外文翻譯論 建 筑.doc

頁論建筑由于多種原因，要論述大體上以建筑設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為根據(jù)的基本原則在近年來日益困難。其原由主要是目前人們對(duì)新技術(shù)條件下建筑風(fēng)格的發(fā)展有不同的觀點(diǎn)；設(shè)計(jì)人員面對(duì)有一大串可以用來解決結(jié)構(gòu)問題的方法，還有大量可供選擇的建筑材料。結(jié)果常常是建筑群雜亂無章，設(shè)計(jì)詳圖粗糙。在過去，選擇性非常有限，人們通過長(zhǎng)期努力提高建筑學(xué)學(xué)識(shí)水平和精確性來避免設(shè)計(jì)粗糙。在18世紀(jì)，這個(gè)國家喬治王朝時(shí)期的居住工程清楚地表明了這些特性。在還保存有這些工程的地方，兩百年后的今天這些工程仍然有很強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)性和實(shí)用性。無疑，喬治王朝式的鱗次節(jié)比的房屋在很大程度上符合阿歷克斯。戈登所說的建筑設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)該達(dá)到的四個(gè)目標(biāo)。這些目標(biāo)：1.改善氣候；3、增加財(cái)富2.帶來樂趣4、利于活動(dòng)當(dāng)然，他還可以加一條：任何設(shè)計(jì)必須與投資規(guī)模相稱。在發(fā)生石油危機(jī)的1974年，人們的反應(yīng)是千方百計(jì)節(jié)省劇烈上漲的室內(nèi)能源開支。戈登倡導(dǎo)了一項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)方案。在這設(shè)計(jì)方案中他提出了如下設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)目標(biāo)-使壽命長(zhǎng)，能源消耗低，適應(yīng)范圍寬。其目的在與通過降低建筑無的燃料消耗和維修成本，使其更易于適應(yīng)不斷變化的用途來減少建筑物的周轉(zhuǎn)資金。今年來有跡象顯示這些原則正在得到人們的考慮，并且現(xiàn)在有些建筑在很大程度上反映了這些約束條件。運(yùn)用有限選擇建筑材料的指導(dǎo)原則對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)大有好處。雖然在過去的3年中仿喬治王朝式住房令人驚異地有了小小的復(fù)興，但是這種解決辦法提不出任何真正的答案，而且在當(dāng)今這種微不足道的規(guī)模也不具有任何真實(shí)的意義。然而20世紀(jì)20年代威爾文花園城最后應(yīng)用新喬治王朝式建筑風(fēng)格卻有很大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，在建筑比例，建筑形式，建筑色彩和細(xì)部的理解上顯示出很高的學(xué)識(shí)水平。曾有一種流行辦法顯示出這種簡(jiǎn)潔設(shè)計(jì)受到人們的高度尊重。她源自講究軸線和對(duì)稱性古典裝飾風(fēng)格，放映了對(duì)諸如窗戶，前門及山墻等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)細(xì)部的理解?；蝻@得單調(diào)甚至不盡妥當(dāng)，但絕非粗俗不堪。設(shè)計(jì)人員在這個(gè)選定的風(fēng)格范圍內(nèi)，根據(jù)方便設(shè)計(jì)的矩陣布局畫出簡(jiǎn)略的設(shè)計(jì)圖，也認(rèn)識(shí)到一些（簡(jiǎn)單的）制約因素，如場(chǎng)地，用途，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)細(xì)部以及當(dāng)時(shí)的規(guī)范，條例等。剖面圖和里面圖自然而然地出自總圖，由那些在細(xì)部基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)方面技藝嫻熟的能工巧匠準(zhǔn)確地完成。設(shè)計(jì)，量度，設(shè)計(jì)說明書，合同以及建造過程幾乎都能得到理解和實(shí)施。這一切當(dāng)然不能持久，雖然一些近代大師柯布西埃，賴特，以及還有一兩位不那么知名的人的作品還留有對(duì)這些早期設(shè)計(jì)方法的信心的痕跡。由于其他許多權(quán)威人士已對(duì)過去50年來的設(shè)計(jì)和建筑進(jìn)行了諸多論述，因此對(duì)最近20年的建筑設(shè)計(jì)史的進(jìn)一步探討必須就此停筆總之，為受到良好教育的客戶服務(wù)的學(xué)者型的建筑師的影子已經(jīng)隨著雙方自信心的餓喪失一起消失了?，F(xiàn)在他們得依靠許多其他專家的特殊技能。深受世界范圍的，特別是德國及其鄰國的經(jīng)濟(jì)崩潰的影響，一個(gè)新的建筑世界在本世紀(jì)20至30年代發(fā)展起來。其中一個(gè)明證就是“國際風(fēng)格”。我們必須在新的要求范圍內(nèi)搞建筑，舊式設(shè)計(jì)看來已不再合適宜。官方客戶，公眾需要，日益增加的都市人口，以及成本核算都對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)生影響。在更加嚴(yán)格的規(guī)則范圍內(nèi)，輕型構(gòu)架和建筑飾面材料的技術(shù)發(fā)展頁顯得日益有用?，F(xiàn)在我們的建筑有的新穎時(shí)髦，有的還屬探索性的，有呈幾何圖形的，有精雕細(xì)刻的，也有毫無特色的，以及組件裝配。形形色色的結(jié)構(gòu)絕技與有待完善的用料革新同時(shí)并存。一端是公共建筑大專院校，聲名顯赫的商業(yè)大廈（設(shè)計(jì)上全都各顯千秋），另一端是組件裝配的建筑，為社會(huì)提供諸如學(xué)校，住宅，辦公樓，廠房及工業(yè)建筑等等需要。我們?nèi)匀济媾R有著設(shè)計(jì)和施工基本方法的這種對(duì)分局面。這一局面突出了我們這個(gè)時(shí)代社會(huì)的和技術(shù)的目標(biāo)之間的差異。在建筑領(lǐng)域我們已達(dá)到其中一個(gè)分水嶺處在兩難矛盾之中：簡(jiǎn)便住所高性能住所堅(jiān)固型實(shí)心墻體輕便型框架結(jié)構(gòu)保護(hù)隱秘利于社交低密度高密度車輛用道人行通道在這種厲害犬牙交錯(cuò)的兩難中，我們現(xiàn)在必須正確處理好設(shè)計(jì)和使用性能兩個(gè)重點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系。一個(gè)可以接受的解決辦法似乎是對(duì)以前的最佳方案進(jìn)行辨別和分析，然后再?zèng)Q定是否支持大刀闊斧的改變。很有必要弄清楚深刻的變化對(duì)以前的方案的適應(yīng)性有多大影響，是哪些新的制約因素使其不能再次使用。持續(xù)變化的戲劇性效果并不適應(yīng)于長(zhǎng)壽命的建筑著一人工產(chǎn)品。這就意味著要認(rèn)識(shí)到人類對(duì)住處的第一要求是便于人類活動(dòng)，關(guān)鍵是要能躲避風(fēng)雨。依沙克。維爾斯的格言看來很適應(yīng)今天的要求：“建筑藝術(shù)再重要也不如其實(shí)用性重要，對(duì)其雄偉的贊美在多也不能超過對(duì)其提供的舒適性的贊美。”為了更加接近這條哲理，我們就需要發(fā)展新的設(shè)計(jì)方法，以便更有信心地對(duì)許多互相沖突的問題找出現(xiàn)在和將來的答案。在尋找連續(xù)性的途中沒有現(xiàn)成的方案，而目標(biāo)必須是連續(xù)的一個(gè)滿意的設(shè)計(jì)會(huì)帶來卓有成效的，報(bào)償豐厚的合同。OnDesignFormanykindsofreasons,ithasbecomeincreasingdifficultinrecentyearstomakeastatementaboutthegroundruleonwhich,ingeneral,buildingdesigncriteriashouldbebased.Itsreasonmainlyisthepresentpeopletheconstructionstyledevelopmenthasthedifferentviewpointtothenewengineeringfactorunder；Designsthepersonnelfacingtohaveabigstringtobepossibletousefortosolvethestructurequestionmethod,butalsohasmassivelymaysupplythechoicethebuildingmaterial.Theresultisfrequentlythearchitecturalcomplexischaotic,thedetaillayoutisrough.Inthepast,choicewasextremelylimited,thepeoplethroughdiligentlyraisedthearchitectureknowledgelevelandtheaccuracyforalongtimeavoiddesigningroughly.Inthe18thcentury,thisnationalGeorgedynastytimehousingprojectclearsurfaceunderstandsthesecharacteristics.Inalsopreservedhastheseprojectplace,200yearaftertodaytheseprojectsstillhadtheverystrong頁compatibilityandtheusability.Inlargemeasure,theGeorgedynasty-likescalepartialnoderatiohousetoagreatextentconformstoArabLeagueexperienceAlexGordonsaidthearchitecturaldesignshouldachievefourgoals.Theyare:1.Tomodifyclimate；2.Tosupportpatternsofactivity；3.Toaddtoourresources4.ToprovidedelightCertainly,healsomayaddone:Anydesignmustrelatetoanoverallfinancialcommitment.Duringoccurredpetroleumcrisisin1974,peoplesresponsewassavesthefiercerisebyanymeanspossibleintheroomtheenergyexpenditure.Gordonhasinitiatedadesignproposal.Hesetthefollowingdesigninstructiongoalinthisdesignproposal-longlife,lowenergy,loosefit.withtheintentionthefollowingtellingdirective,Itsgoalinandthroughreducesthefuelconsumptionandtheservicecostwhichtheconstructiondoesnothave,causesitschangetheusewhichchangesunceasinglyintheadaptationtoreducebuildingtherevolvingfund.Hasthesigntodemonstratethisyeartheseprinciplesareobtainingpeoplesconsideration,andpresentsomeconstructionshavereflectedtheseconstraintconditiontoagreatextent.Utilizesthelimitedchoicebuildingmaterialtheguidingprincipletodesignisofgreatadvantage.AlthoughimitatedtheGeorgedynastytypehousinginthepast3yearstohavethesmallrevivalamazing,butthissolutioncouldnotproposeanytrueanswer,moreoverdoesnothaveanyrealsignificancenowinthisnotworthyofmentioningscale.Howeverthe20thcentury20sWillarticlegardencityfinallyappliesthenewGeorgedynastytypeconstructionstyletohavetheverybigmeritactually,intheconstructionproportion,theconstructionform,theconstructioncolorandinthedetailunderstandingdemonstratestheveryhighknowledgelevel.Therewasanavailablestock-in-tradeinthegeneralsimpleplandignityofsolutionswhichcamefromtheBeauxArttraditionsofaxisandsymmetry,andintheunderstandingofthestandarddetailsofwindows,frontdoorspediments,whichmighthavebeendullandeveninappropriatebutwerenevervulgarorexhibitionists.Thedesigner,withinthischosenidiom,sketchedouthisplansolutionsonthebasisofaconvenientmatrixofaccommodation,recognizingthe(simple)constraintsofplace,usageandthestandardbyelaws,codesandregulationsofthetime.Sectionsandelevationsnearlyautomaticallybuiltupfromtheresultantplan,andcouldbeveryaccuratelyworkedoutbydraftsmenwonderfullyskillfulinelementdesignindetail.Thewholedesign,measurement,specification,contractandproduction,thoughtheworkofrecentmasters,LeCorbusier,Wright,MiesvanderRohe,andoneortwoothersnotquitesoprominent,retainsthevestigesoftheconfidenceresultingfromtheseearliertechniques.Thetemptationtoreferfurthertothemorerecent20thcenturyhistoryofbuildingdesignmustberesistedbecauseothershavewrittenwithgreatauthority頁aboutthemanysidedplanningandarchitecturalactivitiesofthelast50years.Ingeneral,thetraditionalvisionofthescholarlyarchitectservingtheculturedclienthasfaded,alongwiththeconfidentautonomyofboth.Theynowrelyupontheadditionalskillsofmanyspecialists.Anewworldofbuildingdevelopedinthe1920-30s,muchinfluencedbytheworldwidecollapseoftheeconomy,particularlyinGermanyanditsneighbours.OneofitsmanifestationswastheInternationalStyle.Wehadtobuildwithinanewframeworkofrequirements,forwhicholdstyledesignsseemedinappropriate.Officialclients,thepublicneed,increasingurbanpopulationsandcostaccountingwereallinfluences.Andwithinmorerigidregulations,technicaldevelopmentsoflightframeworksandstructuralfacingconcretewerebecomingavailable.Nowourbuildingsarefashionable,speculative,andeitherofgeometricandsculpturedintricacy,oranonymousandcomponented.Thereisamultitudeofstructuralgymnasticsandimmaturematerialinnovations.Atoneendofthespectrumthepublicbuildings,anduniversityandprestigecommercialbuildings(allveryself-consciouslydesigned)andattheother,thecomponentassembledbuilding,providingthesocialneedsofschools,housing,offices,workandindustrialbuildings.Thisdichotomyofbasicapproachtodesignandconstructionremainswithus,andhighlightssomeofthedisparitiesofthesocialandtechnicalgoalsofthetimes.Wehaveintheworldofbuildingreachedoneofthegreatdividesstraddledbetweencontradictions:SimpletentenclosuresHighindoorperformanceSolidwallLightframeworkPrivacyCommunityLowdensityHighdensityVehiclesHumangoodchannelInthiskindoffiercejig-sawpatternedbeinginadilemma,wemustprocessgooddesignandtheoperationalperformancetwo