動(dòng)詞不定式 詳解與專(zhuān)練.doc

專(zhuān)題：不定式1. 不定式的構(gòu)成不定式是由不定式符號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，在某些情況下to也可省略。不定式一般有時(shí)式和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化，通常有下表中的幾種形式（以do為例）：主動(dòng)式被動(dòng)式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done進(jìn)行式to be doing/完成進(jìn)行式to have been doing/1) 不定式的一般式 江蘇省靖江高級(jí)中學(xué)外語(yǔ)組為英語(yǔ)貓網(wǎng)站集體編寫(xiě)不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作通常與主要謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。如：They invited us to go there this summer. 他們邀請(qǐng)我們今年夏天去那兒。He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一邊讓我通過(guò)。2) 不定式的完成式不定式的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，它在句中可作表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，有時(shí)也可作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。如：She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事。I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉讓你等了這么久。I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have animportant thing to do.我本來(lái)想告訴你這件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in yourcountry.對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，在你們國(guó)家旅行這么多地方是一件很榮幸的事情。3) 不定式的進(jìn)行式不定式的進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。它在句中可以用作除謂語(yǔ)以外的所有成分。如：Its nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好，這些天一直幫我們。He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully.他假裝在認(rèn)真地聽(tīng)老師講課。We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.我們沒(méi)料到你一直在這兒等我們。4) 不定式的完成進(jìn)行式如果不定式表示的動(dòng)作是謂語(yǔ)所表示時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，就需要用完成進(jìn)行式。如：They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years.據(jù)說(shuō)他們已經(jīng)在西藏工作20年了。We are happy to have been helping each other these days.我們很高興這些天能互相幫助。5) 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式構(gòu)成。如：Try not to be late again next time.盡量下次不要再遲到。He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我們永遠(yuǎn)不要再見(jiàn)到她。6) 疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞不定式：不定式和疑問(wèn)詞whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how,why等連用可以在句中起名詞的作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder,explain, advise, teach, discuss, findout等動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ)，有時(shí)也可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。如：On hearing the news, he didnt know whether to laugh or tocry.聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息，他不知道該哭還是該笑。When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么時(shí)候開(kāi)會(huì)還沒(méi)有決定。The most important problem is how to get so much money.最重要的事情是如何搞到這么多錢(qián)。介詞后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑問(wèn)詞+不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)。如：Mary gave some advice on how to learn English.瑪麗提了一些如何學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的建議。I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道該怎么做。7) 不定式的被動(dòng)式：當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式，to be +過(guò)去分詞和to havebeen +過(guò)去分詞。這些形式可以用來(lái)作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如：Its a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher.對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)，被老師責(zé)備是一件好事。They seemed to be satisfied with the result. 他們似乎對(duì)結(jié)果很滿(mǎn)意。He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求被派往農(nóng)村工作。She was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting.她是會(huì)上最后一個(gè)被提到的人。I had to shout to be heard. 我不得不大喊才能被聽(tīng)到。We dont like our friends to be laughed at from time to time.我們不喜歡我們的朋友不時(shí)地被嘲笑。2. 不定式的語(yǔ)法作用1) 不定式作主語(yǔ)：To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百聞不如一見(jiàn)。To master a foreign language is not an easy thing.掌握一門(mén)外語(yǔ)不是一件容易的事。在很多情況下，人們通常用it作為形式上的主語(yǔ)，而把不定式短語(yǔ)移到謂語(yǔ)之后，使句子顯得平穩(wěn)一些。如：Its good manners to wait in line. 排隊(duì)等候是很有禮貌的。It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother likethat. 聽(tīng)到他那樣跟他媽媽說(shuō)話(huà)我們很生氣。2) 不定式作表語(yǔ)：The most important thing is to put theory into practice.最重要的事情是把理論付諸實(shí)踐。The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.最大的幸福就是為大家的幸福而工作。3) 不定式作賓語(yǔ)：He wanted to know the truth. 他想知道真相。I prefer to be starved to death rather than beg.我寧愿被餓死也不愿乞討。He pretended to have read the book when I asked him about it.我問(wèn)到他的時(shí)候，他假裝讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。另外，不定式在某些復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，人們常常用it代表不定式，而將真實(shí)賓語(yǔ)放在補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后。如：Do you think it better to translate it in this way?你認(rèn)為這樣翻譯是不是更好？I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meetingbefore so many students.我覺(jué)得被邀請(qǐng)?jiān)跁?huì)上面對(duì)這么多學(xué)生發(fā)言是一件很光榮的事情。5) 不定式作定語(yǔ)：不定式在句中作定語(yǔ)通常放在其所修飾的名詞或代詞之后，以下幾種情況常用不定式作定語(yǔ)：能帶不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，其同源名詞可以帶不定式作定語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)的有attempt, decision, promise,plan, intention, failure, wish, determination等。如：He hasnt kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.他沒(méi)有遵守諾言定期給他父母親寫(xiě)信。My wish to be a teacher is quite understandable.我想成為一個(gè)教師的愿望是可以理解的。常與不定式搭配的形容詞，其同源名詞一般可以帶不定式作定語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)的有ability, anxiety, eagerness,ambition等。如：His eagerness to finish his work in time was quiteobvious.他急切地想準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成工作是很明顯的。We admire his ability to speak a foreign language so well.我們欣賞他能把一門(mén)外語(yǔ)說(shuō)得這么好。序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或被only, last, next等詞修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語(yǔ)。如：He is always the first person to come and the last one toleave.他總是第一個(gè)來(lái)最后一個(gè)離開(kāi)。The next person to attend the meeting is Dr.Baker.下一個(gè)出席會(huì)議的人是貝克先生。還有一些名詞經(jīng)常帶不定式作定語(yǔ)。如：person, man, thing, something, anything,nothing, time, way, reason, chance, courage, opportunity等。如：We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.我們學(xué)生應(yīng)該有勇氣面對(duì)任何困難。He had no reason to leave his friends and live alone on theisland.他沒(méi)有理由離開(kāi)他的朋友獨(dú)自住到島上去。不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，有時(shí)與被修飾的名詞之間有意義上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如果該不定式動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，它后面需加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。如：There is nothing to worry about.沒(méi)什么可擔(dān)心的。There are many interesting books to choose from, but I dontknow which to borrow. 有很多有趣的書(shū)可以挑選，但我不知道該借哪一本。6) 不定式作狀語(yǔ)：不定式作狀語(yǔ)可以表示行為的目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等。 不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)，有時(shí)也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to結(jié)構(gòu)。如：In order to protect the young plants from thesun, Mother put them in the shade.為了保護(hù)幼苗不被太陽(yáng)曬壞，媽媽把它們放到了陰涼處。He got up very early this morning so as not tobe late for school again.今天早上他起身很早以免上學(xué)再遲到。注意：so as (not) to do不可以置于句首。不定式作原因狀語(yǔ)，通常用來(lái)修飾表示情感、心理狀態(tài)、性格等的形容詞。常見(jiàn)的形容詞有：happy, glad, lucky,fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow,cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, eager, proud,disappointed, foolish, impatient, unwise, naughty等。如：They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息，他們很驚訝。We are proud to be young people of new China.成為新中國(guó)的青年，我們感到很驕傲。另外，hard, difficult, easy,fit，comfortable等詞也可以接動(dòng)詞不定式。這時(shí)候，作句子主語(yǔ)的除了是表示人的詞外，還可以是表示物的詞。如：The water is not fit to drink. 這水不適合飲用。The room is very comfortable to live in. 這個(gè)房間住起來(lái)很舒服。注意：后兩句中的不定式與句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，此時(shí)如果不定式動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，則需要帶上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。疑難點(diǎn)1. 不定式不帶to的規(guī)則：前面我們已經(jīng)談到，在一些使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞后的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式符號(hào)to常常省略，下面還有幾種情況請(qǐng)大家注意： 動(dòng)詞原形come, go等在口語(yǔ)中可接不帶to的不定式。如：Go tell her. 去告訴他。Come have a glass. 來(lái)喝一杯。在why引起的一些疑問(wèn)句中，疑問(wèn)詞直接跟動(dòng)詞原形或not+動(dòng)詞原形。如：Why spend so much money? 為什么花這么多錢(qián)？Why not let her have a try? 為什么不再讓她試一試？在had better（還是最好）, had best（最好，頂好）, would rather（寧可，寧愿）,would ratherthan（寧可而不）, would sooner（寧可，寧愿）, wouldsoonerthan（寧可而不）, cannot but（不得不，必然）, cannot choosebut（只得）, cannot help but（不得不）等結(jié)構(gòu)后直接跟動(dòng)詞原形或not +動(dòng)詞原形。如：Youd better listen to your teachers opinion. 你最好聽(tīng)一聽(tīng)老師的看法。I would rather work than stay idle. 我寧愿工作而不愿閑坐。Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride abicycle.他寧愿擠公共汽車(chē)也不愿騎自行車(chē)。Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender. 劉胡蘭寧死不屈。Ones world outlook cannot but come through in what one saysand does.一個(gè)人的世界觀必然在他的言行中表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。在介詞but, except之前如有動(dòng)詞do的任一形式，其后的動(dòng)詞不定式不用to。如：Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools.昨晚上我除了修理農(nóng)具外，沒(méi)有做其它的事情。Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat.現(xiàn)在他只有認(rèn)輸。如but 之前沒(méi)有do，其后的不定式則一般要加to。如：Im afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi.恐怕我們別無(wú)選擇，只好乘出租車(chē)了。They desired nothing but to succeed. 他們只想成功。在出現(xiàn)并列的動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)，后面的不定式符號(hào)to可省略。如：I really dont know what to say and do. 我真的不知道該說(shuō)什么，該干什么。Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend themeeting at 2:00 p.m.?你能不能幫我打電話(huà)給他，叫他下午兩點(diǎn)來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)？但如果兩個(gè)不定式有對(duì)比的意思，則不定式符號(hào)to不可被省去。如：I came not to scold you but to praise you. 我是來(lái)夸你的，不是來(lái)罵你的。The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier,not to make it more difficult.新技術(shù)的目的是為了使生活更容易，而不是使生活更艱難。. 選擇填空：1. Ive heard him _ about you often.A. speak B. speaks C. spokeD. speaking2. I went to see him, _ him out.A. finding B. findC. only to find D. to finding3. He didnt know _ or stay.A. to leave B. if that he shouldleave C. if to leave D. whether toleave4. -Will the Smiths go abroad this summer?-No, they finally decided _ .A. to B. not goingC. not to D. not to be going5. -I usually go there by train. -Why not _by boat for a change.A. to try going B. trying to go C. to tryand go D. try going6. He pretended _ nothing about it.A. know B. to know C.knowing D. knew7. Little Jim should love _ to the theatrethis evening.A. to be taken B. to takeC. being taken D. taking8. They would not allow him _ across theenemy line.A. to risk going B. risking to going C.for risk to go D. risk going9. There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that Icant make up my mind _ to buy.A. what B. which C. howD. where10. Charles Babbage is generally considered _the first computer.A. to invent B. inventingC. to have invented D. having invented11. The missing boys were last seen _ nearthe river.A. playing B. to be playing C.play D. to play12. The patient was warned _ oily foodafter the operation.A. to eat not B. eating notC. not to eat D. not eating13. I regret _ you that we are unable tooffer you employment.A. informing B. having informed C. toinform D. to informing14. You had better get a doctor _ your badtooth.A. pull out B. to pull outC. pulled out D. pulling out15. The matter had better _ as it is.A. leave B. being leftC. leaving D. be left16. He was so foolish _ his car unlocked.A. to leave B. that leaveC. as to leave D. for him to leave17. Almost everyone fails _ the driving teston the first try.A. passing B. to have passed C. topass D. in passing18. The girl was made _ she didnt love atall.A. marry a man B. to marry a manC. to marry with a man D. married with a man19. The man will use what he has _ a camerafor his wife.A. to get B. gotC. buy D bought20. .To answer correctly is more important than _ .A. a quick finish B. to finish quickly C.finishing quickly D. you finish quick21. Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose hisjob.A. so as not to B. so not as to C.so as to not D. not so as to22. I felt it an honor _ to speak here.A. to ask B. asking C. tobe asked D. having asked23. -Id like to buy an expensive camera.-Well, we have severa