中考英語閱讀理解七選五解題技巧.doc

1、中考英語總復(fù)習(xí)：閱讀理解“七選五”題型解題策略 “七選五”題型的命題分析 “七選五”型閱讀理解題，試題模式為：給出一篇缺少五個(gè)句子的文章，對(duì)應(yīng)有七個(gè)選項(xiàng)，要求同學(xué)們根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容，選出正確的句子，填入相應(yīng)的空白處?？荚囌f明對(duì)該題型命題目的的表述為“主要考查考生對(duì)文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握?！痹擃}型要求同學(xué)們從整體上把握文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容上的聯(lián)系，理解句子之間、段落之間的關(guān)系，對(duì)諸如連貫性、一致性等語段特征有較強(qiáng)的意識(shí)和熟練的把握。七選五的解題步驟1）在閱讀過程中，要注意文章的開始與結(jié)束段落，尤其是文章的首段及末段末句，因?yàn)椤伴_門見山”與“結(jié)尾總結(jié)”的寫作方式為常見

2、的寫作方式，首段的末句一般是全文的主題所在，說明本文將探討哪些內(nèi)容，并簡(jiǎn)要指出文章的寫作思路，有時(shí)甚至?xí)蕴峋V的形式進(jìn)行呈現(xiàn)。首段的末句對(duì)于快速掌握文章的主題具有重要意義，如果它是文章的主題句，就可以使讀者迅速明確文章情節(jié)將如何展開，并對(duì)文章的寫作主題有了整體的了解。如果末句不是主題句，則需要繼續(xù)尋找。這時(shí)，可以考慮文章的寫作方式是否為“結(jié)尾總結(jié)”式，如兩者均可排除，則需在文章中其他段落尋找主題句，但要注意首段與末段的提示作用。2）邊讀邊做題，重點(diǎn)閱讀各個(gè)問題附近的句子，圈定線索詞，然后從選項(xiàng)中尋找相關(guān)的特征詞，以確定答案。做題時(shí)可以采用代入排除法。如果一題做不出或拿不準(zhǔn)，可先放過，繼續(xù)往下讀

3、，先做容易的能做出的題，直到讀完整篇文章。至此，文章的要點(diǎn)和主旨、各個(gè)段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系應(yīng)基本清楚了。將所選項(xiàng)放入空白處，看看是否與上下文構(gòu)成語義及邏輯上的直接關(guān)系，是否符合該處語境。能否承接前后的寫作線索。使文章無論內(nèi)容還是銜接上都能做到通順。一篇文章作為一個(gè)整體，是有其寫作的線索與思路的，在選項(xiàng)定位中，要尤其注意文章的寫作線索，文章的寫作思路的連貫使文章的每個(gè)段落、每個(gè)句子甚至每個(gè)短語均融為一體。如果代入選項(xiàng)后，發(fā)現(xiàn)文章寫作線索中斷或是前后矛盾，應(yīng)更換其它選項(xiàng)。3）在完成選項(xiàng)定位后，應(yīng)通讀全文，檢查文章內(nèi)容是否完整，語義是否連貫合理、各段落內(nèi)容是否緊扣主題，語篇結(jié)構(gòu)是否通順連貫、具有一致性

4、、合乎邏輯，寫作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用語是否恰當(dāng)貼切，從而判斷選擇的答案是否正確。同時(shí)，我們還應(yīng)注意對(duì)相近選項(xiàng)的對(duì)比分析，個(gè)別干擾項(xiàng)由于與某個(gè)正確選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容相近具有很強(qiáng)的干擾性，這時(shí)就需要我們認(rèn)真分析，仔細(xì)甄別，排除干擾，從而得出正確選項(xiàng)。要特別注意，除非有充分的理由否定向前的選擇，否則不要倉(cāng)促更改。只要前兩步投入了精力，動(dòng)了腦筋，第一印象往往可信度很高。七選五的解題策略1）從意思上判斷在做題時(shí)最重要的是要讀懂空白前后的句子，明白這幾句話的確切意思，然后根據(jù)意思的連貫性或邏輯性從選項(xiàng)中選取正確答案。在讀懂意思的基礎(chǔ)上，再利用線索特征詞等進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)答案。2）從詞匯上鎖定線索做題時(shí)很重要的一

5、點(diǎn)是保持對(duì)一些線索詞的敏感，最主要的線索特征詞是空白前后的名詞和動(dòng)詞，尋找答案時(shí)注意在選項(xiàng)中查找同義詞、近義詞、反義詞或表示同一類事物的詞語等。其次是代詞、數(shù)詞、表示時(shí)間/年代的詞、地點(diǎn)/名稱等專有名詞等。尤其是在讀不懂句子的情況下，利用這樣的線索詞尋找答案是很有效的方法。3）從關(guān)聯(lián)詞上查找由于英語的句段之間經(jīng)常會(huì)運(yùn)用關(guān)聯(lián)詞表示銜接和過渡，使文章邏輯更清楚和連貫，因此文章中和選項(xiàng)中表示各種邏輯關(guān)系的路標(biāo)性信號(hào)詞在選擇答案時(shí)都是很重要的線索。在做題時(shí)可將這三個(gè)層面的線索很好地結(jié)合起來。例如，在看到表示并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞時(shí)，一般表示前后句子的名詞或句意具有同指性；而表示轉(zhuǎn)折讓步關(guān)系的詞則往往表

6、示前后句子的名詞同指，但句意對(duì)立，或褒貶對(duì)立或肯否對(duì)立；而表示例證關(guān)系的詞則意味著在舉例之前或之后有表述概念或某一觀點(diǎn)的句子，往往會(huì)有復(fù)數(shù)名詞出現(xiàn)。常見的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有下面這些：(a)并列與遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：and, or, also，neithernor,eitheror, in the same way, that is to say ,as well as, the same as, besides, moreover, in addition to ,what is more(b)因果關(guān)系：because, for, since, as, therefore, so, sothat, thanks

7、to, as a result, because of, in that, for this reason, of course(c)轉(zhuǎn)折讓步關(guān)系：but, however, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, rather than, instead of, it is true that, of course, although, though, even though, even if(d)時(shí)間關(guān)系： at first, at last, finally, first, firstly, in the first place, to

8、 start with，in the mean time, last, later, next, second, secondly, then, third, thirdly, to begin with以及一些具體的時(shí)間。4. 根據(jù)試題所在的不同位置確定不同的解題策略1)如果問題在段首(a)通常是段落主題句。認(rèn)真閱讀后文內(nèi)容，根據(jù)段落一致性原則，查找同義詞或其他相關(guān)的詞，推斷出主題句。(b)與后文是并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果關(guān)系等。著重閱讀后文第一兩句，鎖定線索信號(hào)詞，然后在選項(xiàng)中查找相關(guān)特征詞。通常正確答案的最后一句與空白后的第一句在意思上是緊密銜接的，因此這兩句間會(huì)有某種的銜接手段。(c)段落間的

9、過渡句。這時(shí)要前瞻后望找啟示，即閱讀上一段結(jié)尾部分，通常正確答案與上一段結(jié)尾有機(jī)地銜接起來，并結(jié)合下一段內(nèi)容，看所選的答案是否將兩段內(nèi)容連貫起來。2)如果問題在段尾(a)空白前的一句或兩句是重點(diǎn)語句，重點(diǎn)閱讀以鎖定關(guān)鍵詞。(b)通常是結(jié)論、概括性語句。注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論、總結(jié)等的信號(hào)詞，如therefore, as a result, in a word等詞語，選項(xiàng)中也可發(fā)現(xiàn)前文的同義詞句。(c)與前文是轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系。此時(shí)要注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，同時(shí)注意選項(xiàng)中所講內(nèi)容是否與前文在同一主題上形成對(duì)立、對(duì)比關(guān)系。(d)與前文是并列或排比關(guān)系。在這種情況下，通常是該段

10、落要求補(bǔ)全說明本段主題的其他細(xì)節(jié)，因此根據(jù)段落一致性原則，在原文和選項(xiàng)中找到相關(guān)的特征詞，通常在選項(xiàng)中會(huì)出現(xiàn)表示并列/遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞或與前文類似的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，或出現(xiàn)同義詞等其他信號(hào)線索。前面的一句與正確答案的第一句是緊密相連的。要特別注意閱讀這樣相連的兩句，通常會(huì)找到關(guān)鍵的線索詞句。(e)所選答案是引出下一段的內(nèi)容。如果在選項(xiàng)中找不出與前文之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，此時(shí)可考慮與下一段開頭是否有一定的銜接。認(rèn)真閱讀下一段開頭幾句，看是否與選項(xiàng)的最后一句緊密連接起來。(f)如果第一段的段尾是空白，要認(rèn)真閱讀，看此處是細(xì)節(jié)還是主題。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主題，如果在段尾提出主題，會(huì)用一些信號(hào)詞如轉(zhuǎn)折詞引出來，

11、正確答案中應(yīng)有這樣的特征詞。實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練：請(qǐng)先閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容從下面方框內(nèi)的七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選擇五個(gè)還原到文中，使補(bǔ)全后的短文意思通順，結(jié)構(gòu)完整。 （A）China has experienced serious problems with wasted food in recent years.CCTV reported that the food Chinese people waste every year is enough to feed 200 million people for a year. 1 Certainly not. According to the

12、 UN World Food Program, there were 925 million hungry people around the world in 2010, especially in developing countries. 2 Chinese people are well known for being hospitable (好客的) and generous. Many even feel that they lose face if their guests have eaten all the food on the table. 3 In a restaura

13、nt in Xinjiang, the owner gives the guests who have eaten all that they ordered a card. People can enjoy a free meal when they have 10 cards.More than 750 restaurants in Beijing have begun to offer smaller dishes and encourage their guests to take leftovers (剩飯剩菜) home.What should we do in our daily

14、 life to waste less food? Here are some tips:Do not order too much in a restaurant. 4_ If you cannot eat all the food you ordered, take the rest of it home.Dont be too picky (挑剔的) about food. 5 Keep an eye on what food you have at home. Dont buy too much, especially for vegetables and fruit.A. The w

15、orld has enough food and water.B. Only order as much as you want to eat. C. Six million children die of hunger every year.D. Some food may not taste great, but your body needs it.E. Luckily, a number of people have realized the importance of saving food.F. Do we have too much food?G. food is importa

16、nt to us all. 1._ 2._ 3._ 4._ 5._（B）The Chinese Dream is a hot topic of this year. Many Chinese young people are inspired by the Chinese Dream. _1_They give us courage and confidence to keep us going through difficulties. Here is some advice on how to realize our beautiful dreams.Never giving up is

17、the key to make our dreams come true. _2_ but we can learn from failure, correct our mistakes and try again until we achieve our goals. Our life is like a long journey which is not all roses. _3_We believe rainbows will appear after storms._4_Everyone likes a person who is good at cooperating with o

18、thers. Besides, in our society most problems cant be solved by one person alone. Cooperation is becoming one of the most important ways for people living in the developing society.At the same time, we should learn to examine our abilities because it helps us know our advantages and disadvantages as

19、well as get a full control of ourselves. _5_Follow the suggestions above, and our dreams are sure to come true.A. Everyone has their own dreams.B. Cooperation is also necessary.CFailure is the mother of success,DThen we may be confident enough to face challenges.EWe meet challenges every day and we

20、need to solve them.FWe may fail from time to time,G. It sometimes has wind and rain.1._ 2._ 3._ 4._ 5._ (C)The most important exam for the students in Junior Three is coming in a month. The result of the exam will decide which high school the students will go to. Good grades must belong to the stude

21、nts who study hard. _1_And so are their teachers and parents._2_She got good grades in the final exams last year. I hope her experience will be helpful. Here is what Li Mei said when she was interviewed:_3_. Dont waste any of them. I used to be poor in English in the first term of Junior 3. It was h

22、ard for me to spell the words correctly. But I didnt give it up. I read textbooks on the bus to and from school. I worked hard at home and sometimes burned the midnight oil. _4_ During the last term, I tried my best to improve it by listening to the teacher carefully in class and going over what I h

23、ad learnt after class. _5_ Because of my hard work, I got good grades in English in the big exam.A. My teacher once told me to be more careful.B. I spent most of my time on EnglishCToday, I invite Li Mei, who is right now studying in Senior 1.DSo Many students are under too much pressure and worried

24、 about the exam.EIf I were given another chance, I would do much better.FI knew I must make progress in it because it makes up 20% of the final English exam.G. My experience is that for Junior 3,every minute is important.1._ 2._ 3._ 4._ 5._自我檢測(cè)： A smile will tell people around you that you are a kin

25、d and friendly person. _1_For example, one of my classmates, Mike, doesnt have very nice teeth, so that is why he seldom opens his mouth. _2_So it is very important for us to look after our teeth. In fact, a lot of people have this problem. Some people inherit(繼承) teeth problems from their parents,

26、while others teeth are damaged becauseof bad habits, like heavy smoking, eating too much sugar or not brushing teeth often. _3_They can help improve your teeth and tell you howto take care of them. Smiling can help you to feel more confident and make other people think of you as a more friendly pers

27、on. _4_An Indian doctor called Kataria said that young children should laugh about 300 times a day, while adults should laugh between 7and 15 times a day. _5_A. If you want to keep healthy, you should not only smile but also laugh.B. What teeth problem do they have?CIf your teeth are in bad shape, y

28、ou should go to see dentists and ask them for help.DSo please take this chance to smile and laugh now!ESmile and laugh are different.FHowever, many people dont smile because they think they have ugly teeth.G. He even says that he has lost confidence because of his teeth.1. _ 2._ 3._ 4._ 5._補(bǔ)充材料：（一）A

29、. They are all bad for peoples healthB. If you are over-weight and want to lose weight (減肥),C. Many people like playing sports D. you should eat healthy foods about 95% of the time, E. Junk food is bad for healthF. Eating fruit is good for your healthG. Firstly, it is cheap to make. Junk food has lo

30、ts of fat (脂肪), salt and sugar. 1._Hamburgers, hots dogs, Friench fries, cola and ice-cream are all junk food!Junk food is popular in the world . Why? 2._ Second, it is fast and easy for people to eat. Third, many people, including children, like it because it tastes good. Lastly, most junk food has

31、 food additives (添加劑). So it looks and tastes better, and can be kept for a long time. 3._It makes people overweight (超重), and brings many other health problems. Its OK to have junk food now and then (偶爾). 4._youd better not eat it or try to eat less. If you are active and play sports very often, yo

32、u can have some after you have much healthy food. Junk food still has some nutrients and is a small part of a balanced diet. 5._ and then eat 5% of junk food. (二)One day, some successful men got tegether and went to visit their old teacher.A.The secret of happiness is to be activeB.They are just tools to hold,C.and the plain and cheap ones were left D.some are expensive but some are cheap.E.Soon they talked about the stress (壓力) in work and