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教育 學(xué)習(xí) 知識類教育的目的是什么？Throughout the nation and history, it has emphasized public education as means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity and preparing new generations of citizens in society. Therefore education should aim at improvement of both ones morals and faculties. (Logical thinking, analysis, creativity, independent thinking, cooperating什么是真正的教育？It is not only simply providing students knowledge which can be derived from their textbook by students themselves. Genuine education also helps student to form a comprehensive philosophy of the world and human life.“Genuine education is not stuffing of information into a person, but rather eliciting knowledge from him, it is the drawing out of what is in the mind.”老師的作用：Teachers just like the lighthouse of the boundless sea in the darkness, orienting and enlightening their boats to ensure they make it to the bank of success.正規(guī)教育的基本作用：1 他的重點在于basic skills.A. we learn music and arts, thus we know that the world consisted of beauties.B. we learn that mathematics more than the simple figures in our textbooks, but also a logical way to understand our worlds.2 他為imagination and creativity 提供了 foundation.不接受正規(guī)教育也能成功的例子：(興趣的重要性)Bill Gates serves as chairman of Microsoft Corporation, the leading computer software company in the world. He entered Harvard in 1973 and dropped out two years later when he started the engine of Microsoft. Many people didnt understand why Gates gave up such a good opportunity to study in the worlds No.1 university. However, as size comes to power, the company dominates the PC market with its operation system such as MS-dos and Windows. The success of the company made Gates one of the most influential figures and the richest man in the world.我們學(xué)會教育孩子了嗎？說我們沒能學(xué)會教育孩子是不公平的，我們的家長在知識結(jié)構(gòu)上已經(jīng)更加全面了，他們能讓孩子受到最好的教育，課余時間陪孩子看書，旅游擴大他們的視野（horizon）Now we learn to absorb the essence of exotic cultures to offset our own weak points; we learn to pay hour respect to both women and blacks; we provide help to the people who lose their jobs and we treat disabled equally without discrimination. All of these formed a civilized society that could bring positive effect to the growth descendants. 缺少教育的后果：Lacking the right value system, lacking the ability of independent thinking, lacking the ability to cooperate with partners could be serious weakness to ones life in society. Yet, one could never derive all the above abilities by self-learning, but communicating and interacting with classmates and teachers in school. 目前教育的缺陷：It is so stuffed with an indigestible mass of material that the students have no time to draw on their own resources, to use their own minds for analyzing and evaluating this material. The better way to educate students learning is to encourage the mutual communication between teachers and students both in classes and beyond.興趣的作用：（選擇職業(yè)和興趣，科學(xué)研究和興趣，教育和興趣）Interest is the best teacher by providing us constant courage and motivation in every business of lives, with which people can come through any frustration with confidence and face their own personal fears. “I have no special gifts, but strong curiosity to the unknown” -Albert Einstein例子：In his early year, Darwin shows significant interests in hunting, collecting ores and preparing of specimens. However, his father thought it was a waste of time, thus sent him to the seminary expecting him to be a priest. Darwin didnt make the concession. His strong interest drove him take part into the global inspection. Finally he became a famous biologist and wrote “The Origin of Species” 科技類： 科技的好處與弊端Progress of technology is a road on which we travel from past fraught with impossibility and mystery to the future replete with diversification and possibility. Automobiles, trains and airplanes reduce the time we spend on the trips drastically, thus realizing the dream of human beings about traveling around the world; Internet, multimedia and telephones sped up the communication to within minutes which could only happen over days and months before between two continents, integrating all the continents in the planets into one world; development of medicine delivers lives back to so many persons which conferring new meaning of lives to them; Renovation of knowledge and prosperity of science spark persons immerge themselves in efforts to search for truth infinitely in our material and spiritual world. However, we are confronted with many pressing problems springing from the progress of technology. With the quickening pace of modern life, the environmental problem are agonizing the society every day and pose a huge threat on our human beings survival while we are enjoying the fruits of industrialization and modernization; the Internet and computers bring about new crime and damage to society while emancipating us from heavy work and inconvenience; the multimedia and instant communication have sped up the communication, but conversely, the connections among people have been less and delicate; development of medicine and biology help persons embrace new hope of lives as, but simultaneously, bringing variety of virus to the world and being applied to the military affairs fly in the face of thousands of lives of people. 科技的好處：As our technology develops, our life becomes easier. We really enjoy ourselves because of the benefits brought by the development of modern innovations such as planes and computers which makes it possible that we could travel several continents in a single day and gather a load of information with a single click of mouse. And with the significant progress made in the means of communication we can talk with people thousands miles away which make our business more effective. (醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展) 科技是一把雙刃劍：As the saying goes, every coin has two sides, technology itself cannot be judged either positive or negative. It is like a double edged-sword which is good if in the right hands while evil if in the wrong hands. 有些科技是有好有壞的，比如核能（nuclear power）克?。╟lone）還有一些違反了人們的道德水準(zhǔn)如墮胎（induce abortion）If we use nuclear power as a kind of energy stuff to replace those tradition materials it could be an inexhaustible resource, however, if we use it to create atomic bomb it can bring the nightmare to all the human being. 科技害處： Produce more commodities in order to satisfy the great demand of social developments. Consequently: Resource are exploited for power and raw materials The water we drink is no longer safe The air we breathe is laden with the pollutants Certain species of animals are on the verge of extinction Strong family ties have become tenuous.科技帶來失業(yè)：Automation has improved production efficiency and quality control, and has reduced the need to have workers perform potentially dangerous tasks. On the other hand, automation has made many jobs unnecessary, putting employees out of work, or forcing them to retrain. 我們解決科技的辦法：It is more important for us to preserve our living condition than rescue it after its destruction. 工業(yè)革命對于科技的影響：（科技改變的我們的習(xí)俗，但最終還是道德與習(xí)俗制約著科技）After the industry revolution, our productive force had been emancipated by the introduction of electronic production line. And the condition of women has been changed a lot. They won higher social status and able to work in well paid factories rather than nurturing children and caring elders at home all day long.科技并沒有改變我們的人道主義：在物質(zhì)生活方面，科技給了我們很大的改變，但是在人類本性上是很難有改變的，如我們永無止境的欲望，戰(zhàn)神等等。但是科技的發(fā)展能夠使我們更好的提供 humanitarian assistance （Indian Ocean tsunami）也是我們更好的合作,這些從某些程度上改變了人性。 歷史類：歷史的作用是什么？When we look back on the progress our human being have come through, we see that history records the beginning, thriving and the declining of human being. Therefore today people strengthen more energy in studying history.1. 激勵當(dāng)代的學(xué)者，學(xué)生，給他們帶來面對困難的勇氣。通過激勵作用明確孩子的目標(biāo)，這樣反過來又促進他們的學(xué)習(xí)，并且對其他人來說又能克服生活中的困難。2. 更好的理解與發(fā)揚我們的文化。3. 避免再次犯錯。4. 從歷史中學(xué)習(xí)方法：suzi the art of war 歷史有其相似性：Admittedly, by studying history, we find that there exist various similarities between different periods. Some archaeologists found that the structure of brain of people lived 7000 years ago was almost the same as ours. This indicates that the way we think and the action we take under certain condition would just as our ancestors did. We note that some internal emotions such as the desire of both love and truth have not faded by time. Whats more, to some extent, I concede that history is amazing the same. 不同時期的主題是不同的：Thousand years ago, when our forefathers were fishing or hunting and struggling for next unwarranted meal, would they ever considered the environmental problem, the population explosion and the resource exploitation? Of course, they would never imagine these problems we suffer today. Different time has its different theme. 80 years ago, the main current of the world was war, the most thing people cared was how to victory and to centralize the resource of the world. Who knows that merely after half century our topic becomes how to cooperate with people from different countries and different cultures. And as the technology develops in such a great pace, the highest word we use in our daily life is globalization. The solution our government took in the cold war is no longer suitable in twenty first century. Eternal truths will be neither true nor eternal unless they have fresh meaning for every new social situation Growth and change are the law of all life. Yesterdays answers are inadequate for todays problem-just as the solutions of today will not fill the needs of tomorrow.歷史讓我們避免犯同樣的錯誤：The crucial target of studying history is not simply discovery similarities or dissimilarities between different periods, but to learn from history. As an old saying goes, histories make men wise. It is like a mirror through which we predict what would happen tomorrow, thus we could prevent certain disaster. For example, from the Great Depression, we learn that despite Capitalism believes in market economy, government should always control and regulate economic system to ensure it runs healthily. Therefore, this year, when global economic crisis roll again, we are able to take the immediate action and never been pushed to the corner again. In short, the reason why we study history is to prevent making the same mistake the second time.誰推動了歷史？人民重要 Great Wall in China.“We should believe in and rely on the masses.”-Chair Mao但是杰出人物也重要，如New deal- Roosevelt-United States recovers from the Great DepressionNewton-Mechanics Albert Einstein- the theory of relativity.我們?yōu)槭裁粗魂P(guān)注名人？可能是因為歷史更加關(guān)注杰出人物的發(fā)展，對于沒有名氣的人不會予以詳細(xì)的記載。也可能是我們的求出名的心理因素造成的。 However, no one would deny the fact that almost all the history records concentrate on recording heroes and distinguished person who once changed the society. We can hardly find any material that recording nobody with a great detail. To some extent, history only represented by outstanding individual could be well approved. 藝術(shù)類：藝術(shù)的作用：According to what Freud has said art, in essence, is a kind of release of individual lust, converting the human libido into plentiful creativity. It is through the work of art that artists express their passions, emotions and desires. From this we can see, art is therefore, first and foremost, concerning with the inner world rather than with the outside one as a whole.理解人性 反映人性：Present us with insight into what is eternal and universal. Behind the profound work of art is a set of principles of humanity that always prevail. Arts come from life but higher than life. By reading books, watching movies, going to galleries, we find that our surroundings actually are so wonderful, which we would never pay attention to in our daily lives. Whats more, some arts could well reflect the potential problems of society; they provide us a more profound way to understand our word. （如果沒有電影，沒有書，沒有音樂，我們的生活would be dreary）文藝復(fù)興的影響力：Renaissance 在文學(xué)（literature），繪畫（painting），建筑（architecture）突破了教會的禁錮(confirm of church)，充分展現(xiàn)了humanity, 帶來了人文主義Humanism，并最終使得science有了長足的發(fā)展。藝術(shù)作品：繪畫作品推動社會Picasso created the style of Cubism, which shows the inner logic, the internal contradictions and the intimate structure of matter. This completely new perspective of treating matter greatly contributes to the design of modern architecture, thereby significantly improved our living condition. 藝術(shù)作品有爭議not all the arts would like Van Goghs Sunflowers which expresses his fanaticism of life or like Beethovens Destiny that strongly inspires our heart and soul.藝術(shù)家與批評家：Critics and artists are a sort of symbiosis. They supplement each other. And the greatest works are those which are created by artists, evaluated by critics and proofed by time.評論家在評論作平的時候也是守到主觀因素（知識結(jié)構(gòu)，個人喜好）支配的(one thousand readers, there would exists one thousand hamlets)，因此也會有不同的看法，但是這些看法匯集起來也是一個很大的資源庫，觀眾可以從中做出自己的判斷。并且，當(dāng)這些信息反饋到藝術(shù)家那里可以幫助他們improve。政府資助藝術(shù)政府資助藝術(shù)會影響藝術(shù)的發(fā)展，應(yīng)為政府有其自己的價值觀，有自己的利益。如 In the 1950s to the 1990s, the Soviet Union government always funded the arts. In order to get the funding from the government, many artists chose to create some arty works which the government favors. After several decades, the diversity of the arts in Soviet Union has been heavily threatened. 但是政府需要資助藝術(shù) 因為藝術(shù)可以反過來解決社會問題（拍賣，捐款）A 藝術(shù)的發(fā)展不受the law of market 的支配，往往不能給藝術(shù)家?guī)砘镜氖杖搿?B. 有些藝術(shù)必須有國家資助才能完成，如建筑 The art of architecture .如 鳥巢（Nest, the National Stadium ,Beijing Olympic Games ）如此大的投入40億，工程如此復(fù)雜。國家對藝術(shù)的資助有利于其spread and promote.如 In 1938 the United States government continued to acts as the chief patron of the arts in American. The art projects of the Works Progress Administration and of the Treasury Department continued the programs, employing several thousand artists and bringing art before an increasingly large public all over the country.政府類：解決現(xiàn)實問題還是長遠問題？當(dāng)前問題當(dāng)然要解決，他關(guān)系到社會的穩(wěn)定。我們遇到的有很多當(dāng)下的問題，比如環(huán)境，饑餓（famine）For example, now there are still lots of countries in the danger of economy crisis which happened in the beginning of this year. The widely spread crisis incurred serious problems in every field of society such as the bankrupt of companies and the loss of employment. If our governments never take the immediate action to regulate the market, our whole society would broke down.但是長遠問題也是要考慮的，人們之間的任何事件都是 connected with others. 我們現(xiàn)在為將來做打算是有長遠意義的。President Maos decision to encourage more offspring to meet the lack of labor at that time cause quite a heavy burden to China now, so Chinese government have to take the One Child policy by which they could prevent the possibility that one day the population would overweigh the capacity of our environment. 國家長期投入的不切實際的失誤：The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) advocated by Reagan government in 1985 is a good case in po