gmat語法考點.doc

語法考點 by chobitsrainGeneral Principle: 1. 要靠語意解題。(BY daisy小夢想（V38）)大家語法方面都要重視語意和邏輯表達??！要知道作者想告訴我們的是什么，怎樣表達能清晰地反映作者的意思。2. 好多正確答案都比錯誤答案長很多的。不要因為看起來繁瑣就排除了，切記切記-By wenyetao（v41）(1) not only but also常見考點摘自PREP語法 考點：not only,but also倒裝的時候在but 和also之間是可以重復(fù)主語的but also中的also可以省略but also不考平行，單獨出現(xiàn)not just/not merely/not simply/not solely. but also.=not only. but also.邏輯為王：如果你一眼看出這個句子考not only，but also于是開始找答案，恭喜你，又上當(dāng)了。做題的時候要弄清楚句子的意思是遞進還是轉(zhuǎn)折,如果是遞進not only.but also 沒問題,如果是轉(zhuǎn)折的話,就要考慮一下是否是GMAC的陷阱了, but/but also才是表示轉(zhuǎn)折的意思.首先Not only.but (also)表示的關(guān)系是遞進, 其中also可以省略 But/but also表示的是轉(zhuǎn)折. 在but also中, ring_cheng認為also不屬于重復(fù), 所以應(yīng)當(dāng)保留.該觀點尚未證實. not only .but also表示并列，不能表示轉(zhuǎn)折，不要有先入為主的感覺認為not only.but also必須一起出現(xiàn)。單獨出現(xiàn)but also是可能的，此時表示的是轉(zhuǎn)折，參見大全74 All-terrain vehicles have allowed vacationers to reach many previously inaccessible areas, but they have also been blamed for causing hundreds of deaths, injury to thousands, and seriously damaging the nations recreational areas. (A) deaths, injury to thousands, and seriously damaging (B) deaths and injuring thousands, and serious damage to (C) deaths, thousands who are injured, as well as seriously damaging (D) deaths and thousands of injuries, as well as doing serious damage to (E) deaths, thousands are injured, and they do serious damage to 1.在正常語序中: not only but also 應(yīng)連接兩個相對稱的并列成分。例如： Not only Mr Lin but also his son joined the Party two years ago. （連接兩個主語）I not only play tennis but also practise shooting. （連接兩個謂語動詞） He plays not only the piano but also the violin. （連接兩個賓語） 在正常語序(有例外)中: 短語本身不可以加入其它成份，比如變成：not only.but it also.是錯誤的（因為破壞了平衡）。 125.The winds that howl across the Great Plains not only blow away valuable topsoil, thereby reducing the potential crop yield of a tract of land, and also damage or destroy young plants. (A) and also damage or destroy (B) as well as damaging or destroying (C) but they also cause damage or destroy (D) but also damage or destroy(E) but also causing damage or destroying 2. not only but also 連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞要和與其最近的主語保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。例如：Not only the students but also the teacher was against the plan. / Not only the teacher but also the students were against the plan. 3. not only but also 不能用在否定句中。例如： 誤： They dont fear not only hardship but also death. 正： They fear neither hardship nor death. 正： They dont fear either hardship or death. 4. not only but also 連接兩個分句，并且 not only 位于句首時，第一個分句中的主語和謂語要部分倒裝。例如： Not only does the sun give us light, but also it gives us heat. （2）倒裝一完全倒裝1. 表語在句首要倒裝：介詞短語/分詞短語/形容詞短語+系動詞+主語（主語與前面的動詞主謂一致）1) 介詞短語在句首Among the people was a man named Brown. 在這些人中有一個叫布朗的人。On the top of the hill stands an old temple. 這山頂上有一座廟。2) 分詞作表語過去分詞（有時構(gòu)成被動結(jié)構(gòu)的過去分詞）提前到句首，引起倒裝構(gòu)成進行時態(tài)的現(xiàn)在分詞也可以提到前面來-張道真(正常語序看是進行時態(tài))Helping them raise their artistic level are various professorial organizations.Visiting the Great Wall were 200 American college students.現(xiàn)在分詞提前到句首引起倒裝要和動名詞作主語區(qū)別開來下面例句是動名詞作主語：Teaching English is my job. 3) 形容詞短語放句首Present at the meeting is our English teacher. (Present出席的，在場的)Gone are the days when we had a good time at the mountain village. (Gone 離去的)2. 為了保持句子平行或上下文的連接更緊密，也可以采用倒裝.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.主語有過多修飾語亦可采用完全倒裝Noteworthy is the fact that he has talent for music.二部分倒裝1. 一些表示頻率的副詞(如many a time, often等)位于句首時 ,句子部分倒裝.Often did we go for walks together. / Many a time have I told him about it.2. 用于“no soonerthan, hardlywhen和not until等結(jié)構(gòu)中” No sooner had he arrived than someone called him.他一到就有人給他打電話3. 用于省略if的虛擬條件狀語從句(把were, had, should放在主語前構(gòu)成倒裝)Were I you ( = If I were you ), I would not accept his present.Had you ( = If you had ) studied hard, you might have passed the exam this time.4. 用于“形容詞/名詞/動詞+as (though)”引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，例如：形容詞：Pretty as she is（=As pretty as she is=though she is pretty）, she is not clever at all.動詞：Try as he could, he might fail again.名詞：Child as he was, he had to sell newspapers in the streets.5. 否定副詞（never, not, seldom, hardly, neither, nor, scarcely, rarely, no longer, barely, little）Barely did he have time to catch the bus.Never have I been to Beijing.6. So / Such 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句So kind is she that she deserves all my respect.(全倒裝)So loudly did he speak that everyone could hear him.7. Only在句首強調(diào)狀語Only when the meeting is over can we know the decision.(3) 標點符號 （具體需Manhattan第十章補充）Dash破折號：The dash (-) is a flexible punctuation mark that the GMAT occasionally employs. You can use a dash as an emphatic comma, semicolon or colon.For instance, you should use dashes to separate an appositive from an item in a listYou can also use the dash to restate or explain an earlier part of the sentence. Unlike the colon, the dash does not need to be immediately preceded by the part needing explanation.manhattan沒找到， 網(wǎng)上搜了分號，冒號的用法只遇到一道涉及破折號的題，考的不是標點，而是固定搭配。結(jié)構(gòu)是這樣的：., so adj and so adj- 一個名詞性插入成分-that. 劃線從破折號前道that之后某處，但考的其實就是so that.(A 選項不是so that),直接找有that的選項（就一個，其他的后面都是and什么的）。xbabylon（v40）semicolon分號：是名副其實的分隔號，它不能用于完結(jié)一個句子，它通常用于并列的分句之間。一般來說，分號的作用介于句號與逗號之間，用分號隔開的兩部分之間的關(guān)系，比用句號分開的緊密，但不及用逗號分開的緊密。用于并列分句之間，以分隔（通常）沒有連詞連接的主要從句，這些從句被認為是關(guān)系密切而屬于一個句子。Colon冒號：是一個補充、連貫的符號，被用來引起讀者注意下文。1.9.1 Punctuation (manhattan)Punctuation is the practice in writing of using a set of marks to regulate texts and clarify their meanings, mainly by separating or linking words, phrases and clauses. Currently, punctuation is not used as heavily as in the past. Punctuation styles vary from individual, newspaper to newspaper and press to press, in terms of what they consider necessary.Improper punctuation can create ambiguities or misunderstandings in writing, especially when the comma is misused. For example, consider the following examples:“They did not go, because they were lazy.” In this case, the people in question did not go for one reason: “because they were lazy.” But consider the sentence again:“They did not go because they were lazy.” In this case, without the comma, the people probably DID go, but not because they were lazy, for some other reason (they did not go because they were lazy, they went because they were tired).Periods and Commas(1) Periods and Commas: the most common form of punctuation. The period ends a sentence, whereas the comma marks out associated words within sentences. Commas are used for pauses, prepositional phrases, and appositive clauses offset from the rest of the sentence to rename a proper noun (Thomas, a baker,); they are the rest stop in English language.(2) Colons, Semicolons, and Dashes: Many people avoid the use of colon and semicolon, because of uncertainty as to their precise uses. In less formal writing, the dash is often used to take the place of both the colon and the semi-colon. The rule is that both colons and semicolons must follow a complete independent clause. A semicolon must be followed by another complete clause, either dependent or independent. A colon may be followed by a list or phrase, or by a complete clause. The APOSTROPHE () used to show possession: Those books are Thomass books. The COLON (:) is normally used in a sentence to lead from one idea to its consequences or logical continuation. The colon is used to lead from one thought to another. The SEMICOLON (;) is normally used to link two parallel statements. Consider the following examples: COLON: “There was no truth in the accusation: they rejected it utterly.” Points to a cause/effect relationship, as a result of . SEMICOLON: “There was no truth in the accusation; it was totally false.” (Here two parallel statements are linked“no truth” and “totally false”. In the COLON example, the consequence is stated after the insertion of the colon). Re-states initial premise, creates relation between disparate parts Technically these sentences could be broken down into two separate sentences and they would remain grammatically sound. But two sentences here would suggest separateness (which in speech the voice would convey with a longer pause) that is not always appropriate. HYPHENS or DASHES: The hyphen or dash is perhaps most important in order to avoid ambiguity, and is used to linkwords. Consider the following example: “Fifty-odd people” and “Fifty odd people”. When the hyphen is used, the passage means “approximately fifty people.” But the second passage means “fifty strange people”.Otherwise, the use of the hyphen is declining. It was formerly used to separate vowels (co-ordinate, make-up), but this practice is disappearing.For example: House plant house-plant houseplant（4）長主語辨別謂語單復(fù)數(shù)的有個has和have選的，A of B的復(fù)雜主語，記得是has。（5）比較1. 倍數(shù)：白勇GMAT語法全解中說過“.times + 形容詞/副詞比較級 + than.”屬于有爭議的結(jié)構(gòu)，因為產(chǎn)生歧義。標準書面語中避免使用此結(jié)構(gòu)?！?times + as+形容詞/副詞+as 則常用。（但OG有題證明兩種都可以）2. as或than引導(dǎo)比較從句中的省略原則-from 白勇語法1) 比較從句謂語與主句謂語相同，可用do，did，does代替。2) 比較從句連系動詞be與主句連系動詞be相同，可以省略be，也可以不省略。3) 主語謂語動詞短語使用“助動詞（如have，has，had，will）或情態(tài)動詞（can，could，may，should）+verb”形式時，比較從句往往省略verb，保留助動詞或情態(tài)動詞。4) 比較從句的主語和謂語與主句的主語和謂語相同時，可以全部省去，常常保留做狀語的介詞短語或狀語從句。5) 比較從句的主語與主句主語相同，可以省略。對主謂賓全的句型主語比較： A do sth than B do.（AB為對等名詞，加do是為了顯示這是一個可以發(fā)出動作的名詞，因而確定是主語，進而確定是主語對比）介賓比較 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2對等名詞）賓語比較 A do C1 than C2.(C1C2為對等名詞）狀語比較A do sth than usual/everbefore/people expected(直接加狀語）ETS就這幾下子，原則就是清楚地指示什么跟什么比。按照這個原理，對下一種句型只有主謂，沒有賓語的句子，因為沒有賓語，只可能有主語比較，因而不需要重復(fù)do來確認這是一個可發(fā)出動作的主語，所以其比較形式如下：I eat faster than you.注意與下句區(qū)別I eat apple faster than you do如果寫成 I eat apple faster than you 按ETS的理解，從語法上就變成我吃蘋果比吃你快，成了賓語比較。邏輯上顯然不通。AS族的比較大同小異，as 可單獨引導(dǎo)比較，也可以復(fù)合成as many as, as hard as 等形式，但ETS宗旨不變，如Sand road costs twice as many to build as to manintain(類似于介賓比較）Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road do(主語比較,）Sand road costs the govement twice as many to build as the residents.(賓語比較）ETS考過AS比較的習(xí)慣用法（不受上述限制，如下）AS poor as they are, they can ont afford a car.They have 800million students, as many as have enrolled in our school.(注意以上都是用逗號隔開的句子，AS在這里的作用更類似連詞，連接一個主句和一個從句）注意AS有時不表比較的如as you word hard, you will pass the exam.表原因了。There be 句型等同于一般的主謂賓俱全的句型OG89There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as there were four years ago(主語比較)There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as DVD player(賓語比較)There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as for school teachers.(介賓比較)There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as in china(介賓比較)以上的綱領(lǐng)代入EST的OG幾乎都成立，在我這次實戰(zhàn)中也成立，但GWD中有一題是例外的，也就是說并沒有放之四海而皆準的真理，清楚，簡潔，合理才是ETS的最高宗旨。還有考到An old man is .as an young man to . 這道題的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是單數(shù) (a man)和單數(shù)比，就比較好做了，錯誤的選項有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)比的。 kicuna（v40）(6) lay out （主動被動意思等等） 認為考的可能性比較大的粗體1. (按計劃)安排；布置；設(shè)計(版面或建筑物等)： The flower garden was tastefully laid out. 這座花園布局雅致。ceremony are laid out/laid 在哪哪哪 by cecilia199004（740） 考的應(yīng)該是用法1laid out那道題，因為laid out迅速把三個選項排除，A，B兩個選項之間只有一個an 的區(qū)別，In an America 后面還有東西，和In America什么什么，我是實在是看不懂啊，但是我記得我選了前面的因為根據(jù)語義，我感覺這句話是講了在美洲的一種風(fēng)俗之類的意思 lemontree527（770） 選項確定為：conference ,., were laid out.2. 花(錢)；投(資)；捐(款): He laid out all his savings in buying a car. 他把所有積蓄都用來買車了。3. lay oneself out用力;使(自己)盡力： She laid herself out to provide us with every facility. 她想方設(shè)法為我們提供一切方便。(7)Adhere to & abide byAdhere:1. 粘附，附著，膠著(to): 2. 遵守，堅持；固執(zhí)；墨守(to): to adhere to a plan 按計劃行事3. 依附，追隨，支持，擁護，忠于(思想、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人等) (to): abide by1. 遵守(法律、規(guī)則、協(xié)議、決定等)；堅持(意見等)；服從(決議等)： He abides by what he said. 他說話是算數(shù)的。2. 忠于；信守(諾言、原則等)： He has always abided by his promises.3. 承擔(dān)(后果等)；忍受(不愉快的事等)： Youll have to abide by the consequences. 你必須承擔(dān)后果。那道adhere to 和abide by 就直接選in good conscience adhere to 這個選項就好了，其他搭配都用的不對，選B lemontree527（770）(8) celebratein celebration of 為慶祝為慶祝in honor of，for a celebration，for the celebration 的用法be celebrated for以出名Be celebrated as被作為慶祝to be celebrated for doing以干某事而著名be celebrated as a national holiday被作為國家節(jié)目而慶祝So its not necessarily imposing other religions on them, but just kind of creating a sense of awareness in celebration of how different and diverse just within our classroom we are.And the planner organizes all the details for the celebration, from the flowers to the food to the entertainment. （VOA: special.2010.08.09）Then Mr.Obama heads to the French-German border for a celebration of the 60th anniversary of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO.Nonetheless, The Faerie Queenecan be said, however strangely, to be the first great poetic celebration in English of the institution of marriage. 然而無論仙后多么與眾不同，它仍可被稱為，第一部偉大的有關(guān)婚姻的,英文詩歌體盛典。(9) CompareIn comparison with that of Indian tribe, the Arabian villagers bla bla.A. In comparison with that of Indian tribe,B. Compared to those of Indian tribeC. When compared toD. Compared withE. As compared tothose of 指的是villagers, 所以選B。雖然詐一看those有點牽強，但感覺講的是某部落村子和其他部落村子的比較， 不是村子和部落的比較， 且C when 比較詭異， 表達客觀事實一般When的出現(xiàn)都是迷惑的(10) 就劃線了一個least details。A leastB least numerousC least the number of D fewest numerous不記得了E fewest我選了第一個 感覺第一個已然可以清楚表達作者原意 jy03223006（v40）(11) were both .and worded poorly. 記得最清楚的一題就是.changes of a proposal not only are poorly thought out but also are poorly worded.那個選項把我給糾結(jié)的啊。1. 最后一橫心選了are both thought out and worded poorly. By Allyson1990（V40）2. 這個選的 both thought-out and poorly worded. by cecilia199004（740）3. JJ上很多人選E 我覺得應(yīng)該選A 因為第一個詞的意思是褒義。 副詞一般連接最近的形容詞。By tonyzero0414（730）4. 那道寂靜上公認的both thought out and worded poorly, 我也選了這個選項 lemontree527（770）(12)now that 既然，由于So now that we have enough practice drawing Lewis structures lets talk about actually figuring out this formal charge. 那么現(xiàn)在我們已經(jīng)做了足夠多的畫路易斯結(jié)構(gòu)的練習(xí),讓我們來討論一下如何得出形式電荷。(13) 同位語用法中的the和逗號 1. 如果把職位、稱號放在人名前面，如果沒有冠詞，或者有定冠詞，就不用逗號（本題的情況）。example: Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk . - correct2.如果前面有不定冠詞，就要用逗號。if theres an indefinite article (a/an), you DO use a comma.example: A jazz pianist and composer, Thelonious Monk . - correct3. if its an adjective, you DO use a comma. 如果前面不是職位、稱號，而是一個形容詞，那就要用逗號。example: Creative and original, Thelonious Monk . - correct注意：(1) 但有要注意：當(dāng)職位、稱號前是定冠詞時，如果是第一次提到某人，是不必用逗號的 if you are using THE (description) (name) to introduce someone for the first time, then you DONT use a comma.example:The author Ernest Hemingway was known for his drunken and violent escapades.- here we are introducing hemingway, so we dont use a comma.(2) 如果前面已經(jīng)介紹了兩人以上，要用“the”特制某人，就要用逗號. if you have already introduced two or more people, but you are using THE (description) to single out one of them, then you DO use a comma.example：Among her friends were an author and a painter; the author, Ernest Hemingway, went on to become an icon of American literature.- weve already introduced the author; this time we use a comma to single him out.(14) 過去時和過去完成時的區(qū)別。過去完成時表達的是過去的過去，所以需要與一個過去的時態(tài)作對比，也即如果句子里面沒有特別明顯表達過去的過去或者沒有某個動詞是過去時態(tài)，那么必不會出現(xiàn)過去完成時。過去時用于描述過去發(fā)生的事件，過去完成時用于描述過去某一時點或時間之前發(fā)生并完成的事件。過去完成時的使用首先要有明確的時間點進行提示，第二要合理的體現(xiàn)出“已經(jīng)完成”的含義。有道忘了是GWD還是PREP原題，是我的第二道，關(guān)于honeybees stinger的那個(15) prep 原題Whereas the honeybees stinger is heavily barbed and cannot be retracted from the skin, because the yellow jacket has a comparatively smooth stinger, it is therefore able to be pulled out and used again.A. because the yellow jacket has a comparatively smooth stinger, it is therefore able to be pulled out and usedB. the comparative smoothness of the yellow jackets stinger allows them to pull it out and then can therefore use itC. the yellow jackets stinger is comparatively smooth, and can therefore be pulled out and usedD. in comparison, the yellow jackets stinger is smooth, and thus able to be pulled out and used (C)E. in comparison, the yellow jacket has a smooth stinger, thus allowing it to be pulled out and used(16) 傳說中的口語題if you want to make more accommodations, bababa three parking areas in front of the building and elevator insideA) .elevator is availableB.once you are inside個人覺得這題沒有語法可言,純屬生活中的口語.by waji0702(17) fed up & fuel upfed up1. 厭惡；厭煩2. 口語討厭，極其厭煩(或不滿)fed upadj.having a strong distaste from surfeitfuel up1. 加燃料，補充燃料： The long-distance plane has to stop at London Airport to fuel up. 遠程飛機必須在倫敦機場停留加油。2. 戲謔語加油水；吃喝；填肚子： to fuel up on flavourful food and beer(18) 4個or有道題中劃線部分能有四個or，乍一看是考并列，其實還是考邏輯判斷，也很麻煩 (要注意是不是水平平行??！)(19) instead of AInstead of collaborating, one of the most famous rivalries began when As reconstruction of xxx was challenged by B, and As reconstruction of xx proved to be mistaken.BInstead of cooperating, one of the most famous rivalries began when As reconstruction of xxx was challenged by B, C. Instead of cooperating, A and B involved in one of the most famous rivalries when A challenged Bs reconstruction of xxx, 機經(jīng)里見到了，就是那個 instead of cooperating, 那個題， 狗主記憶力真好，已經(jīng)很接近原題了。By 洋沫沫（v33）解題的關(guān)鍵是 1）instead of 的邏輯主語，應(yīng)該兩家公司，而不能是兩家公司的競爭關(guān)系； 2）滿足這個條件只剩下兩個選項了，這兩個中結(jié)合后半句有個小并列似乎，能看出那個組織的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)更平行，更簡潔。(20) downward to，upward to，and lateral to ？(21) a list of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞a laundry list of benefits一長串的好處It is cut with a list of important events marking the civil rights movement of the nineteen sixties.(22) syrup (LZ搜了PREP,GWD,大全都木有！求考古帝！)是關(guān)于熬楓糖的，前面是說把糖熬到xx度boiling 開始劃線，樓主選的是“ boiling too long”, 感覺是考的破折號轉(zhuǎn)折的作用， 后面還有一個是兩個破折號一起可以有括號的作用的，大家遇到了再具體問題具體分析吧1. Maple syrup 的制成需要兩不 firstly sap collected from maple 如何如何，secondly，to boil the sap to exactly 291 Fereheihte, boiling too long and you end up with maple sugar.選項主要集中在firstly 跟secondly 后面的平行，另外有選項把 secondly，換成了and then還有個選項區(qū)別在最后的那個boil ，有一個是 Fereheiteboil ,還有一個是 Fereheite， and if boilingcrystalbain（v40）(23) among & include我