初中英語語態(tài).doc

1.語態(tài)：英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者 Cats eat fish. （主動(dòng)語態(tài)）貓吃魚。 Fish is eaten by cats.(被動(dòng)語態(tài))魚被貓吃。 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成由“助動(dòng)詞be 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成助動(dòng)詞be 有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be 作為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)完全一樣。時(shí)態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)例句一般現(xiàn)在 時(shí)am are +過去分詞is English is spoken in many countries.一般過去 時(shí)was +過去分詞were + 過去分詞This bridge was built in 1989.情 態(tài)動(dòng) 詞can/shouldmay +be+過去分詞must/The work must be done right now. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法當(dāng)我們不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者只需強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。被動(dòng)語態(tài) (1). 被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示句子的主語是謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作承受者。 (2). 被動(dòng)語態(tài)基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞(如果是不用物動(dòng)詞，其過去分詞應(yīng)帶有相應(yīng)的介詞) (3). 被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的be 是助動(dòng)詞，有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)為：am/is/are+過去分詞 一般過去時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)為：was/were+ 過去分詞 與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + 過去分詞 (4). 被動(dòng)語態(tài)中動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者或執(zhí)行者做介詞by的賓語，放在句末，by 表示“由，被”的意思如何理解被動(dòng)語態(tài)？ 為取勝更清晰、更深刻地理解被動(dòng)語態(tài)的含義，可以將主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行比較。 主動(dòng)語態(tài)： 主語+ 謂語動(dòng)詞 + 賓語 + 其他成分 被動(dòng)語態(tài)： 主語+ be +過去分詞 + by +賓語 +其他成分 如： Many people speak English.被動(dòng)語態(tài) English is spoken by many people.1.不及物動(dòng)詞無被動(dòng)語態(tài)。The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.2.有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。這些動(dòng)詞主語以物居多，謂語動(dòng)詞一般表示主語的性質(zhì)和特征。這類動(dòng)詞有許多，如: write, break, sell等。This pen writes well.This new book sells well.3.感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞使用省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式，主動(dòng)語態(tài)中不帶to ，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，須加上to 。 感官動(dòng)詞有smell,sound,taste,fell等。使役動(dòng)詞有l(wèi)et,make,have,help,hear,see,watch,notise,look,listen,read,promise(期望，預(yù)想)，turn out(證實(shí))，take place(發(fā)生).例：make somebody do somethingsomebody+ be +made to do somethingsee somebody do somethingsomebody +be +seen to do somethingA girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.The boss made the little boy do heavy work.The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.His mother gave him a present for his birthday. He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.窗體底端如果是接雙賓語的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，直接賓語(物)作主語，那么動(dòng)詞后要用介詞，這個(gè)介詞是由與其搭配的動(dòng)詞決定。He gave me a book.A book was given to me by him.He showed me a ticket.A ticket was shown to me by him.My father bought me a new bike. A new bike was bought for me by my father.5.一些動(dòng)詞短語用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞短語應(yīng)當(dāng)看作一個(gè)整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。We cant laugh at him. He cant be laughed at by us.He listens to the radio every day. The radio is listened to by him every day.The nurse is taking care of the sick man. The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.6.一些表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：have, belong to等。時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在時(shí)過去時(shí)將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)一般一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)do一般過去時(shí)did一般將來時(shí)( will do)(be going to do）(shall do)一般過去將來時(shí)would do進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)be doing過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were doing將來進(jìn)行時(shí)will be doing過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)( would be doing)（was/were going to do）完成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have done過去完成時(shí)had done將來完成時(shí)will have done過去將來完成時(shí)would have done完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)have been doing過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)had been doing將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)will have been doing過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)would have been doing一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻率的時(shí)間狀語連用。時(shí)間狀語：every，sometimes,at，on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.，twice a week：我每天早晨7點(diǎn)離開家去學(xué)校，一周兩次2) 客觀事實(shí)，普遍真理。The earth moves around the sun：地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)Shanghai lies in the east of China：上海位于中國(guó)的東部3) 表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.驕者必?cái)　Ｗ⒁猓捍擞梅ㄈ绻霈F(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round：哥倫布證明了地球是圓的4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。I dont want so much：我不想那么多Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well：Ann Wang 的英文寫得很好但說得不好比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup：現(xiàn)在我在杯子里放了糖.I am doing my homework now. 我正在做我的家庭作業(yè).注：用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。再如：Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。5主將從現(xiàn)主句用將來時(shí) 從句用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來 I will tell you,When Li Ming comes. 當(dāng)李明來的時(shí)候我會(huì)告訴你. Ill e-mail you as soon as I get to Beijing. 我一到達(dá)北京就發(fā)電子郵件給你.注 ：一般從句為時(shí)間狀語從句由When As soon as.引導(dǎo)的從句條件狀語從句由If.引導(dǎo)的從句6)表示按計(jì)劃，規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，但僅限于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞如：begin,come,leave,go等The meeting begins at seven：會(huì)議七點(diǎn)開始一般過去時(shí)1）在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982等。Where did you go just now ？你剛才去哪里了？2）表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。When I was a kid,I often played football in the street. 當(dāng)我還是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，我經(jīng)常在街上踢足球.Whenever the Browns went during their visit,they were given a warm welcome.布朗一家無論什么時(shí)候去，都受到熱烈的歡迎3）句型：1.It is time for sb. to do sth到某人做某事時(shí)間了某人該了 It is time for you to go to bed：你該睡覺了2.It is time sb. did sth. 時(shí)間已遲了早該了It is time you went to bed：你早該睡覺了3.would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示寧愿某人做某事Id rather you came tomorrow. 我寧愿你明天來.4) wish,wonder,think,hope 等用過去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問、請(qǐng)求、建議等。I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些.比較：一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. 達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去.注意：用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。1）動(dòng)詞want,hope,wonder,think,intend 等。Did you want anything else：你還有什么事嗎？I wondered if you could help me：不知你能不能幫我個(gè)忙2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could,would.Could you lend me your bike：你能借給我你的自行車？ 典型句型- Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it.- Its 69568442.A. didntB. couldntC. dontD. cant* used to + do：過去常常表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful：媽媽過去不是這樣健忘Scarf used to take a walk.(過去常常散步)* be used to + doing：對(duì)已感到習(xí)慣，或習(xí)慣于，to是介詞，后需加名詞/動(dòng)名詞。He is used to a vegetarian diet：他習(xí)慣于素食Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步)一般將來時(shí)1)shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。Which paragraph shall I read first：我應(yīng)該先讀哪一段？Will you be at home at seven this evening：你今晚七點(diǎn)在家嗎？2)be going to +不定式，表示將來。a.主語的意圖，即將做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow：你打算明天干什么？b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。The play is going to be produced next month：該活動(dòng)在下個(gè)月舉行c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事Look at the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm：看那些烏云，暴風(fēng)雨就要來了3)be + to do表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday：我們下星期六將討論這份報(bào)告4)be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing：他要去北京注意：be about to 不能與tomorrow,next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。用于條件句時(shí), be going to(表將來) / will (表意愿)If you are going to make a journey,youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.如果你要去旅行，你最好盡快準(zhǔn)備好Now if you will take off your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.現(xiàn)在如果你愿意脫下你的衣服，我們將在鏡子前為你穿上新衣服.be to和be going tobe to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to 表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客觀安排)明天下午我要去踢足球Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來1）下列動(dòng)詞：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。這主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning：火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開When does the bus star? 汽車什么時(shí)候開？It stars in ten minutes. 十分鐘后2）倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，如：Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。When Bill comes (不是will come),ask him to wait for me：當(dāng)比爾來了，讓他等我Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there：當(dāng)我到達(dá)那里時(shí)，我會(huì)寫信給你4）在動(dòng)詞hope,take care that,make sure that等后。I hope they have a nice time next week：我希望他們下星期玩得愉快Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room：在離開房間前要確保窗子都關(guān)閉用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來意為：意圖、打算、安排、常用于人。常用詞為 come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等。Im leaving tomorrow：我明天就要走了Are you staying here till next week：你要在這兒呆到下星期現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài), 常與already, just , yet , ever, never 連用.* have/ has 過去分詞比較過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1）過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。2）過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用，或無時(shí)間狀語。一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：yesterday,last week，ago,in1980,in October,just now,(具體的時(shí)間狀語)共同的時(shí)間狀語：this morning,tonight,this April,now,once，before,already,recently，lately現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語:for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till / until,up to now,in past years,always,(不確定的時(shí)間狀語)3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married等。舉例：I saw this film yesterday：我昨天看了這部電影（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了。）I have seen this film：我已經(jīng)看過這部電影（強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）Why did you get up so early.（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了。）Who hasnt handed in his paper.（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。）She has returned from Paris：她已從巴黎回來了。She returned yesterday：她是昨天回來了。用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型1）It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is the that結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.這是我看過的最好的電影。This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.這是我第一次聽他唱歌。典型例題(1) -Do you know our town at all?-No,this is the first time I _ here.A. wasB. have beenC. cameD. am coming答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。(2) -Have you _ been to our town before-No,its the first time I _ here.A. even,comeB. even,have comeC. ever,comeD. ever,have come答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。（錯(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month.（對(duì)）I havent received his letter for almost a month.表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)和表示過去某一時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)）的一段時(shí)間的狀態(tài)連用如：（for + 時(shí)間段，since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn)，或過去某一動(dòng)作， 以及how long ）注： 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成 時(shí)態(tài)中不能和for, since 引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語的肯定句連用。應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 如：buy- have die- be dead join - be in/ be a member of borrow- keep leave- be away(from)I have bought a pen.- I have had a