中考英語語法知識總結(jié)(全)

。代詞：I.代詞可以分為以下七大類：1人稱代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代詞形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名詞性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代詞this, that, these, those, such, some5疑問代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代詞one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn)：1. one, some與any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請求等。Would you like some bananas?Could you give me some money?3) some 和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，some表示某個(gè)，any表示任何一個(gè)。I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”，any可與比較級連用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today?2. each和every:each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定語。none作主語或賓語，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和another:1) other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指兩者中的另外一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)為the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2) another指“又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”無所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如：I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和eitherall表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四形容詞和副詞I.形容詞：1. 形容詞的位置：1) 形容詞作定語通常前置，但在下列情況后置：1修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級或only修飾的名詞之后the best book available, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake4和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí)a bridge 50 meters long5成對的形容詞可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容詞短語一般后置a man difficult to get on with2) 多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序：代詞數(shù)詞性狀形容詞冠詞前的形容詞冠詞指示代詞不定代詞代詞所有格序數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞性質(zhì)狀態(tài)大小長短形狀新舊溫度顏色國籍產(chǎn)地材料質(zhì)地名詞allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3) 復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成：1形容詞+名詞+edkind-hearted6名詞+形容詞world-famous2形容詞+形容詞dark-blue7名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞peace-loving3形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞ordinary-looking8名詞+過去分詞snow-covered4副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working9數(shù)詞+名詞+edthree-egged5副詞+過去分詞newly-built10數(shù)詞+名詞twenty-yearII. 副詞副詞的分類：1時(shí)間副詞soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5頻度副詞always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地點(diǎn)副詞here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑問副詞how, where, when, why3方式副詞hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7連接副詞how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副詞almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8關(guān)系副詞when, where, whyIII. 形容詞和副詞比較等級：形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級，比較級和最高級。比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more 和most。1. 同級比較時(shí)常常用 asas以及not so(as)as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修飾比較級的詞有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3. 表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“the morethe more”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比較級來表達(dá)最高級的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍數(shù)的比較級有如下幾種句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級和比較級。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。五介詞I.介詞分類：1簡單介詞about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on2合成介詞inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without3短語介詞according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4雙重介詞from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞considering(就而論), including6形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII. 常用介詞區(qū)別：1表示時(shí)間的in, on, atat表示片刻的時(shí)間，in表示一段的時(shí)間，on總是與日子有關(guān)2表示時(shí)間的since, fromsince 指從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間，和完成時(shí)連用，from指從時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)開始3表示時(shí)間的in, afterin指在一段時(shí)間之后，after表示某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)之后或用在過去時(shí)的一段時(shí)間中4表示地理位置的in, on, toin表示在某范圍內(nèi)，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外5表示“在上”的on, inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分6表示“穿過”的through, acrossthrough表示從內(nèi)部通過，與in有關(guān)，across表示在表面上通過，與on有關(guān)7表示“關(guān)于”的about, onabout指涉及到，on指專門論述8between與among的區(qū)別between表示在兩者之間，among用于三者或三者以上的中間9besides與except的區(qū)別besides指“除了還有再加上”，except指“除了，減去什么”，不放在句首10表示“用”的in, withwith表示具體的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，單位，語言，聲音11as與like的區(qū)別as意為“作為，以地位或身份”，like為“象一樣”，指情形相似12in與into區(qū)別in通常表示位置（靜態(tài)），into表示動(dòng)向，不表示目的地或位置六動(dòng)詞I.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：1. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下：現(xiàn)在時(shí)過去時(shí)將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask進(jìn)行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成進(jìn)行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別：1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加“已經(jīng)”等詞。簡言之，利用過去，說明現(xiàn)在。如：I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已經(jīng)看過，且了解這本書的內(nèi)容)2) 一般過去時(shí)只表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，它可和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加“過”，“了”等詞。簡言之，僅談過去，不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如：I read the novel last month. (只說明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住)I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只說明在北京住過十年，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)）3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：兩者都可以表示“從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”，在含義上如著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí)，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，則多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。I have read that book.我讀過那本書了。I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在讀那本書。4. 一般將來時(shí)的表達(dá)方式：將來時(shí)用法例句1will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)My sister will be ten next year.2be going to+動(dòng)詞原形含有“打算，計(jì)劃，即將”做某事，或表示很有可能要發(fā)生某事Its going to clear up.Were going to have a party tonight.3be + doing 進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 4be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.5be to + 動(dòng)詞原形表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對方意見Were to meet at the school gate at noon.6一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來The meeting starts at five oclock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.II. 動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are asked6過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were being asked2一般過去時(shí)was/were asked7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has been asked3一般將來時(shí)shall/will be asked8過去完成時(shí)had been asked4過去將來時(shí)should/would be asked9將來完成時(shí)will/would have been asked5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are being asked10含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的can/must/may be asked注意事項(xiàng)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not，短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)begoing to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。 如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如：It is believed thatIt is generally considered thatIt is said thatIt is well known thatIt must be pointed out thatIt is supposed thatIt is reported thatIt must be admitted thatIt is hoped that下面主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing.The book is worth reading twice.The door wont shut. / The play wont act.The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面詞或短語沒有被動(dòng)態(tài)：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等七情態(tài)動(dòng)詞I.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法否定式疑問式與簡答can能力（體力，智力，技能）允許或許可（口語中常用）可能性（表猜測，用于否定句或疑問句中）can not / cannot /cant doCando?Yes,can.No,cant.couldcouldnt domay可以（問句中表示請求）可能，或許（表推測）祝愿（用于倒裝句中）may not do Maydo? Yes,may.No,mustnt/cant.mightmight not doMightdo? Yes,mightNo,might not.must必須，應(yīng)該（表主觀要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推測）must not/mustnt doMustdo? Yes,must.No,neednt/dont have to.have to只好，不得不（客觀的必須，有時(shí)態(tài)人稱變化）dont have to doDohave to do?Yes,do.No,dont.ought to應(yīng)當(dāng)（表示義務(wù)責(zé)任，口語中多用shouldought not to/oughtnt to doOughtto do?Yes,ought. No,oughtnt.shall將要，會用于一三人稱征求對方意見用于二三人稱表示許諾、命令、警告、威脅等shall not/shant doShalldo?Yes,shall.No,shant.should應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該（表義務(wù)責(zé)任）本該（含有責(zé)備意味）should not/shouldnt doShoulddo?will意愿，決心請求，建議，用在問句中would比較委婉will not/wont doWilldo?Yes,will.No,wont.wouldwould not/wouldnt dodare敢（常用于否定句和疑問句中）dare not/darent doDaredo?Yes,dare. No,darent.need需要必須（常用于否定句和疑問句中）need not/neednt doNeeddo?Yes,must. No,neednt.used to過去常常（現(xiàn)在已不再）used not/usednt/usent to dodidnt use to doUsedto do?Yes,used.No,use(d)nt.Diduse to do?Yes,did.No,didnt.II. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must, may, might, could, can表示推測：以must為例。must + do(be)是推測現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進(jìn)行；must + be doing 推測可能正在進(jìn)行的事情；must +have done是推測可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情。1. must“肯定，一定”語氣強(qiáng)，只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.2. may和might“也許”，后者語氣弱，更沒有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及cant語氣強(qiáng)，用于肯定、否定、疑問句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was so near.（推測某事本來可能發(fā)生，但實(shí)際上沒有發(fā)生）Can he be in the office now? No, he cant be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語氣很強(qiáng)，常用于疑問句和否定句中)III. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞注意點(diǎn)：1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表達(dá)“某事終于成功”，而can無法表達(dá)此意。Be able to有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。另外，兩者不能重疊使用。2. used to和would: used to表示過去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣，而would只表示過去的習(xí)慣或喜好，不涉及現(xiàn)在。3. need和dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別：兩者作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)常用于否定句和疑問句。其形式為：neednt/darent do；Need/daredo?做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問句。其形式為：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, dont(doesnt/didnt) need/dare to do八非謂語動(dòng)詞I.非謂語動(dòng)詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成：非謂語形式構(gòu)成特征和作用時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)否定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式to doto be doing to have doneto be doneto have been done在非謂語前加notfor sb. to do sth.具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語分詞現(xiàn)在分詞doinghaving donebeing donehaving been done具有副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做定、表、賓補(bǔ)和狀語過去分詞done動(dòng)名詞doinghaving donebeing donehaving been donesbs doing具有名詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定和表語II. 做賓語的非謂語動(dòng)詞比較：情況常用動(dòng)詞只接不定式做賓語的動(dòng)詞hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen只接動(dòng)名詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞或短語mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, considercant help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to兩者都可以意義基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具體的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為）need, want, require（接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，若接不定式則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式）意義相反stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事意義不同remember/forget/regret to do（指動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生）remember/forget/regret doing（指動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生）go on to do（接著做另外一件事）go on doing（接著做同一件事）try to do（設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力）try doing（試試去做，看有何結(jié)果）mean to do（打算做，企圖做）mean doing （意識是，意味著）cant help to do（不能幫忙做） cant help doing（忍不住要做）III.非謂語動(dòng)詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別：常見動(dòng)詞與賓語的邏輯關(guān)系及時(shí)間概念例句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage主謂關(guān)系。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成I heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make現(xiàn)在分詞notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主謂關(guān)系。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.過去分詞動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)We found the village greatly changed.IV. 非謂語動(dòng)詞做定語的區(qū)別：區(qū)別舉例不定式與被修飾詞往往有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，一般式表示將來，進(jìn)行式表示與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，完成式表示在謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.動(dòng)名詞通常指被修飾詞的用途，無邏輯上的任何關(guān)系Shall we go to the swimming pool?現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生the boiling water / the boiled waterthe developing country/the developed countrythe falling leaves / the fallen leaves過去分詞與被修飾詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完成V. 非謂語動(dòng)詞做主語和表語的區(qū)別：區(qū)別舉例不定式多表示一個(gè)特定的具體的將來的動(dòng)作，做主語時(shí)可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表語有時(shí)可和主語交換位置，而且意義不變，并且還能用what來提問主語或表語。My dream is to become a teacher.To obey the law is important. (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主語時(shí)常用)動(dòng)名詞與不定式的功能區(qū)別不大，然而它更接近于名詞，表示的動(dòng)作比較抽象，或者泛指習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)也可以用it做形式主語，做表語時(shí)可以和主語互換位置。It is no use saying that again and again.Teaching is my job.分詞無名詞的性質(zhì)，不能做主語。但是有形容詞的性質(zhì)，可以做表語，多表明主語的特征性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)等，可被very, quite, rather等副詞修飾?，F(xiàn)在分詞多含有“令人”之意，說明主語的性質(zhì)特征，多表示主動(dòng)，主語多為物。過去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)或主語所處的狀態(tài)，含有“感到”之意，主語多是人。The situation is encouraging.The book is well written.(常見分詞有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式)九定語從句I.定語從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，并與先行詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān)系代詞who人主語Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和that在從句中做賓語時(shí)，常可以省略，但介詞提前時(shí)后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人賓語Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定語I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. that人，物主語，賓語A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主語，賓語The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人，物主語，賓語He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做賓語一般不省略關(guān)系副詞when時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on whichwhere地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)狀語This is the house where I was born.可用in whichwhy原因原因狀語I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for whichII. that與which, who, whom的用法區(qū)別：情況用法說明例句只用that的情況1先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代詞時(shí)。2先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時(shí)3先行詞有形容詞最高級和序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)4先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)5先行詞被the only, the very修飾時(shí)6句中已經(jīng)有who或which時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí)1.He told me everything that he knows.2.All the books that you offered has been given out.3.This is the best film that I have ever read.4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5.He is the only man that I want to see.6.Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情況1在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3先行詞本身是that時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用which, 先行詞為those, one, he時(shí)多用who。He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.III. as與which的區(qū)別：定語從句區(qū)別例句限制性定語從句中名詞前有such和the same修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand. 非限制性定語從句中as和which都可以指代前面整個(gè)主句。如果有“正如，象”的含義，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放主句后，并無“正如”的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.IV. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：類別語法意義及特征例句限制性定語從句對先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫時(shí)不用逗號分開。The accident happened at the time when I left.非限制性定語從句對先行詞作附加的說明，與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，較松散。從句和主句之間用逗號分開，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)插入語，不能用that引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞做賓語時(shí)也不能省略。His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.十名詞性從句種類作用常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞例句主語從句在復(fù)合句中做主語，相當(dāng)于名詞，一般置謂語之前，也可用it作形式主語，主語從句放主句之后that, whether, if, as if, as though, who, whose, which, how, when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, whereverWhether he will come or not doesnt matter much.Whoever comes here will be welcome.表語從句在復(fù)合句中做表語，相當(dāng)于名詞，位于系動(dòng)詞之后It looks as if it is going to snow.賓語從句在復(fù)合句中做賓語，相當(dāng)于名詞He asked me which team could win the game.同位語從句放在名詞之后(news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact等) 表明其具體內(nèi)容You have no idea how worried we are.The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.十一。狀語從句種類連接詞注意點(diǎn)時(shí)間狀語when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardlywhen, no soonerthan, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly主句表示將來意義時(shí)，從句須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；while引導(dǎo)的從句中動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的；until用在肯定句中主句動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的，而否定句中主句動(dòng)詞為短暫性的。地點(diǎn)狀語where, wherever原因狀語because, as, since, now thatbecause語氣最強(qiáng)，since較弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。條件狀語if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that從句中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不可用將來時(shí)，常用一般時(shí)代替目的狀語so that, in order that, for fear thatso that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞結(jié)果狀語sothat, suchthat比較狀語than, asas, not so/asas, the morethe more方式狀語as if, as though, asas if 和as though引導(dǎo)的從句一般用虛擬語氣。讓步狀語though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, wh