初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納

初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納 語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)（一） 動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài) 動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)主要分為兩種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)指主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)功作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)指主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的承受者，。I have done the job.（主動(dòng)句） The job has been done.（被動(dòng)句） 1 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)的不同，可分為以下幾種類(lèi)型： 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am/is/are+done; 2 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was/were+done 3 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am/is/are+being done 4 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was/were+being done 5 將來(lái)時(shí) ：will/would+be done,be going to be done, be to be done 6 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have/has +been done 7 過(guò)去完成時(shí)：had+been done 8 將來(lái)完成時(shí)：will+have been done 2被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)門(mén)主功語(yǔ)態(tài)一樣具有不同時(shí)態(tài)，其時(shí)態(tài)的變化取決于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，其時(shí)態(tài)的變化形式由其助動(dòng)詞be的事態(tài)變化形式來(lái)體現(xiàn) The house is being painted now.（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） Eru0ugh has been said to him about it.（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） The furniture was bought last week.（過(guò)去時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） Youll be punished one day.（將來(lái)時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） 3被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的意義 （1）不知道或沒(méi)必要指出行為、動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者（無(wú)須加buy短語(yǔ)） Colour TV sets are sold in that shop. Football is plated all over the world. (2)突出和強(qiáng)調(diào)行為或動(dòng)作的承受著。 History is made by the people. The wounded soldiers have been saved by those people. (3)有時(shí)主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)，可后置。 Its said that we have won the game. 4在使役動(dòng)詞make及感官動(dòng)詞see ，hear.等動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式后面出現(xiàn)的作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式須加不定式符號(hào)“to The teacher made Tom answer it again.（主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不加“to ) Tom was made to answer it again.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，加“to ) 5.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)要注意不可丟失其附加的介詞、副詞或短語(yǔ)。 look at，laugh at，send for，call on，carry out， listen to，take care of ,make use of,depend on，pay attention to，hand in，put on，look up，give up等. 6. be過(guò)去分詞可以是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式，也可以是系表結(jié)構(gòu)形式。區(qū)別是，系表結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)或特征，不帶by短語(yǔ)；而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是表示主語(yǔ)的一個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作，可以帶by短語(yǔ)。 The job was well done.（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） The job was well done by a skilled worker.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） The composition is well written.（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） The composition is written with great care;.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） 7原來(lái)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的賓語(yǔ)如果是從句，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要用形式主語(yǔ)it. It has been known to him that many friends will come to see him. It is said that this book has been translated into several languages. 8有一些動(dòng)詞不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 break out，take place，happen，belong to，cost，suit，fit，have，let, wear, weigh. suffer, pass, kill the time, enter, last, meet（遇見(jiàn)），join（參加），fail等 9賓語(yǔ)為反身代詞時(shí)，不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，只用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。 The man introduced himself as Mr. Wang. 10有些動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞常用所接的不定式來(lái)表示被動(dòng)意義。 如：happen，pretend，seem，used to，ought to，appear等。 The house used to be painted white. The job has to be done before dark. On the way we happened to be caught in the rain. 11有些動(dòng)名詞在want, need, require和介詞worth后形式為主動(dòng)，意義為被動(dòng)。 12有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式來(lái)表示被動(dòng)意義。如：clean, sell,look，lock，open，write，read，wash,feel等。 This kind of cloth washes easily. These books sell well.（好賣(mài)） The door doesnt lock. The door cant open. This pen writes very well. 13除助動(dòng)詞be可以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)外，get, become等詞也可以過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)意義。 She was unhappy because she didnt get invited to the party. （1）主謂一致。 主謂一致指的是句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上必須保持一致，句子的主語(yǔ)是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用單數(shù)，主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 1主謂一致的三個(gè)原則。 英語(yǔ)中的主謂一致主要遵循三個(gè)原則：意義一致原則、語(yǔ)法一致原則和就近原則。這三個(gè)原則常常發(fā)生矛盾，但當(dāng)發(fā)生沖突時(shí)，意義一致原則為優(yōu)先考慮的原則。 (1)語(yǔ)法一致原則： 主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)通常是在語(yǔ)法形式上取得一致，即主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)采取單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)采取復(fù)數(shù)形式。 She is a girl她是女孩。 They are all girls她們都是女孩。 The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures. 這位教授兼作家被邀請(qǐng)到很多大學(xué)作報(bào)告。 （教授與作家是同一個(gè)人，是單數(shù).） The old are very well taken care of in our city老年人在我們城市被照顧得很好。( the old指所有的老年人，指一類(lèi)人，為復(fù)數(shù)概念。） (2)就近原則： 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)由靠近它的主語(yǔ)決定。 There is a book，two pens and three pencils on the desk. 書(shū)桌上有一本書(shū)，兩支鋼筆和三支鉛筆。 There are two pens，a book and three pencils on the desk. 書(shū)桌上有兩支鋼筆，一本書(shū)和三支鉛筆。 Either my sisters or my mother is coming. 不是我的姐妹們就是我的媽媽要來(lái)。 (3)意義一致原則： 主語(yǔ)形式上是單數(shù)，但表達(dá)復(fù)數(shù)意義，那么謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式；或主語(yǔ)形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，但表達(dá)單數(shù)意義，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也采用單數(shù)形式。 The police are still running after the murderer. 警察還在追殺人犯。 The news was very exciting. 這則新聞令人激動(dòng)。 My family were watching TV at 7 oclock. 7點(diǎn)鐘的時(shí)候，我們?nèi)胰嗽诳措娨暋?My family has moved three times我們家搬過(guò)三次。 2主謂一致的應(yīng)用。 (1)單一主語(yǔ)的情況。 單一主語(yǔ)指的是由一個(gè)中心名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的主語(yǔ)，其主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的一致情況如下： 不定代詞作主語(yǔ) a不定代詞either, neither, each, one, the other, another,someone，somebody，something，anyone，anybody，anything，everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, nothing等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)、 b. none作主語(yǔ)時(shí)如果指人或可數(shù)的物，表數(shù)目，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式皆可；如果指不可數(shù)名詞，表量，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left. 吉米把所有的錢(qián)都用光了，一點(diǎn)沒(méi)留。 c. neither/either of復(fù)數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)形式的代詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)，也可用復(fù)數(shù)。 Neither of these words is correct. 這些單詞沒(méi)有一個(gè)是正確的。 d. the other two（），the other three（）another two( . ) , both等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)、 Five people came to help，but another three were still needed. 已經(jīng)有五個(gè)人來(lái)幫忙了，但我們還需要三個(gè) e. all指人時(shí)作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；指全部事情時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù) All the work was finished. 所有的活都干完了 All is going well一切都很正常. f在each . and each，every.and every，no.and no,many a. . . and many a等由and連接并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)、 Each boy and each girl has got a seat. 每個(gè)男孩和女孩都有一個(gè)座位. Every man and everv woman is at work. 每個(gè)男人和女人都在工作. No sound and no voice is heard for a long while. 很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到一點(diǎn)聲音 Every boy and every girl likes the film star. 所有的男孩和女孩都喜歡這個(gè)電影明星 g. such山作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)根據(jù)其意義而定、 Such is Stephen Hawking，who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much 這就是史蒂芬?霍金，遭受著巨大痛苦而作出巨大成就的人。 Such as have plenty of money want more money. 那些有足夠錢(qián)的人還想要更多的錢(qián)。 集合名詞作主語(yǔ) a有些集體名詞，如people, cattle, police等形式上是單數(shù)，但意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用復(fù)數(shù)。 People are talking about the accident happened yesterday. 人們還在談?wù)撟蛱彀l(fā)生的那場(chǎng)事故。 b集合名詞，如audience（觀眾），army, class, crew船員），company（公司），crowd（人群），enemy, family, group, government(政府)，public (公眾)，population(人口),team(隊(duì)員)等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，若作為一個(gè)整體看待，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；若著眼于組成該集體的一個(gè)個(gè)成員或個(gè)體時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)就該用復(fù)數(shù)。 The population in China is very large and 80% of the population live in rural areas. 中國(guó)人口很多，其中80的人住在農(nóng)村。 c. 有些以-sh, -ese , -ch結(jié)尾的表示國(guó)家、民族的形容詞與the連用時(shí)表示復(fù)數(shù)含義，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)如the English, the Chinese，the French等 The English are a polite people英國(guó)是一個(gè)禮儀之邦。 以復(fù)數(shù)形式結(jié)尾的特殊名詞作主語(yǔ) a以一ics結(jié)尾的表示學(xué)科名稱(chēng)的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù). Politics is taught in our school. 我們學(xué)校開(kāi)設(shè)政治課。 b專(zhuān)有名詞如國(guó)名、人名、書(shū)名、組織機(jī)構(gòu)等作主語(yǔ)，形式上即使是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用單數(shù)，如the United Nations, the United States，the New York Times等。 Lu Xuns works sells well. 魯迅的著作很暢銷(xiāo)。 c有些名詞如。arnings, thanks, goods, leavings（殘?jiān)?，剩余），clothes, trousers, belongings（財(cái)產(chǎn)），savings, scissor，等作主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能用復(fù)數(shù)形式 The family were saved but the belongings were lost. 這一家人獲救，但損失了所有財(cái)產(chǎn)。 d. means , sheep , (leer, crossroad、等單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)其單復(fù)數(shù)而定 Each means has been tried to solve the problem，but none is effective. 每一種方法都試過(guò)，但沒(méi)有一個(gè)是有效的。 含有修飾語(yǔ)的名詞作主語(yǔ) a一些由兩個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)部分組成一體的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，如trousers , pants, glasses, scissgrs等作主語(yǔ)，前面若無(wú)a pair of, a suit of, a set of, a series of等這類(lèi)單位詞，通常作復(fù)數(shù)用，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作復(fù)數(shù)。若帶有單位詞，則由單位詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。 My shoes are under the bed我的鞋在床下。 His black trousers are too long他的那條黑褲子太長(zhǎng)了。 Your glasses are on your nose你的眼鏡在鼻子上。 但若這類(lèi)名詞與a pair連用時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞往往用單數(shù)。 This pair of shoes is made in Beijing這雙鞋子是北京制造的。 There is a pair of glasses on your bed你的床上有副眼鏡。 b. a number of意為“許多”，修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)一般也用復(fù)數(shù)：the number of意為“的數(shù)目”，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)?只能用單數(shù) A number of the other plants were found in America. 在美洲還發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多別的植物。 The number of people who travel by plane in China is larger than ever before 在中國(guó)乘飛機(jī)旅行的人數(shù)比以往多了。 c只修飾可數(shù)名詞的量詞several, a few, few, quite a few, a great manv(of.）作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式；其修飾的名詞作主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式 Usually few regard their work as a pleasure. 通常很少有人把工作當(dāng)成娛樂(lè)。 d. some, plenty of, a lot ( of) , lots( of）等詞既可修飾可數(shù)名詞，又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)所修飾詞而定、 A lot of students are coming to the meeting. 很多學(xué)生要來(lái)參加這次會(huì)議。 A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference. 為了準(zhǔn)備會(huì)議，還有很多工作要做。 注意a quantity( of) , ( large )quantities( of）作主語(yǔ)或其修飾的名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)根據(jù)quantity的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。 Quantities of money are needed to equip the school. 學(xué)校安裝設(shè)備需要很多錢(qián)。 A quantity of story books has been bought for the children. 為孩子們買(mǎi)了大量的故事書(shū)： e. a great/ good deal( of)，a little，quite a little，a large amount( of）等修飾不可數(shù)名詞的量詞作主語(yǔ)或修飾的名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能用單數(shù)形式 A great deal of time was wasted playing but ought to have been fully used 很多時(shí)間在玩耍中浪費(fèi)掉了，但本應(yīng)好好利用的 f. more than one十單數(shù)名詞”盡管意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，但因中心詞是單數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)也必須用單數(shù)以符合語(yǔ)法一致的原則在“more復(fù)數(shù)名詞than one”結(jié)構(gòu)之后，謂語(yǔ)常用復(fù)數(shù) More than one person was injured in the accident. 不止一人在這次事故中受傷 More members than one are against the proposal. 反對(duì)這項(xiàng)提議的會(huì)員不止一個(gè) g. one or two +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù) One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午有一兩個(gè)學(xué)生在植樹(shù) h表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、度量衡的復(fù)數(shù)名詞與pass, go by，waste, use, spend等詞連用時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù) Five years have passed since I joined the Party我入黨五年了 i. one or two 后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)要用復(fù)數(shù)但在“a/an十單數(shù)名詞or two”結(jié)構(gòu)之后，謂語(yǔ)卻常用單數(shù) One or two days are enough for this work.=A day or two is enough for this work. 干這活一兩天就夠了 j. the rest（of），the remaining，part（of.），one half( of）等詞或短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)和它們所修飾的名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)根據(jù)主語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的單復(fù)數(shù)而定 Part of his story was not true他講的故事有一部分不是真的。 Part of the foreign teachers in our school are from Canada.我們學(xué)校一部分外籍教師來(lái)自加拿大. k當(dāng)“幾分之幾（百分之幾）+ of名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般也應(yīng)根據(jù)of后的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)one and a half +復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù). This is because two thirds of the earths surface is made up of vast oceans 這是因?yàn)榈厍虮砻娣e的2/3是由廣闊的海洋構(gòu)成的 Two thirds of these tasks have been completed. 這些任務(wù)已經(jīng)完成了三分之。 One and a half days is all I can spare. 我只能抽出一天半的時(shí)間 It is reported that in this area one in four people suffers from lung cancer. 據(jù)報(bào)道在此地區(qū)有四分之一的人患肺癌（一般情況下，one in ten作主語(yǔ)和其修飾的名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式） (2）非謂語(yǔ)形式、從句作主語(yǔ) 單獨(dú)的不定式、動(dòng)詞的一ing形式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式：如果多個(gè)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連在一起表達(dá)同一概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；如果表達(dá)不同概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù) Persuading him to join us seems really hard. 勸他加入我們似乎很難。 To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit. 早睡早起是好習(xí)慣。 To work and to live are two different things but they are always together. 雖然工作和生活是兩件不同的事情，但是它們永遠(yuǎn)相伴 。 that，what，who，which，when，where，why，whatever, whoever,whichever, whenever, whereve：等引導(dǎo)的從句作主語(yǔ)或單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)概念上一致的原則決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù) That .lack has gone abroad makes us all surprised. 杰克出國(guó)去了使我們都很驚訝 Who is Abraham Lincoln？林肯是誰(shuí)？ Who are talking with each other？誰(shuí)在相互討論？ (3)以并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致 and及both. and. a. 一般來(lái)說(shuō)，兩個(gè)單數(shù)主語(yǔ)用and連接起來(lái)，表示兩個(gè)不同的人或物，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；但如果兩個(gè)并列的單數(shù)主語(yǔ)在意義上指同一個(gè)人、同一個(gè)事物或同一個(gè)概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用單數(shù) A smile and handshake show welcome微笑和握手表示歡迎 The poet and writer has produced many works.這個(gè)詩(shī)人兼作家寫(xiě)出很多作品、 b并列主語(yǔ)由or, either. . or. . . , neither. nor. . . , not onlybut also連接時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常與鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持人稱(chēng)、數(shù)的一致 Either the teacher or the students are to blame. 或者是老師，或者是學(xué)生要受到責(zé)備 Not only the students but also their teacher doesnt know about it 不僅僅是學(xué)生，還有他們的老師都對(duì)此一無(wú)所知 Neither you nor I am fit for the work. 你和我都不適合干這個(gè)工作 Are neither you nor I fit for the work? 你和我都不適合干這個(gè)工作嗎？ (4)假性主語(yǔ)的主謂一致 with,together with（連同），along with（和?一起），as wellas（也），like（諸如），such as（諸如），as much as, no less than（和?一樣），rather than（而不是），including, besides, but,except, in addition以除之外）等短語(yǔ)后的主語(yǔ)稱(chēng)為假性主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍然根據(jù)原主語(yǔ)而定，不跟假性主語(yǔ)一致。 The boy with his dog is here. 這個(gè)男孩在這兒，還有他的狗 No one but your parents was there then. 那時(shí)，除了你的父母沒(méi)有別人在那里 Tom，together with Mary and Alice，is going to swim this afternoon. 湯姆今天下午要和瑪麗及艾麗絲去游泳 The teacher，including his students，is going to see Professor Smith. 那位老師和他的學(xué)生們將去看望史密斯教授、 (5)由there , here引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)不止一個(gè)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)通常和最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致、 There is a lake and some hills around it. 它被一個(gè)湖和幾座刁、山環(huán)繞著、 (6)定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)視先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定，先行詞是單數(shù)，定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù)，先行詞是復(fù)數(shù)，定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù) Those（people）who are for this plan are to sign your nameright on this paper 同意這個(gè)計(jì)劃的在這張紙上簽名 I will always treasure the moments that were full of pleasures. 我將永遠(yuǎn)珍惜充滿(mǎn)歡樂(lè)的時(shí)光： The news that has been published in todays newspaper isnt true. 今天報(bào)紙上發(fā)布的新聞不是真的。 (7）在倒裝句中謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與后面的主語(yǔ)保持一致。 On the wall hang some pictures by Picasso. 墻上掛著一些畢加索的畫(huà)。 (8)運(yùn)算數(shù)詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 Three times five is fifteen. 3乘5等于15 Five minus four is one. 5減4等于1。 Seven times four makes twenty-eight. 7乘4等于?g (9）表示數(shù)量的“one and a half復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。 One and a half bananas is left on the table. 桌子上還剩有一個(gè)半香蕉。 One and a half hours is enough一個(gè)半小時(shí)足夠了。 六、知識(shí)*能力聚焦 1. off prep.adv離開(kāi)，分開(kāi) （1）prep. The hall rolled off the table球從桌上滾落 Keep off the grass勿踐踏草地 He entered a big house off the high street. 他進(jìn)入了一所離大街不遠(yuǎn)的大房子。 The ship sank off Cape Horn. 這艘輪船在合恩角外沉沒(méi)了 （2）adv. The town is still five miles off%amaN 那小鎮(zhèn)尚在五英里之外 We are still some way off. 我們?nèi)杂幸欢尉嚯x（如距目的地）要走 Please tell them that the meeting is olf 請(qǐng)告訴他們會(huì)議已經(jīng)取消了。 常用短語(yǔ) take sth. off sth. 扣除，減去 fall off 跌落 knock sth. off sth把某物從另一物上放掉 wipe sth. off sth 把某物從另一物上擦掉 along the coast 沿著海岸 off the coast 海岸外在海上 on the coast海岸上在海岸 The British Isles are a group of islands that lies off the west coast of Europe. 不列顛群島是一組位于歐洲西海岸不遠(yuǎn)處的島嶼 Wuhan lies on the Chanjiang River. 武漢位于長(zhǎng)江邊 2. face n.臉vt轉(zhuǎn)向，面向 （1）n Judging from his worried face，we knew that he must have had some trouble. 從他焦急的臉色判斷，我們知道他肯定有麻煩了. （2）vt. -How does the house face？這房屋面朝哪邊？ -It faces ( to the ) east朝東。 I was faced with new problem我面臨著新的M題 常用短語(yǔ) in( the) face of不顧（問(wèn)題、困難等） lose ones face失面子，丟臉 fight in the face of公然反抗 face the music 由于自己的決定或行為而接受批評(píng)或承擔(dān)后果 3. range n. &vt. （1）n山脈，視覺(jué)（聽(tīng)覺(jué)）范圍（區(qū)域），射程 There is a magnificent range of mountains in the borderland. 在邊境地帶有連綿不斷的雄偉山脈。 The tree is within range of vision這棵樹(shù)在視野之內(nèi) ( 2 ) vt.（在一定范圍內(nèi)）變化，排列 The prices of the dolls range from5 to100. 這些布娃娃的價(jià)格從5美元到100美元不等 The discussion ranged over various problems. 這次討論涉及了種種問(wèn)題 4. design n. &v. ( 1 )n. 圖樣，設(shè)計(jì)，圖案；目的，意向 This is a design for the garden. 這是那座花園的設(shè)計(jì)圖 We dont know if it was done by accident or by design. 我們不知道那是偶然的，還是故意的。 His evil designs were frustrated. 他的罪惡意圖未能得逞 (2) v設(shè)計(jì)，控制 She is designing dresses for the singer. 她在為這位歌手設(shè)計(jì)服裝 He designed a plot for tits new novel. 他為他的新小說(shuō)擬定情節(jié) This weekend party iNas designed to bring the two musicians together. 這次周末聚會(huì)的用意是使兩位音樂(lè)家見(jiàn)面 常用短語(yǔ) by design故意地，蓄意地； have designs on/against對(duì) 抱不良企圖，圖謀加害于； design stfi. for sb. /sth設(shè)計(jì)，制圖，構(gòu)思 5. influence n.v. ( 1 )n. 影響，支配，作用 the influence of the moon on the tides 月球?qū)Τ毕淖饔?These so-called friends of hers have a bad influence on her. 她那些所謂的朋友對(duì)她影響很壞 He has a strange influence over the girl. 他對(duì)這個(gè)女孩子有一種奇妙的影響 Her influence made me a better person. 受她的影響，我變好了 (2) v. 影響，感化 The rice crops will be influenced by the weather. 稻谷的收成將受到氣候的影響 It is clear that her paintings have been influenced by Picasso. 她的畫(huà)顯然受到畢加索的影響 What influenced you to behave like that? 是什么支配你那樣做的？ 6. refer vi. ( referred, referred, referring）涉及，提到( to)；查資料；參與；針對(duì)；提交，交付 He referred to pollution in his report last week. 上周在報(bào)告中他提到了污染問(wèn)題、 The shop referred the complaint to the manufacturers. 商店把投訴轉(zhuǎn)交給制造商 refer to 意思是“提到，談到，涉及，衣考，查閱” refer to sb. /sth. as 意為“稱(chēng)某人/某物為”，to是介詞，不可省略 be referred to( as） 是refer to的被動(dòng)式，意思是“把.稱(chēng)作” When f was saying that I wasnt referring to you. 我那樣說(shuō)的時(shí)候，指的并不是你、 The huge clock in London is referred to as“Big Ben”. 倫敦的大鐘被稱(chēng)為“大本鐘” They referred to their friendly teacher as“Mother 他們把和善的老師稱(chēng)為“媽媽” 7. compare vt. &vi比較，對(duì)照；比作 He cannot compare with Shakespeare as a writer of tragedies. 作為一個(gè)悲劇作家，他無(wú)法和莎士比亞相比 compare. with意為“把.與進(jìn)行比較相比” compare. to. 意為“把比作.”，含“比喻”之意 compare with sb. /sth意為和某人或某事物相比或值得相比” Its necessary to compare English with Chinese in English study學(xué)英語(yǔ)時(shí)有必要把英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)進(jìn)行比較 Compare this with that，and youll which is better. 把這個(gè)同那個(gè)比較，你就知道哪個(gè)更好了 He began comparing himself pith the students. 他開(kāi)始把自己和學(xué)生比較起來(lái) Young people are often compared to the rising still. 年輕人常被比作初升的大陽(yáng) The writer of the poem compares his loser to a rose. 詩(shī)的作者把他的愛(ài)人比作玫瑰。 注意 compare 的過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，compared to 和 compare with在應(yīng)用上無(wú)區(qū)別，常被用于句首或句末。 This hardship is nothing，compared to/with those the Red Army faced on the Long March. 和紅軍長(zhǎng)征比起來(lái)，這點(diǎn)苦算不上什么 Compared to/with many girls，she was indeed very lucky 與許多女孩相比，她的確算很幸運(yùn)了 8. percent n百分之 percent表示“百分之”，相當(dāng)于，其前往往是一個(gè)具體的數(shù)字 percentage表示“百分比，百分率”，其前不能是一個(gè)具體的數(shù)字，只能被high , low等形容詞修飾。 -What percentage of babies died of this disease last year? 去年嬰兒死于這種疾病的百分比是多少？ -One percent百分之一 9. would like to do原音做草事 would like sb. to do寧愿要某人做某事 would like to have done本打算做但沒(méi)做 Id like to pay you a visit next week. 下周我打算拜訪你。 Hed like me to look after his pet dog. 他愿意讓我照看他的寵物狗。 Id like to have gone with you，but I was busy then. 我本打算同你一起去的，但當(dāng)時(shí)我很忙。 10. check n. &vt. (1) n. 檢查，核對(duì)；發(fā)票，支票 We should have a check on the quality of all goods leaving the factory. 我們應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)全部貨物在出廠前進(jìn)行質(zhì)量檢查 We have kept the SARS in check for a year now. 到目前為止我們已控制SARS這種疾病一年了 Ive lost the check for my coat. 我把大衣的發(fā)票弄丟了 I always pay bills by check我總是用支票付賬 (2) vt. 阻止，制止，控制；核查；調(diào)查；托運(yùn)或寄存 Will you please check these figures? 請(qǐng)檢查這些數(shù)字有無(wú)錯(cuò)誤好嗎？ Check your coat at the door. 把你的外套寄存在入口處、 辮析check，examine，test check指核對(duì)，核實(shí)，特別是對(duì)數(shù)量或質(zhì)量加以驗(yàn)證； examine著重指檢查、研討及審查； test指測(cè)驗(yàn)、檢驗(yàn)、測(cè)試一個(gè)人的某種能力 Please check in at the airport an hour before your plane leaves 你要在飛機(jī)起飛前一個(gè)小時(shí)到機(jī)場(chǎng)辦理登機(jī)手續(xù)。 I examined students in English. 我測(cè)驗(yàn)學(xué)生英文。 Id better have my eyes tested. 我該去檢查視力了。 11. across prep.（表示運(yùn)動(dòng)）橫過(guò)，越過(guò)，（表示位置）在的對(duì)面 The old man walked across the road. 那個(gè)老人小心地走過(guò)馬路 He lives across the street from us. 他住在我們對(duì)面的大街上 A boy helped a blind man across the street. 一個(gè)小男孩幫助一位盲人過(guò)馬路 辮析 across，past，through across表示“橫過(guò)，橫穿，越過(guò)”，它的含義與on, over有關(guān)，側(cè)重于動(dòng)作在某一物體或某一地方的表面進(jìn)行。across作介詞還可表示“在討過(guò)”；作副詞表示“對(duì)過(guò)”或“橫過(guò)”。 past表示從某物旁邊經(jīng)過(guò) 注意 past是介詞，不可與動(dòng)詞pass相混淆。 We walked past the hospital.We passed by the hospital. 我們從醫(yī)院旁邊經(jīng)過(guò) through表示“通過(guò)，穿過(guò)”，它的含義與in有關(guān)，側(cè)重動(dòng)作在某一物體空間里進(jìn)行，含有從中間通過(guò)之意。through還可表示“憑借”“（做）完”等意。 The ship sailed across the Atlantic. 這只船橫渡過(guò)了大西洋 She is talking to the neighbour across the garden fence. 她正隔著籬笆與鄰居說(shuō)話： He was absent-minded and walked past the station. 他走路時(shí)心不在焉而走過(guò)了車(chē)站。 The policeman forced his way through the crowd. 警察奮力穿過(guò)人群 He walked through the street and found nothing alive. 他走過(guò)街道，沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)有生命的東西。 12. in the south of, to the south of與on the south of in the south of 在. 的南邊（部），通常指某一范圍之內(nèi)； to the south of 在在南邊，強(qiáng)調(diào)越出了某一范圍； on the south of 在. 南面，強(qiáng)調(diào)兩者毗部，接攘。 He lives in the north of Scotland他住在蘇格蘭北部 The church is to the south of London. 那座教堂在倫敦的南邊。 China faces the Pacific on the east中國(guó)東臨太平洋。 注意我們只有籠統(tǒng)地指明方向時(shí)，可以不出現(xiàn)介詞。 Shandong is north of Fujian. 山東位于福建北部 South of the mountain，there is a big river. 山的南部，有一條大河。 13. cover v蓋，掩蓋；行過(guò)（路程）；報(bào)道；讀 n蓋子，封面，封底，包皮 常用短語(yǔ) cover sth 蓋住 cover. with 用蓋住 cover 30 pages 讀三十頁(yè) be covered with. 用覆蓋 cover an area of 占地面積為，? cover 2,000 li 走了兩千里 cover a conference 報(bào)道會(huì)議 under cover