風景園林專業(yè)英語(第一二課翻譯)

The practice and theory of Landscape Architecture景觀規(guī)劃設計理論【1】Landscape Architecture involves the five major components:They are natural process， human factors， methodology， technology， and values， whatever the scale or emphasis of operation， these five components are consistently relevant.Social and nature factors clearly permeate every facet of a profession that is concerned with people and land.Problem solving， planning， and design methods apply at all scales.Good judgment is consistently required.風景園林設計包含五個主要方面:自然進程、社會進程、方法論、技術、價值觀,無論規(guī)模尺度或運作的重點各不相同,這五個要素一貫是相關的。社會因素和自然因素的因子充斥著這個關系到人與土地的領域的方方面面。解決問題,規(guī)劃、設計方法都會用到所有的尺度。正確的判斷判斷是一貫必須的?！?】Consider how natural factors data are relevant to both planning and design.At the regional scale， the impact of development or change in use on a landscape must be known and evaluated before a policy to allow such action is set.An inventory of the natural factors， including geology， soils， hydrology， topography， climate， vegetation and wildlife， and the ecological relationships between them is fundamental to and understanding of the ecosystem to which change is contemplated.Equally important is an analysis of visual quality .Land use policy can thus be made on the basis of the known vulnerability of resistance of the landscape.In other circumstances the natural processes which add up to a given landscape at a give moment in its evolution may， as at Grand Canyon and other unique places， be considered a resource to be preserved， protected， and managed as a public trust.On a smaller scale， soil and geological conditions may be critical in the determination of the cost and the form of building foundations: where it is most suitable to build and where it is not.Sun， wind， and rain are important factors of design where the development of comfort zones for human activity or the growth of plants is a primary objective.Thus，in many ways natural factors influence land use， site planning， and detailer design.自然因素的考慮與規(guī)劃和設計都有關系。在區(qū)域尺度上，關于利用方面的開發(fā)變化的影響，在政策制定之前，必須了解和評估景觀的脆弱性和敏感性。詳細的自然因素,包括地質(zhì)的、土壤的、水文的、地形地貌的、氣候的、植被的和野生動物的、以及它們之間的生態(tài)關系是理解它將要改變的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的基礎。同樣重要的是視覺質(zhì)量的分析。土地利用政策的基礎是由于了解到景觀的脆弱性和抗損性的基礎上建立的。在某些發(fā)展進化的過程中，一些在特定的時刻作用到特定的景觀的自然進程會產(chǎn)生一些公共資源,比如科羅拉多大峽谷，讓我們后人去保護它和管理它。在小尺度上，土壤和地質(zhì)條件是決定建筑的成本和建筑基礎形態(tài)的關鍵要素哪里適宜建立以及哪里不適宜。設計是為人類發(fā)展活動找到適宜的空間或者以植物的生長為主要目標，因此，陽光,風和雨是設計最重要的要素。因此,場地和區(qū)域的自然要素在景觀規(guī)劃和設計的許多過程當中相互作用?！?】The social factors apply equally at various scales.In site planning and landscape design， cultural variation in the use and appreciation of open space and parks and the physical and social needs of the young and old are some of the many variables to be considered in a design process that aims to be responsive to social values and human needs.In decisions relates to appropriation of landscape for recreation and aesthetic value peoples perception of the environment and the behavioral patterns understand the impact of environment on behavior and also appreciate the basic human need to manipulate and control the environment.社會因素也同樣應用在不同尺度上。在場地規(guī)劃設計中，對開放空間和公園使用和喜好上的文化差異和年輕人與老年人的生理和社會需求，是以創(chuàng)造社會價值和滿足人們需求為目的的設計過程中需要考慮的眾多因素當中的一部分。為了游憩或者景觀價值而投資的決策價值和人的行為模式是息息相關的，設計師必須了解環(huán)境對人類行為的影響，同時還要意識到人類對于操縱和控制環(huán)境的最基本的人類需求，這兩點是非常重要的?！?】Technology is the means by which a design is implemented or on which a policy depends.Some of it changes year by year as new materials， machinery， and techniques are developed.Specific areas of technology include plants， planting and ecological succession， soil science， hydrology and sewage treatment， microclimate control， surface drainage， erosion control， hard surfaces， and maintenance.工業(yè)技術是技術得以實施或政策得以指定的基礎，隨著每年材料、機器、技術的提高，它們在三種景觀規(guī)劃設計當中的作用是清楚的。具體的技術領域,包括植物栽培和生態(tài)進程、土壤科學、水文、污水處理、小氣候控制、地表排水、侵蝕控制、道路鋪裝和維護保養(yǎng)。 【5】設計方法的使用是一個過程，在這個過程中，所有相關的要素和變量都得到了評價，并且對解決問題的過程產(chǎn)生影響。在這個過程中，制圖技術、分析技術和標識系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮了重要作用。有一個由霍普林提出來的針對創(chuàng)新過程的評價方法值得推薦，他指出像在音樂和舞蹈比賽中使用的打分法一樣，使得設計過程更加公開化、可視化。這種方法能允許更多的人參與到設計和政策制定的過程中，并且使大尺度的復雜環(huán)境的設計形成更多新的方法，使設計方案更加人性化。 【6】把上述五大要素結合起來的目的是為了搭建一個基礎，使得在這個基礎上編制的規(guī)劃方案和詳細設計方案，能夠滿足人們的行為方式，并適應環(huán)境的條件特征。因為這兩者（行為方式和環(huán)境特征）是會隨著文化區(qū)域和鄰里關系而產(chǎn)生差異的，所以不可能有一勞永逸的設計方案。在復雜問題的判斷中，對于自然和社會的分析是關鍵的。從而編制出一個合適的設計形態(tài)和平面關系?！?】設計的過程可以比作創(chuàng)造了設計上最偉大景觀的原始造型過程，（設計的目的是為了讓形態(tài)的發(fā)展及它們之間的相互關系更符合人們的需求，）山脊與山谷，充滿水的盆地，山峰都反映了地質(zhì)結構和外力侵蝕的相互作用，我們現(xiàn)在看見的地表形態(tài)是無機物在強加于它之上的外界風化作用的結果。從南坡到北坡，從草地到高原，從山谷到亂石堆的植被覆蓋的差異是由于景觀分異造成的不同環(huán)境條件的反映，生物的分布也是受到植被的類型和它的分布的影響，任何結果都是有原因的。 所有都不可逆轉的落入到一個持續(xù)的發(fā)展的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)當中。它反映在某個時期特定的時段，自然力和自然過程的意志。這種潛在的、改變地形的強大力量和絕心，正是景觀規(guī)劃和設計師追求的目標。ON GARDEN說園【1】The best gardens are much more than an assortment of beautiful plants.Successful gardens generally represent a careful Integration of diverse elements， ranging from the purely ornamental to the strictly functional.Paths， pools， planters， trellises， arbors， fountains， and fences can contribute enormously to the creation of an exciting and harmonious garden.The same attention one bring to decorating a home and making it “l(fā)ivable” can be used to make a garden a pleasant place to find Privacy， to meditate， and to escape the pressures of a fast-moving， machine-oriented world.最好的園林不僅是一個各式各樣美麗植物的集合。成功的園林通常代表一個不同元素的精心整合,從純觀賞性的到有實際功能的。小徑、水池、花槽、棚架、涼亭，噴泉以及柵欄可以為創(chuàng)造一個令人愉悅興奮、心曠神怡的花園起到重要作用。同樣引起重視的是,裝修一個家并使之“適宜居住”可以創(chuàng)造一個花園，它是一個找到個人生活并令人愉快的地方,冥想,逃避移動迅速和面向機器的世界帶來的的壓力。【2】Its a fact that man-made garden accents establish the “style” of a garden more definitively than plants alone .Period gardens Victorian， French， Elizabethan， American Colonialall demand the proper placement of structural and design elements to make them recognizable.Indeed， the simple addition of a particular style of gazebo， bench， or arbor can instantly “identify” a garden.Similarly， with ethnic gardenssuch as an English cottage garden， Chinese meditation garden ， or an Italian water garden the selection of appropriate fences， bridges， and ornaments brings style and a sense of permanence to the environment.事實上,人造花園的獨特風格不僅僅是園中的植物本身來決定的。維多利亞時期園林,法式園林,伊麗莎白園林,美國殖民地風格都需要合理的結構安排和設計要素以便使他們聲名遠振。事實上,簡單添加一個風格獨特的露臺,長凳,或涼亭能立即“識別”一個花園。同樣的,關于“民族的”花園，例如英國的鄉(xiāng)村園、中國的冥思園、意大利水園都具有特別的籬笆、橋和有式樣的裝飾物以及一種永久的場所感覺?！?】The world over， there are structures that “make” a gardens reputation.At Magnolia Gardens， near Charleston， South Carolina， for example， a sleek trellised footbridge called The Long Bridge Is a “trademark” of the garden.Its distinctive design， traversing the corner of a cypress lake， is immediately identifiable.Somewhat French in style， painted white to contrast with the dark water and the tall cypress trees draped with the Spanish moss.The bridge helps create a romantic atmosphere， which probably makes it the subject of more photographs and paintings than any other garden structure in the world.在全世界，構筑物使花園成名。在靠近南加利福尼亞查理斯頓的木蘭園。例如，一座被稱為“長”的整潔的步行廊橋是柏樹湖的標志，這是很顯而易見的。有時，在法式風格里，白色的油漆和深色水面形成的對比與長滿苔蘚的高大柏樹以及這座橋共同營造了浪漫的氛圍，這種更像主題照片和油畫的場景可能使它勝過于全世界其它花園的構筑物。 【4】Though some structures look good unadorned， as part of a garden composition， others are enhanced by some kind of plant decoration.The British are especially fond of training climbing roses， wisteria， honeysuckle， and Ivy up walls， fences gazebos， and summer house， sometimes so successfully that the structure becomes completely covered in vines， flowers， or foliage.雖然一些建筑沒有其他裝飾,看起來也很不錯,其他的建筑物則被植物點綴裝飾而增強效果。英國人尤其喜歡在涼亭、圍墻和籬笆跳臺上培育攀爬玫瑰、紫藤、金銀花、和常春藤等植物，這種效果是如此成功以至于構筑物被完全掩映在植物中了?！?】Then there are accents that rely on plants alone for dramatic impact.At the Ladew Topiary Gardens， near Baltimore， Maryland， a fox-hunting scene of clipped Japanese yew provides such a whimsical highlight that it has made the garden famous.The realistic， life-size composition of a topiary fox being chased by five topiary hounds and a topiary horse and rider across a section of lawn at the entrance to the garden sets the scene for even more surprising and amusing topiary work in other sections of garden.也有一些完全靠植物本身來形成自己獨特風格的，在馬里蘭州的巴爾的摩的修剪型園林，用修剪的日本紫杉呈現(xiàn)給人們的一個古怪離奇獵狐場面使得這個園林聲名遠揚。構圖里，修剪如實物大小的狐貍正在被五個修剪的獵犬和一個修剪的馬和騎士追逐著穿越一片草坪，把場景引向園林中其他更加精彩離奇的作品?！?】The roles of plants-man and architect in the creation of a beautiful garden are important， but their efforts may fall short without a third important influence the contribution of artist.The best gardens today seem to combine the talents of plants-man， architect， and artist.Sometimes these three skills are embodied in a single person but more frequently they are achieved by a pooling of talents.For example， the beautiful American estate garden of Filoli， near San Francisco， is a result of the collaboration of Isabella Worn， a plants person， and Bruce Porter， a landscape painter.Porter did the overall arrangement of spaces and accents; Worn developed the planting schemes and selected the plants.雖然園藝師和建筑師在園林發(fā)展當中起的作用是非常重要的，但是如果沒有藝術家作為第三方面參與的作品和貢獻，他們的作品也會有所暇疵。當前最好的園林就是集中了園藝師、建筑師、和藝術家的智慧。有時候這三種智慧集于一身，但更多的時候，是眾人智慧的結晶。例如,在美國舊金山附近美麗的地產(chǎn)園林Filoli,是做植物設計的園藝師伊麗莎白沃恩，做空間布局的規(guī)劃師波特和畫家布魯斯波特合作的結果?！?】Impressionist painter Claude Monet was an artist who embodied skills as a plants-man and architect in designing his garden at Giverny， in France.Monet created very simple but stunning flower beds for the entrance of his home.To complement his pink stucco house with distinctive green shutters he planted solid blocks of pink geraniums studded with pink and white rose standards.He bordered these raised flowerbeds with gray foliages dianthus.Bold blocks of color， carefully selected to blend with the nearby structure， is the key to success of this particular garden space.印象派畫家克勞德莫奈在設計法國他自家的花園時，體現(xiàn)了園藝師和建筑師智慧。莫奈在自己家入口處設計了一個非常簡單,但令人驚奇的花壇。為了補充他有著獨特的綠色百葉窗的粉色房子，他定植了一些粉紅色的天竺葵中間點綴粉色和白色玫瑰的花磚。在花墻的邊緣，他用灰葉的石竹來鑲邊。他給這些都增加了以灰色dianthus南市城區(qū)花床一事著實感到抓狂。精心挑選以配合附近建筑的大塊強烈顏色,正是這個獨特的園林空間成功的關鍵所在?！?】Gardens can also be repositories for works of art.These artworks need not be realistic to be an effective embellishment.Garden art began as symbolism in rocks and dead wood， the ancient Chinese bringing into their gardens boulders representing images of mammals.They gave these rock formations names such as “turtle rock”， “owl rock” and “dragon rock” for the objects they resembled.From symbolism in rocks and dead wood， garden makers became obsessed with realism.The more anatomically correct a sculpture， the more highly valued it