中考非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)

1、可編輯非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（一）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就是在句子中不充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。它不受主語(yǔ)的限制，也沒有像謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞那樣的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化，又稱為非限定動(dòng)詞，在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、定語(yǔ)和 狀語(yǔ)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括三種形式：不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞。動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式為：to+動(dòng)詞原形，有時(shí)可不帶to 。不定式的否定形式是not to+動(dòng)詞原形。動(dòng)詞不定式仍然具有動(dòng)詞的功能，可以接賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)而構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)。例如：to beat the opponent 打敗對(duì)手to put on your coat 穿上你的大衣to drive fast 快速駕車to return home 歸國(guó)，回家注意：

2、不定式之前的to(又稱為小品詞)與介詞to功能不同。介詞to 之后要接名詞或代詞的賓格，或相當(dāng)于名詞的短語(yǔ)作它的賓語(yǔ)。而不定式的小品詞to的后面需要跟原形動(dòng)詞。speak to him (to是介詞)對(duì)他講話to speak English (to是不定式的小品詞)講英語(yǔ)1 不定式在句子中的用法(1)不定式作名詞的用法不定式起名詞作用，在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。不定式作主語(yǔ)To grow more trees here is very important.（=It is very important to grow more trees here.）在這里多種些樹是非常重要

3、的。To think carefully before you act is necessary.（=It is necessary for you to think carefully before you act.）你須三思而后行。To walk to school takes me twenty minutes.(=It takes me twenty minutes to walk to school.)步行到學(xué)校我要花20多分鐘。注意：在It is.to的句型中，It是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是不定式；這種結(jié)構(gòu)，避免了句子的頭重腳輕。通常不定式被視為單數(shù)第三人稱，所以動(dòng)詞用is或was。

4、Its bad for your eyes to read in the sun.在陽(yáng)光下看書對(duì)你的眼睛有害。另外，不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子，同時(shí)有另外一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能轉(zhuǎn)換成“It is.to.”的句型。例如：To see is to believe. (百聞不如一見。)不能轉(zhuǎn)換為： It is to believe to see.不定式作主語(yǔ)不定式，作主語(yǔ)，有一點(diǎn)，應(yīng)注意，短語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)，往后移，其位置，it 替。不定式作表語(yǔ)Her dream is to be a lawyer.她的夢(mèng)想就是成為一名律師。What they want is to do it at once.他們所要求的就是立刻著

5、手做這件事。不定式作賓語(yǔ)不定式作賓語(yǔ)是用在及物動(dòng)詞之后。常用的及物動(dòng)詞有：want, wish, hope, like, begin, start, help, agree, refuse, promise, learn, forget, know, need, try等。She wanted to get home earlier that day.她那天想要早一些到家。They refused to do so.他們拒絕那樣做。巧記接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞Hope、wish、want、agree、promise、Demand、ask、refuse、Manage、learn 、decide、Pr

6、etend、choose 三個(gè)希望兩答應(yīng); 設(shè)法學(xué)會(huì)做決定 不要假裝在選擇不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)要求用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞很多，例如：ask, want, believe, know, tell, advice , like, feel, help, force, invite, let, have, make, prefer, notice, order, remind, see, teach, think, expect, enable, cause, choose, allow, persuade等。She adviced him to do so.她勸他這么做。The doctor t

7、old me not to go on with the work.醫(yī)生告訴我不要再繼續(xù)做這件工作了。He reminded me to lock the door when I Left.他提醒我離開時(shí)鎖上門。注意：1、表示感官的動(dòng)詞如see, hear, watch, feel, notice和某些使役動(dòng)詞如let, make, have等，其后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式通常不帶to。例如：It made me feel thirsty.這東西讓我感到口渴。2、動(dòng)詞help之后，不定式帶to或不帶to都可以。Will you please help me (to) take this suitc

8、ase?請(qǐng)你幫我提一下這個(gè)衣箱好嗎?必背：下列結(jié)構(gòu)必須使用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。had better do.最好還是做would you please do.請(qǐng)您做would rather do.寧愿做would sooner do.愿做may just as well do.是做的好rather than do.而不是做例如：Susan preferred to stay at the dormitory rather than go out with them.蘇姍寧可呆在宿舍里，也不跟他們出去。As you are feeling hungry, you may just as well

9、 find something to eat.既然你覺得餓了，還是找些吃的東西吧。Youd better take this way.你最好走這條路。注意：在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，可以用形式賓語(yǔ)it代替作直接賓語(yǔ)的不定式，而將不定式放在補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的后面。She found it difficult to change his mind.她發(fā)現(xiàn)要想改變他的思想 很困難。He considere d it his duty to do so.他認(rèn)為這樣做是應(yīng)該的。The situation now makes it easy for them to finish building the bridge on t

10、ime.目前的這種情況使他們很容易按時(shí)完成大橋的建設(shè)。(2)不定式作形容詞的用法-作定語(yǔ)不定式作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞，要放在所修飾的名詞之后(又稱后置定語(yǔ))。這類名詞經(jīng)常使用的有： time, way, chance, right(權(quán) 力)，need(需要)，decision(決定)，opportunity(機(jī)會(huì))， effort(努力)，courage(勇氣)，struggle(斗爭(zhēng))等。例如：Mr. Wang is a man to believe in.王先生是一位值得信賴的人。I think he is a man to depend on.我認(rèn)為他是一個(gè)可以依賴的人。Can you find

11、 anything to read at the dentist?在牙診所你可以找到可閱讀的東西嗎?The boy found no one to play with.這孩子找不到人跟他一塊玩。(3)不定式作副詞的用法-作狀語(yǔ)。不定式可以在句子中作目的、原因和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。I am sorry to have bothered you.我非常抱歉打攪了你。(原因狀語(yǔ))They will come to the city to look for a job.他們將要到大城市來(lái)找工作。(目的狀語(yǔ))If you are so stupid as to do so, you must expect tro

12、uble.你如果愚蠢得這樣做事，你就等著自找麻煩吧。(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ))“too.to.”結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式含有否定的意思，因此“too.to.”表示“太而 不能”。The boy is too young to join the army.這孩子太小，還不能參軍。He is too busy to see me.他太忙，不能來(lái)看我。“so as.+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)，意思是“以便”?！皊o+形容詞(副詞)+as+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。He went there quickly so as to meet her.他趕快到那里去以便可以碰見她。(目的)He was so kind a

13、s to offer his seat to me.承他好意，把座位讓給了我。(結(jié)果)The man was so angry as to smash the things in the room.這個(gè)人氣極了，便開始摔屋里的東西。(結(jié)果)比較：不定式作賓語(yǔ)和作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。1 She wants to sleep. (作賓語(yǔ))她想去睡覺。2 She went there to sleep. (作狀語(yǔ))她去那兒睡覺。不定式sleep在上述兩句話中分別作賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。區(qū)分它們有兩種方法：及物動(dòng)詞之后的不定式為賓語(yǔ)(如上面第一句)；不及物動(dòng)詞之后的不定式為狀語(yǔ)(如 上面第二句)。按句子含義理解，第一句

14、中，缺少不定式to sleep(作賓語(yǔ))，句子便不完整(she wants)，因 此這里的不定式to sleep是不能缺的。而例2中的to sleep(作狀語(yǔ))修飾動(dòng)詞went，表示去 那里的目的(是睡覺)。如果沒有這 個(gè)不定式to sleep，句子依然完整。(4)不定式作插入語(yǔ)To tell you the truth, youd better change your car.說實(shí)在話，你最好換換你這輛車。To be fair, its not his fault, hes not the one to blame.說句公道話，這不是他的錯(cuò)，不該責(zé)備他。2 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)不定式經(jīng)常使用的有三種

15、時(shí)態(tài)形式：一般式，進(jìn)行式和完成式。(1)一般式(to do)通常表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所示動(dòng)作同時(shí)或在其后發(fā)生的行為或動(dòng)作。She wanted to write a letter.她想寫一封信。She told him to put the things in the room in order.她讓他把屋子里的東西收拾一下。(2)進(jìn)行式(to be doing)表示不定式動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。但注意，不定式所用的必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。It is foolish of him to be doing such a kind of things all the ti me.他老是做這種事情，真是愚蠢至極

16、!That poor girl seems to be following him.那個(gè)可憐的女孩子好像在跟著他。(3)完成式(to have done)表示不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前。They appearedto have known each other.他們看來(lái)互相已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)。Im glad to have made a friend like you.我非常高興交了像你這樣 一個(gè)朋友。3 不定式的被動(dòng)形式不定式的被動(dòng)形式用于其邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定式所示動(dòng)作的承受者。經(jīng)常使用的有兩種形式：一般式：to be done；完成式：to have been done。The bridge acr

17、oss the river is to be built next year.這座跨河大橋?qū)⒂诿髂晷藿āe felt greatly honored to have been invited.受到邀請(qǐng)，他感到很榮幸。4 動(dòng)詞不定式與疑問詞的連用動(dòng)詞不定式可以與疑問詞連用構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)。這些疑問詞有：疑問代詞what, who, which；疑問副詞 how, when, where, why等等。不定式短語(yǔ)可以在句子中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等成分。(1)作主語(yǔ)How to control the water pollution is a big problem.如何控制水污染還是一個(gè)大問題。Wh

18、en to start the project remains undecided.什么時(shí)候開始這項(xiàng)工程仍然沒有決定。(2)作賓語(yǔ)He doesnt know what to do.他不知如何是好。Tell me why to be late again.告訴我為什么又遲到了。(3)作賓補(bǔ)(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))Can you find out why to do it in this way?你能弄明白為什么要這樣做嗎?He will show me how to drive a car.他要教我如何開車。提示：帶有疑問詞的不定式短語(yǔ)，經(jīng)常與下列動(dòng)詞連用：tell, teach, show, know

19、, learn, decide, forget, find out等等。(4)作表語(yǔ)The big problem is where to park the car at the business centre.商業(yè)中心的停車是一個(gè)大問題The question is where to find the genius.問題是到哪里去找這樣的天才5 不定式的省略在上下文連接比較緊密的情況下，為了避免重復(fù)，將相同的部分省略，但小品詞to要保留。-Did you find the reference books about it?-No, I tried to, but failed.-你找到有關(guān)的

20、參考書了嗎?-沒有。我盡力了，但沒找到。-Do you like to see that film with me?-Yes, Id like to.-你愿意跟我去看那部電影嗎?-是的，非常愿意。巧記動(dòng)詞不定式的用法不定式有標(biāo)記，to與動(dòng)原連一起。沒有人稱數(shù)變化，動(dòng)詞特點(diǎn)它具備。主賓定狀表補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，惟獨(dú)作謂不可以。Not加上不定式，否定結(jié)構(gòu)要牢記。疑問詞與不定式，構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)有意義。仔細(xì)推敲多思考，準(zhǔn)確判斷有依據(jù)。注：動(dòng)原=動(dòng)詞原形6 不定式的一些常用結(jié)構(gòu)(1)be+to doShe is very proud to be a student in Beijing University.作為一名北京大

21、學(xué)的學(xué)生，她感到自豪。Your mother will be angry to find that nothing has been done.你母親看到什么事都沒做會(huì)發(fā)火的。(2)have (has, had)+不定式這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示“不得不”，“只好”的意思。He will have to swallow the bitterness sooner or later.他遲早要吞下這顆苦果的。As she missed the train, she had to return home.由于耽誤了那趟火車，她只得又回家去了。(3)there is (are)+不定式There is someth

22、ing important to do today.今天有一件重要的事情要做。There are lots of letters to type now.現(xiàn)在有許多信要打出來(lái)。(4)be about+不定式表示“正要做”I was just about to leave when you phoned me.我正要走，你就給我來(lái)電話了。The match is about to begin. Hurry up!比*上要開始了，快點(diǎn)!(5)only+不定式，表示“卻”They lifted a stone only to drop it on their own feet.他們搬起石頭，卻砸了自

23、己的腳。He went home in a hurry only to find that nothing happened there.他急忙趕回家里卻發(fā)現(xiàn)家里什么事都沒有。(6)so as (not) to do.“為了(不)”She worked hard so as to be a college student.為了要上大學(xué)，她刻苦學(xué)習(xí)。He went to work early so as not to be there late.為了不遲到，他很早就去上班了。(7)enough+不定式表示“十分，足夠”This car is not big enough to seat five

24、 people.這輛車不夠大，坐不下五個(gè)人。He drove fast enough to catch up the train.他把車開得飛快，足以趕上那列火車。注意：1.“形容詞(或副詞)+enough+不定式”構(gòu)成的是簡(jiǎn)單句，可以和復(fù)合句“so.that.”相互轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：It is easy enough for her to do. (簡(jiǎn)單句)It is so easy that she can do it.(復(fù)合句)這件事情很容易，她可以做。2.“so.that (cant)”和句型“too.to.”的相互轉(zhuǎn)換 。She is too frightened to say a wor

25、d.(簡(jiǎn)單句)She is so frightened that she cant say a word.(復(fù)合句)她太害怕了，以致于一句話也說不上來(lái)。The dictionary is too expensive for me to afford .The dictionary is so expensive that I cant afford it.這本詞典太貴了，(以致)我買不起。(8)It is (was)+形容詞+of (for) sb.+不定式It is clever of you to deal with such a thing.這樣一件事情你處理得很聰明。It was ne

26、cessary for me to explain it.我對(duì)此作一下解釋是必要的。比較：該句型中“of sb.”和“for sb.”的使用情況不同，可以從 兩方面加以區(qū)別：它們兩者所用的形容詞不同A of sb.的句型一般使用表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞。例如：good, kind, nice, right, wrong, wise, clever, foolish, careful, careless等。It is wise of her to do so.她這樣做是非常明智的。It was clever of him to go away at that time.在那個(gè)時(shí)刻他走開是很聰明

27、的。B for sb.的句型使用表示客觀情況的形容詞。例如：hard, easy, possible, impossible, difficult, necessary, unnecessary, important, interesting等。It was impossible for him to get there on time.他要準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)那里已是不可能的事。It is simple for me to solve the problem.對(duì)我來(lái)說解決此事非常簡(jiǎn)單。of sb.的句型通常都可轉(zhuǎn)換為不定式作狀語(yǔ)的句子，但for sb.句型不可以。It is very nice of y

28、ou to offer me a seat.You are very nice to offer me a seat.十分感謝你給我讓座。It was careless of him to lose so many things.He was c areless to lose so many things.他丟了這么多東西，真是太粗心了。It is very important for you to practise your oral English in the daily life.在日常生活中練習(xí)你的英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)是非常重要的。這句話不能變?yōu)椋篠he is very important t

29、o practise.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（二）動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞既具有名詞的特性，在句子中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)，又保留了動(dòng)詞的功能，可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)而構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)。動(dòng)名詞的構(gòu)成形式為“動(dòng)詞+ing”。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞在句子中做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用單 數(shù)形式。例如：Seeing is believing.(作主語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ))眼見為實(shí)。Do you mind my smoking here?你介意我在這里抽煙嗎?(作賓語(yǔ))Staying with him made her very happy.和他呆在一起使她感到非常快樂。(動(dòng)名詞帶自己的狀語(yǔ)with him)The children enjoyed p

30、laying games together.孩子們喜歡一起做游戲玩。(動(dòng)名詞帶自己的賓語(yǔ)the games)1動(dòng)名詞的否定形式和時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化動(dòng)名詞的否定形式為“not doing”。動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)分為一般式doing和完成式having done。它們的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)分別為：一般式being done，完成式having been done。例如：She made her parents very happy by getting the first award on the performances.(肯定)得了表演一等獎(jiǎng)，這使她的父母很高興。He admitted not telling us

31、 the truth at last.他最后承認(rèn)沒有跟我們說實(shí)話。(否定)Keep the medicine away from being touched by the children.把藥放在兒童夠不到的地方。(被動(dòng)式)This huge bridge succeeded in having been built up last month.這座巨大的橋梁終于在上個(gè)月建成了。 (被動(dòng)式)2動(dòng)名詞的用法(1)作主語(yǔ)：用于表示泛指的而不是一次性的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)經(jīng)常采用 it 作形式主語(yǔ)的句型。Playing football is their favorite sport.It is t

32、heir favorite sport playing football.踢足球是他們最喜愛的運(yùn)動(dòng)。Living here is very safe.It is very safe living here.居住在這里是很安全的。(2)作賓語(yǔ)：He is considering changing a job.他正在考慮換一件工作。She cant avoid meeting him.她免不了要碰見他。He tried to deny taking away my dictionary.他竭力否認(rèn)拿走了我的詞典。(3)作表語(yǔ)：Living is also learning.生活也是學(xué)習(xí)。His f

33、avorite sport is running.他最喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)是跑步。(4)作定語(yǔ)：We all attended the opening ceremony.我們都參加了開幕式。Susan won the first prize in the singing competition.蘇姍獲得了歌唱大賽的一等獎(jiǎng)。We should learn from all the advanced teaching methods.我們應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)所有的先進(jìn)的教學(xué)方法。必背：記住以下常用的動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)1、下列動(dòng)詞，它們只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)而不能接不定式。admit 承認(rèn)appreciate 感激avoid 避免c

34、ant help禁不住consider 思考，考慮deny 否認(rèn)delay 推遲detest 厭惡enjoy 喜歡excuse 抱歉escape 逃跑finish 完成forgive 原諒fancy 想象imagine 想象involve 包括keep 堅(jiān)持pardon 原諒，饒恕practise 練習(xí)resist 阻止，抵抗suggest 建議understand 理解save 省略be worth doing 值得做。He admitted taking my dictionary.他承認(rèn)拿走了我的詞典。Do you try to avoid making her annoyed?你是竭力

35、不惹她生氣嗎?Stop talking and listen to me.請(qǐng)不要說話了，聽我講。2.動(dòng)名詞經(jīng)常作這些短語(yǔ)之后的介詞的賓語(yǔ)。be good at 擅長(zhǎng)be engaged in 從事be satisfied with 對(duì)感到滿意be surprised at 對(duì)感到吃驚be interested in 對(duì)感興趣be responsible for 對(duì)負(fù)責(zé)任be fond of 喜歡be tired (sick) of 厭倦be proud of 以而驕傲be afraid of 害怕be capable of 有能力be used to 習(xí)慣于be opposed to 反對(duì)be

36、long to 屬于depend on 依靠give up 放棄put off 推遲keep on 繼續(xù)succeed in 成功dream of 夢(mèng)想refer to 指的是object to 反對(duì)feel like 想要prevent.from 防止stop.from 阻止devote ones life (time) to獻(xiàn)身于look forward to盼望She is good at swimming她擅長(zhǎng)于游泳。He is used to walking to his office every day.他已經(jīng)習(xí)慣每天走路去上班。They persist in solving th

37、e problem in this way.他們堅(jiān)持以這種方式解決問題。3作直接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞與不定式在含義上的區(qū)別forget doing sth.和forget to do sth.forget doing sth.意思是“忘記了曾經(jīng)做過某一件事”。The old woman always forgets taking the medicine.那個(gè)老太太總是忘記已經(jīng)吃過藥。forget to do sth.表示“忘記了要去做某事”。The old woman always forgets to take the medicine.那個(gè)老太太總是忘記要吃藥。remember doing s

38、th.和remember to do sth.remember doing sth.意思是“記得過去曾經(jīng)做過的某一件事”。I remember eating the dish before.我記得以前吃過這道菜。remember to do sth.表示“記著要去做某一件事”。I remember to eat the dish at the restaurant.我記著在這家餐館要吃這道菜。stop doing sth.和stop to do sth.stop doing sth.表示“停止正在做的某件事情”。Lets stop working and have a rest.讓我們停下手里

39、的活，歇一會(huì)兒。stop to do sth.意為“停下來(lái)去做另一件事”。Lets stop to buy something to eat here.讓我們?cè)谶@里停一下買些吃的東西。regret doing sth.和regret to do sth.regret doing sth.表示“后悔過去做過的某一件事情”。She regretted telling her mother the truth.她后悔把真相告訴了她的母親。regret to do sth.意思是“對(duì)正在做的，或者是還未做的事情表示后悔”。I regret to borrow money from him.我后悔要向他

40、借錢。want, need, require表示“需要”的意思時(shí)，后面的賓語(yǔ)常使用動(dòng)名詞或不定式的被動(dòng)式。This car needs repairing.This car needs to be repaired.這輛車需要修理一下。The road wants rebuilding.The road wants to be rebuilt.這條道路需要重新修建。4動(dòng)名詞的常用句型go+doing sth. 去做go hunting 去打獵go hiking 去遠(yuǎn)足go skating 去滑雪go sightseeing 去觀光be worth doing sth. 值得做This film

41、 is worth seeing.這部電影值得一看。Your suggestion is worth considering.你的建議值得考慮。cant help+doing sth. 禁不住They couldnt help laughing when they saw him.當(dāng)他們看見他時(shí)，不禁大笑起來(lái)。be used to+doing sth.習(xí)慣做His father is used to walking to his office.他父親已習(xí)慣走路去上班。Was she used to living there?她住在那里習(xí)慣嗎?It is no use(good)+doing s

42、th. 做沒用Its no good crying over spilt milk.覆水難收。Its no use waiting here for her.在這里等她沒有用。forgive sb. for doing sth.原諒某人做某事。prevent sb. from doing sth.避免，阻止某人做某事。They all forgave the boy for doing such a thing.他們大家都原諒了這個(gè)孩子做的事情。You must prevent the children from touching the dangerous things.你們務(wù)必不要讓孩子接

43、觸危險(xiǎn)物品。without+doing sth. 沒有做就she kept sitting there without saying to anybody.她一直坐在那里，默不作聲。Complete the following exercises without referring to the text.完成下列習(xí)題，不要看書。no+doing.表示“禁止，不準(zhǔn)”。No parking.表示“不準(zhǔn)停車!”No smoking.表示“請(qǐng)勿吸煙”非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（三）來(lái)源:學(xué)_科_網(wǎng)分詞分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種形式?，F(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成為：原形動(dòng)詞+ing；過去分詞的構(gòu)成為：原形動(dòng)詞+ed。1現(xiàn)在分詞

44、與過去分詞的比較(1)它們所表示的語(yǔ)態(tài)不同現(xiàn)在分詞具有主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行的含義，經(jīng)常用于表示事物；而過去分詞含有被動(dòng)的意思，經(jīng)常用于說明人的情況。例如：an exciting film 一部激動(dòng)人心的電影。the excited people 激動(dòng)的人們a shocking news 一個(gè)令人震驚的消息a shocked woman 一個(gè)感到震驚的女人(2)它們所表示的時(shí)間不同現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作、行為；而過去分詞是說明已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作或行為。a falling leaf 一片正在飄落的樹葉a fallen leaf 一片落地的樹葉developing countries 發(fā)展中國(guó)家develo

45、ped countries 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家(3)它們所表示的語(yǔ)義不同多數(shù)現(xiàn)在分詞的漢語(yǔ)可譯為“使人怎樣”或“令人如何”；用來(lái)說明事或物的性質(zhì)；而過去分詞的含義為“某人感到怎樣”，說明人的感覺。The story is interesting.這個(gè)故事真有意思。The boy is interested in physics.這孩子對(duì)物理感興趣。What he said was inspiring.他的話令人鼓舞。We were inspired by what he said.我們對(duì)他所說的話感到鼓舞。必背：記住下列同樣用法的分詞：moving 令人感動(dòng)的moved 受到感動(dòng)的tiring 令人厭煩

46、的tired 感到厭煩的amusing 令人愉快的amused 感到有趣的surprising 令人驚異的surprised 感到驚異的boring 使人厭煩的bored 感到厭煩的astonishing 令人驚訝的astonished 感到驚訝的discouraging 令人沮喪的discouraged 感到沮喪的disappo inting 令人失望的disappointed 感到失望的exciting 令人激動(dòng)的excited 感到激動(dòng)的frightening 令人害怕的frightened 感到害怕的inspiring 令人鼓舞的inspired 感到鼓舞的amazing 令人驚訝的a

47、mazed 感到驚訝的(4)它們所用的修飾語(yǔ)不同現(xiàn)在分詞之前常用表示程度的修飾語(yǔ)very，而過去分詞之前常用修飾語(yǔ) much。The football game is very exciting.這場(chǎng)球賽令人非常激動(dòng)。We were much excited at the game.我們對(duì)這場(chǎng)球賽感到非常激動(dòng)。The film is very boring.這個(gè)電影令人厭煩。We were much bored at the film.我們對(duì)這場(chǎng)電影感到煩透了。2過去分詞在句子中的作用(1)作定語(yǔ)Take away the broken vase.把那只被打碎花瓶拿走。The vase bro

48、ken by him yesterday is still on the table.他昨天打碎的花瓶還在桌子上放著。 (后置定語(yǔ))(2)作表語(yǔ)The girl seemed quite satisfied with her job.這姑娘看上去對(duì)她的工作很滿意。She is interested in drawing.她對(duì)繪畫感興趣。(3)作狀語(yǔ)She stood there much disappointed.她非常失望地站在那里。Hungry and cold, he tried to find a village in the mountain there .又冷又餓，他竭力想在那山里

49、找到個(gè)村子。(4)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)The teacher raised her voice to make herself heard.老師提高了嗓音，以便使大家聽清她的話。Youd better get the article written before Friday.你最好在周五前讓人把這篇文章寫出來(lái)。注意：have和get都可以要求過去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，形成have/get sth.done表示動(dòng)作由別人完成。I will have my hair cut this afternoon.下午我要去理發(fā)。Shes got her car fixed yesterd ay.昨天她請(qǐng)人修了她的車

50、。可以帶分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞還有：fell, hear, see, watch, notice, find, smell, keep, like, make等。3現(xiàn)在分詞在句子中的作用(1)作表語(yǔ)The game is exciting.這場(chǎng)比賽激動(dòng)人心。The meeting was boring.這次會(huì)議非常沉悶。It is very interesting to watch his performances.觀看他的表演非常有意思。巧選分詞形式要斷分詞形，先把邏主覓；分詞作主語(yǔ)，邏主被修飾；狀表和主補(bǔ)，邏主是主語(yǔ)；要是作賓補(bǔ)，邏主為賓語(yǔ)，找準(zhǔn)邏主后，再辯其關(guān)系；若為主謂間，需用現(xiàn)在分；

51、要是動(dòng)賓間，則用過去分。(2)作定語(yǔ)The sleeping baby is Susans.那個(gè)睡著的孩子是蘇姍的。The car parking under the tree is mine.那輛停在樹底下的車是我的。(后置定語(yǔ))She said something to the man fixing her car.她跟正在修她的車的人說了些什么。(后置定語(yǔ))(3)作狀語(yǔ)分詞動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生：She drove away crying.她哭著把車開走了。He came back to his office, hoping to find the material needed for

52、 the case.他回到辦公室，希望能找到案子所需的材料。Not knowing that the traffic accident happened to her husband, she was waiting for him to have supper.因?yàn)椴恢浪恼煞虬l(fā)生了交通事故，她還在等他吃晚飯。分詞動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作先后發(fā)生現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式表示分詞動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。Having found out why, he began to repair the machine.由于找到了原因，他開始修理這臺(tái)機(jī)器。Not having finished the homework,

53、he had to stay up late at night .由于沒有寫完作業(yè)，他不得不熬夜。用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式表示“正在被”或者“已經(jīng)被”This is the second bridge being built across the river.這是正在建的橫跨這條河的第二座橋。(作定語(yǔ))Having been invited, he went to Germany to attend the conference .受到邀請(qǐng)，他去德國(guó)出席了這次會(huì)議。 (作狀語(yǔ))注意：現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)具有替代從句的作用。替代定語(yǔ)從句的作用Students wishing to go hiking shou

54、ld sign their names here.（=Students who wish to go hiking should sign their names here.）星期六要去野游的同學(xué)在這里簽名。The free way being built will lead to Xingang port.（=The free way that (which) is being built will lead to Xingang port.）正在修建的這條高速公路將直通新港碼頭。替代狀語(yǔ)從句的作用Fearing that her boyfriend would recognize her,

55、 she stood behind a phone box.（=Because she feared that her boyfriend would recognize her, she stood behind a phone box.）由于害怕她的男朋友會(huì)認(rèn)出她來(lái)，她站在了一電話亭后面。Knowing that he couldnt solve the problem in this way, he changed his mind.(Because he knew that he couldnt solve the problem in this way, he changed his mind.)因?yàn)橹烙眠@種方法解決不了這個(gè)問題，他改變了想法。分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)分詞或者分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)使用時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)一定要和句子的主語(yǔ)一致。如果不