專四寫作輔導(dǎo)和寫作中常見錯(cuò)誤.doc

專四寫作輔導(dǎo)第一節(jié) 寫作要求及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（一）測(cè)試要求(a) 要求根據(jù)所出的題目和列出的寫作提綱或圖表、數(shù)字統(tǒng)計(jì)表等(也附有寫作提綱)寫一篇200詞左右的短文。能做到內(nèi)容切題、完整、條理清楚，文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語法正確，語言通順恰當(dāng)?？荚嚂r(shí)間35分鐘。(b) 寫便條：要求根據(jù)提示寫大約50-60詞的通知、便條、請(qǐng)貼等。要求格式正確，語言得體?？荚嚂r(shí)間10分鐘。（二）題型：本部分為主觀試題，分兩節(jié)：SectionA和SectionB。Section A：作文(Composition)本節(jié)是作文，題目主要屬于記敘文、說明文或議論文的范圍。Section B：寫便條(Note-writing)本節(jié)是寫便條。 測(cè)試目的：按照教學(xué)大綱的要求測(cè)試學(xué)生在基礎(chǔ)階段末期用英語書面表達(dá)思想的能力。（三）評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(a) 作文評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1. 本題滿分為15分。 2. 閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共分五等：15分、14-12分、11-9分、8-6分及5-3分。 15分文章內(nèi)容切題，表達(dá)思想清楚，行文通順流暢；論證嚴(yán)密，論據(jù)充分，基本上無語言錯(cuò)誤。 14-12分文章內(nèi)容切題，表達(dá)思想清楚，語言比較通順連貫，只有極少量語法錯(cuò)誤。 11-9分文章內(nèi)容基本切題。尚能表達(dá)中心思想，但說理不夠清楚，文字連貫不夠好；有少量語言錯(cuò)誤。 8-6分基本切題。表達(dá)思想不清楚，連貫性差。語言錯(cuò)誤多。 5-3分文章條理不清，語言缺乏連貫，句子錯(cuò)誤很多，或語言雖通順流暢但完全偏題。(b) 便條寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與樣卷1 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)根據(jù)2004年新版考試大綱，便條滿分為10分，從格式、內(nèi)容、語言以及語言得體性四方面進(jìn)行評(píng)分。2007年專業(yè)四級(jí)便條寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)分構(gòu)成分值要求扣分標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 日期 2右上角，April 22nd, 2007/22 April, 2007/Apr. 22, 2007/22/4/2007/4/22/2007/April 22nd/Apr. 22/凡不符合上述正確格式要求均扣1分。結(jié)束語和謙稱在同一行，人名沒寫或用xx 表示扣1分，最多扣2分 稱呼在日期下一行左側(cè)，Dear Jimmy,/Dear Jimmy:/Jimmy: 結(jié)尾右下方，Truly yours,/Yours truly,/Yours sincerely,/Sincerely yours,/Yours,內(nèi)容 3涵蓋invited + declining+ explaining 少1點(diǎn)扣1分，最多3項(xiàng)內(nèi)容扣3分語言 4語法、詞法正確嚴(yán)重語法、詞法錯(cuò)誤扣1分，一個(gè)句子或同類錯(cuò)誤扣1分，拼寫等小錯(cuò)誤2個(gè)扣1分，最多扣4分語言得體性 1總分在8分以上考慮加此分總字?jǐn)?shù)50-60字（包括三部分格式）少于40或多于80字扣1分日期、稱呼、結(jié)尾全左對(duì)齊也可：如：April 22,2007Dear Jimmy,I haveSincerely yours,Sally（四） 樣卷分析題目要求Section A CompositionNowadays, the Internet has become part of peoples life, and millions of young people have made friends online.Write on Answer Sheet Two a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:Is it Wise to Make Friends Online?You are to write in three parts.In the first part of your article you should clearly present your view.In the second part you should support your opinion with appropriate details.In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.(14 Pts)Is it Wise to Make Friends Online?With the Internet becoming an indispensable part of modern peoples life, making friends on line enjoys its great popularity, especially among young people. However, is it wise to make friends online, as many parents and teachers are worrying about? As far as I am concerned, I strongly oppose being addicted to making friends online.Firstly, too much attention to online friends distracts your concerns to the true friends and families in the real world. If we look around, we often find a lot of young people staying online and chatting with online friends all day long. By the same time, the communication between them and the friends around them are becoming less and less. Therefore, they feel lonelier in real life and spend more time on Internet.Besides, online friends are often disguised. A large number of cases have proved that many criminals make use of Internet to cheat of money or love. Even if they are not cheaters, they tend to be totally different persons when you get in actual contact with them. Theres always a gap between the real world and the imaginary one.Nevertheless, it is unwise to make friends online. Those who are indulging in Internet should cast your eyesight to the friendship and kinship in the real life. What you should do is to seek solution, but not to escape.(12 pts)Is it Wise to Make Friends Online?Nowadays, it has been a fashion to make friends online, and more and more teenagers, college students and even many adults will spend a lot of time chatting with people on the Internet. But I dont think it is wise to make friends online.Firstly, most people will not reveal their real identity on the Internet, which will not enable you to make true friends. Just imagine, a young lady you are talking with may be an old man, and Im sure we will feel very bad when we are exposed to the truth. Besides, the friends online can bring bad effect to people, especially for teenagers. The unhealthy stuff will both physically and psychologically influence young people and, in a certain degree, can lead an unproper way to their whole life. At last, making friends online can do bad to the relationship between you and your family and friends in real life. Being addicted to the Internet makes you ignore the reality. You will be angry about your parents persuading and after a long time, maybe you will find you have lost the ability of how to communicate with others properly.In a word, it is not wise to make friends online. I hope everyone can focus on the reality instead of wasting too much time making friends on the Internet.(9 pts)Is it Wise to Make Friends Online?There is a tendency we cant deny that most of us have access to Internet. Susequently, making friends online has become a common thing. Some may argue that making friends online isnt a good choice, however, personally, I hold the idea that it is wiser to make friends online.On one hand, its a kind of company. When we live in our apartment, we seldom communicate to the neighbors, esp. that our family members are outside, the sense of feel lonely overcome us. Therefore, in order to get rid of this, we need to find someone to talk with. Then making friends online is a good way to solve this problem. Meanwhile, we can not only gain friendship, but also exchange our minds. In this way, we obtain a sense of satisfaction from talking with a stranger who will tend to say beautiful words towards us.On the other hand, making friends online help us enrich our sight. We make friends, coming from different areas, accordingly, we obtain a lot of information that we cant get from our limited knowledge. Sometimes, friends online encourage us to read helpful books where will be able to learn more.All in all, from my point of view, making friends is helpful for enriching our knowledge and helping us encourage with others, hence, it is advisable to makes friends on line as long as we use it properly.(7 pts)Is it Wise to Make Friends Online?People would like to make the best of Internet to broaden their minds, they can get large information, they can play interesting games, even they can mak friends online. While a question has been arisen: “Is it wise to make friends on line?”The Internet is not reality, you can not trust a person through the Internet. Now I would not like to talk about the advantages of the Internet, while the disadvantages you can not deny is existing. Many people make the most of it to do bad things, such as trick you that he is need of money eagerly and wise you would help him as a friend, or character as your friend to inform your family that you are in danger and need money to save you. All the things can be seen on the newspapers magazines,etc. So it is unwise to trust a so called online friend.I can Jump to the conclude that it is unwise to make friends on line, because it is not reality, also we can not trust others without knowing the person well. So lets do utmost to make the base use of the advantages of the Internet. Cherish the friends around us!(5pts) Is it Wise to Make Friends Online?I think it is wise to make friends online. First, Now jobs pressure more and more. Everyone cannot better talk face to face. Second, Friends online may speak everything of them.Third, Friends online may help something of them and solve some problem.The forth,Friends online may gain more knowledge and information.All in all, make friends online is wise in the society. Make friends online cannt change a 潮流。 Everyone may enjoy Everyone with his friends online.!Section B Note-writingWrite on Answer Sheet Two a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation:Your classmate, Jimmy, is head of the universitys swimming club. He has invited you to join the club, but you like some other sport. Write him a note, declining his invitation and explaining why.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.(9 pts)April 22nd, 2007Dear Jimmy,Its very kind of you to invite me to join the universitys swimming club. I am most grateful to be asked. However, Ive already joined a basketball club. You know I like playing basketball very much. I am afraid I do not have enough time to take part in two sports. I am very sorry for that and really regret that I would miss such an excellent chance of enjoying swimming with you. Good luck to your club. Yours, Mike(7 pts)22 April, 2007Dear Jimmy,Thank you for your inviting me to participating in the universitys swimming club. But I regret to tell you that Im not able to join you, since I found myself more interested in the basketball club. I hope you will not be angry to me. Yours, Mike(5 pts)Dear Jimmy,Sorry! I couldnt take part in your university swimming club, because I more like football. I have to decline your invitation. What a pity! I am sure you will not be angry at me, because you are always my best friend.Sorry again! Yours, TomApril 22, 2007(3pts)Hello, Jimmy:Im shy to tell you I like other sport. So I dont take part in you club. You may ask : why? Not because other reasons, I interested more in pingpong and it is more cheaper. I think, except me, more people will support you. Tony英語寫作中典型的病句 一 不一致（Disagreements）所謂不一致不光指主謂不一致，它還包括了數(shù)的不一致時(shí)態(tài)不一致及代詞不一致等例 When one have money ,he can do what he want to .(人一旦有了錢，他就能想干什么就干什么)剖析：one是單數(shù)第三人稱，因而本句的have應(yīng)改為has ;同理，want應(yīng)改為wants.本句是典型的主謂不一致改為：Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)二 修飾語錯(cuò)位（Misplaced Modifiers）英語與漢語不同，同一個(gè)修飾語置于句子不同的位置，句子的含義可能引起變化對(duì)于這一點(diǎn)中國學(xué)生往往沒有引起足夠的重視，因而造成了不必要的誤解例 I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus. 剖析：better位置不當(dāng)，應(yīng)置于句末三 句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）例 There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on . 剖析：本句后半部分for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一個(gè)完整的句子，僅為一些不連貫的詞語，不能獨(dú)立成句改為：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.四 懸垂修飾語（Dangling Modifiers）所謂懸垂修飾語是指句首的短語與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混亂不清例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 這句中at the age of ten只點(diǎn)出十歲時(shí)，但沒有說明” 誰”十歲時(shí)按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我們把這個(gè)懸垂修飾語改明確一點(diǎn)，全句就不那么費(fèi)解了改為：When I was ten, my grandfather died.例 To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析：句中不定式短語 “to do well in college” 的邏輯主語不清楚改為：To do well in college, a student needs good grades.五 詞性誤用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)“詞性誤用”常表現(xiàn)為：介詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用；形容詞當(dāng)副詞用；名詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用等例 None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative 系形容詞，誤作動(dòng)詞。改為：None can deny the importance of money.六 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)指代不清主要講的是代詞與被指代的人或物關(guān)系不清，或者先后所用的代詞不一致。試看下面這一句：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(瑪麗和我姐姐很要好，因?yàn)樗鏊陌槟铩?讀完上面這一句話，讀者無法明確地判斷兩位姑娘中誰將結(jié)婚，誰將當(dāng)伴娘。如果我們把易于引起誤解的代詞的所指對(duì)象加以明確，意思就一目了然了。這個(gè)句子可改為：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself. 剖析：句中人稱代詞we 和反身代詞yourself指代不一致。改為：We can also know society by serving it ourselves.七 不間斷句子(Run-on Sentences)什么叫run-on sentence?請(qǐng)看下面的例句。例 There are many ways we get to know the outside world.剖析：這個(gè)句子包含了兩層完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。簡單地把它們連在一起就不妥當(dāng)了。改為：There are many ways for us t