論據(jù)(含素材).doc

ArtIts through the work of art that artist express their emotions, passions and desires. Art concerns with the inner world rather than the outside one. (藝術(shù)的表達)Art presents us with insight into what is eternal and universal. (藝術(shù)的抽象)Art is also the expression of private feelings and criticism of society. (藝術(shù)的作用)Some narrative arts, such as novels and films, instruct us to some extent. These works with moral reflect the human character. (藝術(shù)的反映)The culture of the art brings us with a better society. The economic support will ensure that the talented artists dont share the same miserable situation with Van Gogh and Mozart. (資助藝術(shù)的重要性)The artists who demand the government support should also have the right to express their feelings and thoughts with freedom, rather than limits. (政府資助限制思想)例子：The paintings of Thomas Eakins, now recognized as among the greatest in the American tradition, were rejected as intolerable by his sitters. (藝術(shù)不被同代人理解)Van Gogh, two of whose still life paintings have recently broken all records in selling for $50 million, sold only one of his paintings in his entire career. (藝術(shù)不被同代人理解)The American government supports art without restrictions on it, while Soviet Union expects artists and writers to follow the party lines in their works. (政府資助對藝術(shù)影響的比較)The Medici, a powerful banking family of Renaissance Italy, supported artists Michelangelo and Raphael. (民間資助)Photographer Sherry Levine has used grotesque images of women to protest the oppression of the female gender by American advertising, law and social custom. We can call this cultural criticism, which artists take a stand against certain practices in the society that they consider to be unjust. (藝術(shù)對社會的影響)SocietyThe three major problems in the society today are: unemployment, violence and pollution.例子可以自己編LawsLaw, body of official rules and regulations, is used to govern a society and to control the behavior of its members. The nature and functions of law have varied throughout history. (法律的概念)Law fights against crimes for maintaining a peaceful and relatively stable society, recognizes and protects certain basic individual rights and freedoms, such as liberty and equality. And its designed to work for public, rather than a certain individual person. While time changes, the law should also follow its step rather than keep unchanged. (法律的作用)例子：The blacks, before the Civil War, had experienced a situation without fair rights as whites. And during the Civil War, Lincoln enacted laws that entitled the equal rights to the blacks with whites. (法律維護公平)Americans have improved the constitution for many times, intending to make it a fairer and more useful tool for the whole society in the United States. (法律與時俱進)TechnologyGenetic engineering makes many aspects of human life better, including saving lives: to cure diseases at the DNA level. (基因工程)If genetic engineering becomes unrestricted the world would become a better place. Worldwide famine and starvation could possibly end by the use of the technology in the agricultural field. The death rate would go down in the Third World countries, and we could also see the end of some diseases such as ADIS. (科技帶來的正面影響)Technology may also bring us with some negative effects, such as air pollution, deforestation, global warming, depleting of atmospheric ozone, water pollution and war. (科技帶來的負面影響)例子：With the help of the Hubble space telescope, we can get more close to the universe and observe the planets, stars more conveniently. (科技正面)In 1895, when Wilhelm Roentgen was working in darkened room, trying to determine the penetrating power of cathode rays, he found the well-known ray that named after him without intention. (科學研究的偶然性)Thomas Edison invented bulb, and its his insistence and encourage on the course that inspire us most. (研究科學貴在堅持)German-born theoretical physicist Einstein directed his special and general theories of relativity, even if the mainstream thoughts of that time didnt match his research. (挑戰(zhàn)權(quán)威)Mathematics has helped build up the model of the modern computer, while computer helps promote math to a wider field in return. (學科交叉)With the development of technology, more advanced weapons are created, which have led more and more violent events to occur. (科技負面)HistoryHistory provides the only extensive materials available to study the human conditions. It also focuses attention on the complex processes of social changes, including the factors that are causing the changes around us today. (歷史的正面作用綜述)“History teaching by example” is a phrase that describes this use of a study of the past-a study not only of certifiable heroes, the greatest men and women, but also of more ordinary people who provide lessons in courage, diligence or constructive protest. (歷史是對前人的借鑒)Destroying our past has costs that extend far beyond money. Lost is the work of talented craftsman who created beautiful, lasting buildings. Lost are the memories and pride that a community took in one of its landmarks. And lost is the opportunity for future generations to enjoy and to learn from the places that help us understand and appreciate where we came from. (毀壞歷史文物的危害)例子：16th-century Italian philosopher Machiavelli wrote:”Whoever wishes to foresee the future must consult the past; for human events ever resemble those of preceding times” (歷史是對前人的借鑒)Watt for steam engine, Thomas Edison for electric bulb, Kart Benz for modern automobile, Bell for telephone (歷史上的人物與發(fā)明)Gandhis efforts help India get rid of British colonial rule. (歷史人物與成就)In World War 2, the chauvinism in Germany led great disaster not only to Germans but also to the people of the whole Europe. Fortunately, the government of Germany learnt from the history that chauvinism would be harmful, and thus took effective actions to restrict the resurgence of Nazism in all of the aspects of society. (借鑒歷史教訓)EducationPublic education is a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity and preparing new generations of citizens in society. (教育綜述)Education should aim at improvement both in ones morals and faculties. (教育=智育+德育)Liberal art teaches you how to think, how to read, write and speak intelligently, how to get along with others and conceptualize problems. (人文教育的重要性)Students are being so stuffed with an indigestible mass of material that they have no time to draw on their own resources, to use their own minds for analyzing and synthesizing, and evaluating this material. (填鴨式教育的不好)It is inherent in the human spirit to be more effective and productive when they are in pursuit of something that is of interest to personal level. Only by inner motivation can one perform various abilities to most extent, no matter in which human endeavor. (興趣愛好的重要性)例子：It is beneficial for a professor who teaches electronic engineering to be active in industrial world as well. Therefore, he can always keep conscious about the major difference of research direction in industrial world and academic world, and he can refine his courses in time to keep up with the newest advancement of industrial achievement. (教育要多聯(lián)系實際)Beethoven, one of the greatest composers and musicians, created many famous symphonies. It must be his strong interests in music that stimulate him to struggle for it because he was unfortunately a man with complete deafness. (興趣在教育中的重要性)Morality and politicsBoth morality and politics serve to regulate or direct human behavior. They differ, however, in the strength of their regulations and demand different, though related, personal qualities. (道德與政治相似點)As a regulator, morality is directed to the other; it concerns interpersonal relations and interrelations between person and group. (道德特性)Politics mainly regulates relations between the groups and the state and between the socio-political organizations. Directly or indirectly these are connected with the function of state power. (政治特性)The boundaries of the spheres of morality and politics are very flexible. In some periods particular relations are regulated by morality mechanisms, while in other periods are ruled by political ones. The interaction between the two mechanisms depends on the particular social contradictions and the objective possibilities of achieving class, national and state goals. (道德與政治的界限)A politicians job is to build, maintain and expand the wealth, prosperity and political influence of his nation, county or state. This is his or her primary concern. Many more times than you and I would like to think, realizing the goals above require them to make choices that are outside the bounds of morality. (政治家有時不需道德)例子：Nobody is utterly good or bad. (人無完人)Politicians are not and should not be moral leaders. (政治家不是道德領(lǐng)袖)The idea of human cloning has fueled debates not only in the United States, but also in countries all over the world. Though clone will bring positive possibilities in many aspects of our life, such as curing diseases, there are still many factors that need to be taken into consideration. Its not reasonable to believe that human clone is morally and ethically correct, due to the killing of human embryos, the unsafe process of cloning and the resulting consequences of having deformed clones. (克隆技術(shù)與道德相抵觸)The debate on euthanasia has never ended. To deprive others lives is widely recognized as illegal and criminal behavior; but euthanasia is not crime but benevolence in many countries. From time to time some patients are hopeless as their diseases are cureless, and their families cant afford the situation any further both mentally and economically. Under these circumstances, doctors should help their poor patients with euthanasia, and this action should not bring any guilty. (安樂死與道德)Privacy and scandalsWe should always maintain the wall between privacy and public, not to prevent people from judging whether what we have done are right but because we should prize and protect the idea of privacy. It comes with our humanity that we are entitled to a region where we can freely think, speak and behave with confidence that we are on our own, and its psychologically intolerable that we live a life without privacy. (隱私的重要)例子Watergate scandal led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon. His behavior demonstrated a concern for self-interest above the broader interests of the democratic system that granted his political authority in the first place. (水門事件)Doping for athletes (興奮劑)Hwang Woo-Suk, the former professor of Seoul National University in Korea, made headlines that he unveiled the first cloned human embryo. However, it turned out to a lie. This incident has sent shock waves around scientific world, and the ethics of scientists was also raised upon table. (黃禹錫造假)Individual and groupIndividualism holds that the individual is the unit of achievement, and it considers that almost everything is created by individual rather than social groups. (個人主義)Collectivism holds that the needs and goals of the individual are subordinate to those of the larger group and should be sacrificed when needed. (集體主義)例子：Li Ka-shing opened a plastic factory at the beginning struggling for his basic living, but now as the richest and most influential investor in Asia he not only works for himself but also for the whole society. (李嘉誠先是個人再集體)Competition and cooperationCompetition is a way of life in todays society. Individuals and companies alike, for the sake of the survivals in competition, must continue to improve their services and products, and as a result, the entire society prospers, at least economically. (競爭的好處)In this super-modern world, tasks are becoming more and more complex that at many times its beyond ones ability to fulfill them. Therefore, cooperation happens among people to help deal with problems by groups rather than individuals, which will save our time and make them efficient. (合作的好處)例子：Cooperation in the form of monopoly, such as price-fixing, is illegal because it kills the spirits of competition and leads difficulty to ordinary people. (合作的不好，壟斷)tThe Chinese old saying, ”making a buggy behind a closed door” signifies the advantage of cooperation. (合作的好，閉門造車)The benefit of cooperation is beautifully summed up in Bible as follows: Though one may be overpowered, two can defend themselves. A cord of three strands is not quickly broken. (合作的好，圣經(jīng)里的話)American people dont allow the government to operate business because they believe that the government-run business will be ineffective due to a lack of competition. (沒有競爭的不好)China has certainly experienced the vitality of this competitiveness in the past decades since her adoption of the “Reform and Opening Up” policy. (競爭的好，中國改革開放)Adam Smith advocated the idea of competition impelling the development of the society. (競爭的好，亞當斯密的名言)AdvertisementThe well-known soft drink Coca Cola is a case in point. In every advertisement of Coca Cola, the feeling of having a drink of cola is described as wonderful and fantastic. At the same time, some excellent advertising slogans, such as Cola adds life, have a cola and a smile, cola is it, become well known. All these above make a very good first impression on the potential consumers. That is why Coca Cola is popular all around the world. (可口可樂公司的成功例子)Propaganda is a systematic effort to influence peoples opinions, to win them over to a certain view or side. Propaganda is not necessarily concerned with what is true or false, good or bad. Propagandists simply want people to believe the messages being sent. Often, they will use the outright lies or subtle deceptions to sway peoples opinions. In a propaganda war, any deceit is considered fair. (廣告宣傳的作用)CultureThe individuals have to adapt themselves to social life with other people, and they should adjust their behaviors to accord with social moral principles and customs. (文化概念)例子：The joke which can make American keep laughing will be possibly considered as boring by German. And Indian would like to talk with others closely, while Englishman prefers a certain distance when they are talking. (文化差異)Questioning authority例子：Bacon advocated the idea of testing authority in order to gain real knowledge because knowledge requires certain skepticism to whatever we study ever since the dawn of our civilizations. (要質(zhì)疑權(quán)威，培根)The same thought has also preoccupied Descartes who considered little suspicions to the wholly spread regions is the only way to expunge prejudice from our mundane life. (要質(zhì)疑權(quán)威，笛卡爾)Human beings have paid tribute to Copernicus for the first step he took in ignoring the established boundaries and challenging the long-standing assumption of astronomy with his heliocentric conjecture that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun. (要質(zhì)疑權(quán)威，哥白尼)ExamplesIn 1867, Seward, secretary of the United States, agreed to purchase Alaska from Russia for $7 million. At the time, the public thought Seward was crazy to spend so much money on a piece of land that was mostly unexplored. Ultimately, this action turned out to be a wise move. The discovery of gold and petroleum in Alaska ended peoples debate. (一些舉措不被當代人理解；看似不好的東西最后可能是好的；長遠目光；投資與收益)Every society has its own bundle of values, customs and mores which most of its members share. (共有的觀點；文化是一種集中的體現(xiàn)；不能孤立的看問題)Roosevelt and Adolph Hitler took different measures when they were faced with the problem of depression of their nations. The former carried out a policy named New Deal, which led to prosperity of America. And the latter chose war as the way to cope with his crisis，and he caused the World War 2 that dragged the whole world into disaster. (面對問題不同的解決方法有不同的結(jié)果；不要極端；要積極尋求改革)A soldier would think it is his duty to obey the rules without any hesitation, and a surgeon would consider healing the patients as his accountability, while a historian would feel it is his responsibility to discover what is behind the historical description. In fact, different careers and roles form different individual responsibilities, which results in individual voluntary behaviors. (不同人不同責任；責任會演化成義務(wù)；要分清自己的責任，不是自己的不要抗)優(yōu)點：Qin Shihuang, the first emperor of China, unified China economically by standardizing the Chinese units of measurements; also developed an extensive network of roads and canals connecting the provinces to improve trade between them; doing away with all the regional scripts to form one language. 缺點：After being deceived by two alchemists that told him where to seek an immortality drink, Qin Shi Huang ordered more than 460 scholars in the capital to be buried alive in the second year of the proscription. One of the quick fall reason of the Qin Dynasty was attributed to this proscription.Grand unified theoryoffers a more elegant understanding of the universe by unifying the four basic forces-strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational forces into one unified force.Lance Arm-strong was not the first Tour de France cycling champion from the U.S.; yet he was the first to overcome a life-threatening illness to win the race. fight with misfortunes; Andrew Carnegie, born into a impoverished family, through diligence and talent realized his dream to be the steel king in the world. Not only showing them the possibility; but also a possible access to success。Computer saves us from endless iteration to solve unsteady state heat transfer.The fundamental property of light caused fierce debate in the 19th to 20th century, because it exhibits properties of both wave and particle. One side insist that light is a kind of wave, while the other holds the opposite opinion. Although both sides have no sufficient data to justify their theory, this debate led scientists to a brand new terrain of physics ca