn)存習慣的領地。壓力是在挑戰(zhàn)遠遠超越目前經驗，以至于不可抗拒時發(fā)生。處于中間的是拉伸區(qū)，是一些感到有點別扭和不熟悉的活動，就在這一區(qū)發(fā)生真正的變化。根據(jù)Ryan女士的說法，進入拉伸區(qū)對你是有好處的。這有助于你保持大腦健康。結果顯示除非我們繼續(xù)學習新東西，這樣挑戰(zhàn)我們大腦去創(chuàng)造新路徑，否則大腦就會開始變弱，這可能會導致大腦疾病。她推薦練習一種叫做kaizen的技巧，這種技巧需要微小而持續(xù)的提高。同時，你去看看你的同事是如何應對挑戰(zhàn)的，這是Markova小姐提出的建議。我們總是相信那些做法和我們一致的人要比那些做法和我們不一致的人聰明得多。這種傾向對商業(yè)具有致命的打擊，對那些身邊盡是些附和者的老板們來說尤其如此。如果論資排輩和職務晉升都要建立在對高層領導想法的附和之上，那么這個公司的才智肯定會趨于單一化。10、Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Archaeological study covers an extremely long span of time and a great variety of subjects. The earliest subjects of archaeological study date from the origins of humanity. These include fossil remains believed to be of human ancestors who lived 3.5 million to 4.5 million years ago. The earliest archaeological sites include those at Hadar, Ethiopia; Laetoli, Tanzania; East Turkana, Kenya; and elsewhere in East Africa. These sites contain evidence of the first appearance of bipedal (upright-walking, apelike early humans).41. _The first physically modern humans, Homo sapiens, appeared in tropical Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years agodates determined by molecular biologists and archaeologists working together. Dozens of archaeological sites throughout Asia and Europe show how people migrated from Africa and settled in these two continents during the last Ice Age (100,000 to 15,000 years ago). 42. _Archaeologists have documented that the development of agriculture took place about 10,000 years ago. Early domesticationthe planting and harvesting of plants and the breeding and herding of animalsis evident in such places as the ancient settlement of Jericho in Jordan and in Tehuacn Valley in Mexico. Archaeology plays a major role in the study of early civilizations, such as those of the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, who built the city of Ur, and the ancient Egyptians, who are famous for the pyramids near the city of Giza and the royal sepulchres (tombs) of the Valley of the Kings at Thebes. 43. _Archaeological research spans the entire development of phenomena that are unique to humans. For instance, archaeology tells the story of when people learned to bury their dead and developed beliefs in an afterlife. Sites containing signs of the first simple but purposeful burials in graves date to as early as 40,000 years ago in Europe and Southwest Asia. By the time people lived in civilizations, burials and funeral ceremonies had become extremely important and elaborate rituals. 44. _Archaeology also examines more recent historical periods. Some archaeologists work with historians to study American colonial life, for example. They have learned such diverse information as how the earliest colonial settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, traded glass beads for food with native Algonquian peoples; how the lives of slaves on plantations reflected their roots in Africa; and how the first major cities in the United States developed. 45. _A For example, the Moche lords of Sipn in coastal Peru were buried in about AD 400 in fine cotton dress and with exquisite ornaments of bead, gold, and silver. Few burials rival their lavish sepulchres. Being able to trace the development of such rituals over thousands of years has added to our understanding of the development of human intellect and spirit.B By 40,000 years ago people could be found hunting and gathering food across most of the regions of Africa. Populations in different regions employed various technological developments in adapting to their different environments and climates.C Archaeological studies have also provided much information about the people who first arrived in the Americas over 12,000 years ago. D The first fossil records of vascular plantsthat is, land plants with tissue that carries foodappeared in the Silurian period. They were simple plants that had not developed separate stems and leaves.E Laetoli even reveals footprints of humans from 3.6 million years ago. Some sites also contain evidence of the earliest use of simple tools. Archaeologists have also recorded how primitive forms of humans spread out of Africa into Asia about 1.8 million years ago, then into Europe about 900,000 years ago. F One research project involves the study of garbage in present-day cities across the United States. This garbage is the modern equivalent of the remains found in the archaeological record. In the future, archaeologists will continue to move into new realms of study. G Other sites that represent great human achievement are as varied as the cliff dwellings of the ancient Anasazi (a group of early Native Americans of North America) at Mesa Verde, Colorado; the Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the Andes Mountains of Peru; and the mysterious, massive stone portrait heads of remote Easter Island in the Pacific.答案41.E 42.C 43.G 44.A 45.F木哥考研 考研方法第一人 加QQ 1300331396 在線指導,空間每天分享考研經驗技巧資料總體分析本文主要論述了考古學研究的發(fā)展，它延續(xù)了整個人類發(fā)展的歷史（從人類起源之初到現(xiàn)代社會），涉及了多種多樣的主題（包括最早出現(xiàn)的人類，人類的遷徙、文明、埋葬儀式、美國殖民生活、現(xiàn)代城市垃圾等）。A 比如，西潘地區(qū)莫切人的貴族們約在公元400年被埋葬，身著優(yōu)質的棉質禮服，佩帶著精致的珠子和金銀裝飾。很少有能與他們墳墓的華麗相媲美的。能夠追溯這些儀式幾千年的發(fā)展有助于我們理解人類智力和精神的發(fā)展。B 到40萬年前可以發(fā)現(xiàn)人們在非洲大部分地區(qū)狩獵和采集食物。不同地區(qū)的居民利用各種技術的發(fā)展來適應各自所處的不同環(huán)境與氣候。C 考古研究也提供了關于12萬年前首先到達美洲的人類的許多信息。D 最早的導管植物（即帶有運載食物組織的陸地植物）的化石記錄出現(xiàn)在志留紀時代。它們是沒有形成獨立的莖和葉的簡單植物。E 利特里甚至展現(xiàn)了360萬年前的人類的足跡。一些遺址也包含了最早使用的簡單工具的證據(jù)。考古學家們還記錄了原始人類如何在約180萬年前從非洲擴展到亞洲，然后在約90萬年前進入歐洲的。F 一個研究項目涉及對全美國現(xiàn)代城市垃圾的研究。這種垃圾相當于現(xiàn)代社會中發(fā)現(xiàn)的考古記錄的遺骸。將來，考古學家會繼續(xù)開拓新的研究領域。G 其他代表人類偉大成就的遺址各式各樣，像科羅拉多州梅莎爾地的古代阿納薩齊人（北美洲的一群早期土著美國人）的崖下住居；位于秘魯安梯斯山脈高處的馬丘比丘的印加城；偏遠的太平洋復活節(jié)島上神秘而巨大的石刻人頭肖像。試題精解41.精解本題考查的知識點是：段落內一致性原則+詞語的復現(xiàn)本題的解答方法有兩種：順讀法和逆讀法。先看順讀法，文章首句是全文的主題句：考古學研究的時間很長，涉及到的主題也多種多樣。第二句出現(xiàn)了特征詞earliest，并將第一段的中心內容縮小為：最早的考古研究主題是人類起源。接下來的內容主要舉例說明這方面的研究，如：人類祖先的化石殘骸、最早的考古遺址。根據(jù)段落一致性原則，除非出現(xiàn)表示轉折的邏輯詞，空格處的內容應圍繞這一中心內容展開論述。從內容上判斷，只有E項正確。該項第一、二句提到人類足跡和最早的工具的使用，依然屬于對于人類起源研究的范疇。此外，該項也出現(xiàn)了原詞Laetoli的復現(xiàn)以及第二句some sites contain evidence of the earliest與原文中的These sites contain evidence of the first結構上的呼應。邏輯詞also表明空格處填入的內容和上文是并列邏輯關系。C、D項出現(xiàn)了同義詞的復現(xiàn)，即first對應原文中的earliest，G項復現(xiàn)了原詞sites，但C項中的“到達美洲的人口”，D項中“導管植物”（vascular plants），G項中的“人類的偉大成就”顯然都與空白處的上文無法銜接。也可用逆讀法，空格出現(xiàn)在一段末。其上文提到一些直立行走的兩足動物（類似猿的早期人類），下文則提到最早具有現(xiàn)代身體特征的人類。因此空格處的內容也應該圍繞人類展開論述，提到humans或其同義詞的有B、C、E、G項。然后再根據(jù)段落內一致性原則，排除干擾項，得出E項正確。42.精解 本題考查的知識點是：句際關系+特征詞的呼應本題空格出現(xiàn)在二段末。該段首句提到最早具有現(xiàn)代特征的人類出現(xiàn)的時間；第二句提到早期人類從非洲移民定居歐亞大陸。表面上看，空格所在上文的這兩句之間的邏輯關系不是很明確，似乎在說不同的方面，但是它們中的特征詞即表時間的數(shù)字顯示了其邏輯關系：時間上的順接關系，從“20萬年至15萬年前”到“10萬年至1萬5年前”。這種關系在填入第一段末的E項中也得到了體現(xiàn)，該項末句剛好提到了“90萬年前”。提到時間數(shù)字的只有B和C項。根據(jù)時間順接關系排除B項，得出C項正確。該項中的邏輯詞also體現(xiàn)了它和上文間的并列邏輯關系。填入后，整個段落的內容是考古研究對不同年代人類活動的記載：最早現(xiàn)代人類的出現(xiàn)、人類從非洲向歐亞的移民、人類首次到達美洲。43.精解 本題考查的知識點是：上下文的銜接+詞語的復現(xiàn)本題空格出現(xiàn)在三段末。該段內容分兩個層次，第一、二句為一個意群，講述考古學在記載農業(yè)發(fā)展方面的意義。第三句則講述了考古學在人類早期文明研究方面的重要作用。第三句是個長句，其主干結構是Archaeology plays a major role in the study of early civilizations, such as those of the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, who and the ancient Egyptians, who。該句舉例說明了人類早期文明：蘇美爾人修建了烏爾城，而古埃及人以吉薩城附近的金字塔和西比斯帝王谷的皇家陵墓聞名。因此空格處填入的內容要么與上面兩個層次的內容呈并列關系，論述考古學其他方面的作用。要么承接最近的上文即第三句，繼續(xù)論述有關人類文明方面的內容。A項出現(xiàn)了表例證關系的邏輯詞for example，但后面的內容卻是關于奢華的埋葬儀式。這無法與上文中的烏爾城、皇家陵墓并列。C項提到考古研究記載了人類到達美洲的信息，但該內容與上文的人類文明也無法并列。只有G項繼續(xù)列舉人類文明的表現(xiàn)：科羅拉多州梅莎爾地的古代阿納薩齊人的崖下住居；位于秘魯安梯斯山脈高處的馬丘比丘的印加城；偏遠的太平洋復活節(jié)島上神秘而巨大的石刻人頭肖像。該項首句中human achievement與上文（human）civilization屬于同義詞復現(xiàn)。44.精解 本題考查的知識點是：段落結構+詞語的復現(xiàn)突出主題本題空格出現(xiàn)在四段末。該段落的結構比較清晰，首句為主題句：考古研究跨越了人類獨有現(xiàn)象的整個發(fā)展階段。第二句中邏輯詞for instance表明下文舉例說明首句論點。該例子中出現(xiàn)的大量相關語義的詞匯bury，dead，afterlife，burials，graves，funeral使主題句中的“人類獨有現(xiàn)象”明確為“埋葬儀式”。符合該段主題內容的只有A項。該項以邏輯詞for example開始，通過“西潘地區(qū)莫切人貴族們的奢華的埋葬儀式”這一例子說明了上文中提到的論點“埋葬過程和葬禮儀式變得極其重要而且成為了繁文褥節(jié)”。45.精解 本題考查的知識點是：段落結構本題空格出現(xiàn)在五段末。該段和第四段結構相似。段首為主題句：考古學也研究了更近的歷史時期。第二句以邏輯詞for instance為標志，舉出“考古學家對美國殖民生活的研究”的例子來論證主題。而接下來的內容則具體論述這種研究的內容：早期殖民者用玻璃珠子與土著民族交換食物；種植園上奴隸的生活反映出他們的起源；美國的第一批主要城市的發(fā)展。因此空格處的內容要么與上文呈并列關系，共同論證段落主旨；要么承接上文，繼續(xù)論述美國的殖民生活。F項第一、二句提到，一個研究項目涉及對全美國現(xiàn)代城市垃圾的研究。這種現(xiàn)代垃圾相當于考古記錄中發(fā)現(xiàn)的遺骸。其中出現(xiàn)的present-day和archaeological record與原文中的more recent和Archaeology相呼應。因此暗示這個選項的內容是關于“更近的歷史時期”的考古研究。全文翻譯木哥考研 考研方法第一人 加QQ 1300331396 在線指導,空間每天分享考研經驗技巧資料考古學研究覆蓋了很長的時間段，涉及到各種各樣的主題?？脊艑W研究最早的研究對象從人類的起源開始。這些研究對象包括被認為居住在350萬年至450萬年前的人類祖先的化石殘骸。最早的考古遺址在埃塞俄比亞的哈達、坦桑尼亞的利特里、肯尼亞的圖爾卡納以及東非的其他一些地方。這些遺址包含了早期兩足動物（直立行走、類似猿的早期人類）出現(xiàn)的證據(jù)。利特里甚至展現(xiàn)了360萬年前的人類足跡。一些遺址也包含了最早使用的簡單工具的證據(jù)?？脊艑W家們還記錄了原始人類如何在約180萬年前從非洲擴展到亞洲，然后在約90萬年前進入歐洲的。最早具有現(xiàn)代身體特征的人類（智人）出現(xiàn)在約20萬年至15萬年前的熱帶非洲。該時間是分子生物學家和考古學家一起測定的。遍及亞洲和歐洲的許多考古遺址說明了人類在最后一個冰河時代（10萬年至1萬5千年前）是如何從非洲移民并定居在這兩個大陸的?？脊叛芯恳蔡峁┝岁P于12萬年前首先到達兩個美洲的人類的許多信息?？脊艑W家證明了農業(yè)的發(fā)展發(fā)生約10萬年前。早期的馴養(yǎng)活動植物的種植和收割以及動物的繁殖和放牧在約旦和墨西哥等地的一些古代定居點非常明顯?？脊艑W在早期文明（如美索不達米亞的蘇美爾人以及古埃及人）的研究中起著主要的作用。蘇美爾人修建了烏爾城，而古埃及人以吉薩城附近的金字塔和西比斯帝王谷的皇家陵墓聞名。其他代表人類偉大成就的遺址各式各樣，像科羅拉多州梅莎爾地的古代阿納薩齊人（北美洲的一群早期土著美國人）的崖下住居；位于秘魯安梯斯山脈高處的馬丘比丘的印加城；偏遠的太平洋復活節(jié)島上神秘而巨大的石刻人頭肖像。 考古研究跨越了人類特有現(xiàn)象的整個發(fā)展階段。比如，考古學講述了人類什么時候學會埋葬死人并形成對死后靈魂的信仰。在歐洲和西南亞洲，一些遺址中發(fā)現(xiàn)了最初的簡樸而有目的的墳墓埋葬行為的跡象，這樣的遺址最早可以追溯到40萬年前。到人們生活在文明中的時候，埋葬過程和葬禮儀式變得極其重要而且成為了繁文褥節(jié)。比如，莫切人的西潘貴族們約公元400年被埋葬，身著優(yōu)質的棉質禮服，佩帶著精致的珠子和金銀裝飾。很少有能與他們的華麗的墳墓相媲美的。能夠追溯這些儀式幾千年的發(fā)展有助于我們理解人類智力和精神的發(fā)展?？脊艑W也研究了更近的歷史時期。比如，一些考古學家和歷史學家一起研究美國殖民生活。他們也獲得了各個方面的信息，如早期的殖民者如何在弗吉尼亞的詹姆斯敦定居、如何用玻璃珠子與土著阿爾岡琴民族交換食物；種植園上奴隸的生活如何反映出他們起源于非洲；美國的第一批主要城市是如何發(fā)展起來的。一個研究項目涉及對全美國現(xiàn)代城市垃圾的研究。這種垃圾相當于現(xiàn)代社會中發(fā)現(xiàn)的考古記錄的遺骸。將來，考古學家會繼續(xù)開拓新的研究領域。11、Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) A Physical Changes B Low Self-Esteem C Emerging Independence and Search for Identity D Emotional Turbulence E Interest in the Opposite Sex F Peer Pressure and ConformityThe transition to adulthood is difficult. Rapid physical growth begins in early adolescence typically between the ages of 9 and 13 and thought processes start to take on adult characteristics. Many youngsters find these changes distressing because they do not fully understand what is happening to them. Fears and anxieties can be put to rest by simply keeping an open line of communication and preparing for change before it occurs. The main issues that arise during adolescence are:(41) _A childs self worth is particularly fragile during adolescence. Teenagers often struggle with an overwhelming sense that nobody likes them, that theyre not as good as other people, that they are failures, losers, ugly or unintelligent. (42) _Some form of bodily dissatisfaction is common among pre-teens. If dissatisfaction is great, it may cause them to become shy or very easily embarrassed. In other cases, teens may act the opposite loud and angry in an effort to compensate for feelings of self-consciousness and inferiority. As alarming as these bodily changes can be, adolescents may find it equally distressing to not experience the changes at the same time as their peers. Late maturation can cause feelings of inferiority and awkwardness. (43) _Young people feel more strongly about everything during adolescence. Fears become more frighteni