外文翻譯合同中締約過失責任的產生和發(fā)展.doc

TheEmergenceandDevelopmentofContractingFaultLiabilityAbstract:TheContractingFaultLiabilityasacivilcompensationliabilityoccurswhenonepartyviolatestheprecontractualobligationssubjecttobonafideprincipleandthentheotherpartyistobeentitledtothecompensationforthedamagestotherelianceonitsinterestsufferedthereby.ThesystemofthecontractingfaultliabilitywasputforwardbyaGermanjuristandwasfamedanimportantfindofjurisprudence.Reviewingthehistoryofliabilityfornegligenceincontracting,wecanfindsthatcaseandtheoryplayaveryimportantroleinitsdevelopment.Introduction:Intraditionalcontractlaw,contractrightsandobligationsbetweenthepartiesisonlykeptintheestablishmentandperformanceofcontractscompletedperiod.Ifthecontractualrelationshipdidnotexistornotsetup,itimpliesnoresponsibility.Thatis,”nocontracts,noresponsibility.Sointhecontract,ifonesidescontractisnotsetup,whichimpliesthefactthattherehavetoprotecttheinterestedpartieswholosssomething.Withthissituation,thefaultliabilitywascomeout.Thisarticlefocusesonit.TheEmergenceanddevelopmentofcontractingfaultliability:ItisgenerallyagreedthattheconceptoffaultliabilityhavealreadycameoutinRomelaw.Thereisafamoussaying:contractisnolongerthesubjectofthepaymentisvoid.Atthispoint,ifthebuyerisingoodfaithandwithoutnegligence,inordertoprotectthesecurityoftransactions,inexceptionalcircumstancesthebuyertherighttoappealbasedonbuyerstogoodfaithlitigation,therequesttothesellerforcompensationforlossessufferedduetoaninvalidcontract.However,beforetheformationoftheancientRomanlaw,thereisnocontractualobligationandCulpacompletesystem.Thecompletetheoreticalandinstitutionalsystematizationofthingswasestablishedinthemoderntimes.ItisproposedbytheGermanjuristGarling.Intheyearof1861,JellingpublishedinVolumeIVofContractingonthefault-Contractnullandvoidanddamagesbeforetheestablishmentoftheharmedinhis“GarlingdoctrineAnnualReport”.Inthearticle,hepointedoutthatGermanytooktoomuchemphasisonthewillofthegeneralcommonlawandthesubjectivewilloftheimportanceofpartydesired,butnotenoughtomeetthebusinessneeds.Forexample,offerorcommitmentisfailedtoconvey,thepersonorthesubjectwillaffecttheeffectivenessofthecontract,ifthecontractduetothefaultofoneofthepartiesandnotestablished,thepartyatfaultshouldtheotherpartybecauseofrelianceontheestablishmentofcontractlossesliability?Garlingreplied:thepeoplewhoengagedincontractswereconcluded,fromacontractualobligationtotradeoutsidethescopeofthenegativeintoapositiveobligationontheleasearea,whichthusassumetheprimaryobligationliesincontractingtobefulfillingthenecessaryattention.Protectedbylaw,notjustanexistingcontractualrelationship,thecontractualrelationshipistakingplaceshouldbeincluded；otherwisetheleasedealwillbeout,andoutofprotection.Thepartiescreatedacontractualobligation,ifsuchaneffectbecauseoflegalobstaclestobeexcludedwhentheobligationwillbetoproducedamages.Therewillbeaso-calledcontractisinvalidpersons,refersonlytofulfilleffectdoesnotoccur,non-thathedidnothaveanyeffect.Inabrief,thepartiesmakethecontractsmeaninglessbecauseoftheirownreasonsdonotcontractwhobelieveditscontractualrightfortheeffectiveestablishmentoftherelativeshouldpayforthedamage.1ThisistheGarlingsContractingnegligencetheory,itisknownastheLawonthefindings.SincetheJellingtheoryputforwardthetheoryofcontractingnegligence,itisseriouslyconcernedbytheworld.Andthenitcarriedoutmoreextensiveandin-depthandsystematicresearchanditalsoincreasinglybysomecountries,legislationorjudicialpracticetoacceptthem.Inthe“GermanCivilCodetimes,thescholarsbegintodiscussitonthequestionoffaultontheparties.Mostofthedraftersbelievesthatcontractingnegligencetheoryofliabilityisnoteasytoacceptandprescribedbyageneralprinciple,onlyinexceptionalcircumstancesshouldberecognized.So,in1900theGermanCivilCode,thedraftersofthetreatyonthefaultisnotfullyacceptedthetheory,onlyinthewrongtowithdraw(122),therightagent(179),fromtheoutsettheobjectivecannot(307),etc.islimitedadoptedwithintheframeworkofthisview,butthecontractingnegligencetheoryintheGermanjudicialpracticeanddoctrinehavebeendevelopedrapidlyandgraduallyformedafine,large,complexandwidescopeofapplication,theestablishmentofageneralizedprinciple.InJapan,thejurisprudencehasalsoacknowledgedtheresponsibilityofcontractingnegligencetheory.InJapansCasetofindthebasesofthefaultliabilityfromthetrustandthecityrealcreditprinciple,sothescopeofthisresponsibilityextendedtothefollowingareas:(1)Unabletoperformthecontractfromthebeginningsothatthecontractdoesnotholdorinvalid；(2)Thecontractshallonlyremaininthepreparationstageofnegotiation；(3)Contracteffectiveestablishmentofthesituation.Contractingfaultliabilityisaneffectiveestablishmentofthesituationofenoughtomatterifthetargetswereflawedandcontractorwhobreachofcontract.InGreeceandItaly,contractingfaultliabilitywasconcernedasageneralprinciple.AccordingtoGreekCivilCodeArticle197,itstipulatesthat:Whenconsultationsontheoccasionoftheconclusionofcontracts,thepartiesshouldhaveobligationtofollowthetradingpracticesandgoodfaith.TheItalianCivilCodesection1337providesapre-negotiationsandcontractualresponsibility,bothintheprocessofnegotiationandconclusionofcontracts,thepartiesshouldbebasedontheprinciplesofgoodfaith.InFrance,contractingfaultliabilityhasnotbeenincorporatedintotheCivilCode.Whenasimilarsituationoccurs,itwillbehandledinaccordancewiththetortlaw.Butinrecentyears,thejudicialpracticeshowsthatthecontractlawprinciplesofcontractisinvalidordoesnotholdthepartyatfaultwhentheresponsibilitytoprosecutecasesoccurfromtimetotime,suchasthepreparationprotocolprotection.IntheEnglishandAmericanlaws,thereisnocontractingfaultliabilityconceptinhistory.ButafterMansfieldincorporateddutyofgoodfaithintotheirlawswithwidespreadsupportsince1933,thecommonlawadmitscontractingfaultliability.In1933,Fuller,scholarintheUS,comesoutwithamendswhendamagestrustinthecontractlawspublishedinthe“YaleLawReview”.Thepaperwasdiscussedindetailwiththeexpectedbenefits,trustinterestsandtheperformancebenefits.TheUnitedStatesUniformCommercialCode,alsoconfirmedthedutyofgoodfaiththatisloyaltothefact.Intherelaws,thetrustinterestsofthepartiestothecontractisaresultofthetrusteachotherspromisetopaythepriceorcharges.Cannotgobackonthepromiseistheirlawstoprotecttheinterestsofaprincipleoftrust.Theirlawsrequiresthecourtinestablishingtrustintheinterestsofthecompensationpromisedtopeoplewithoutregardtohowthesubjectivemeaning.Onlyconsiderthedefendantasapromise,whetherwecanmakeareasonablepersontobecometrusted.CONCLUSION:WemaydrawaconclusionthatcontractingfaultliabilityhasbecomeaintegratedsystemaccordingtotheregulationsmadeinmanycountriesforitbasedonGarlingsoriginaltheory.ComparedwiththeoriginaltheoryofGarling,thereareafewdevelopments.Thefirstistheexpansionofthescope.Contractingfaultliabilitycannotonlybeusedforthebeginningofcontrac