初中語法大全匯總

1、初中語法大全匯總（一）一.詞類(Parts of Speech)名詞 英文名稱The Noun(縮寫為n.) 表示人或事物的名稱 例詞boy,clock,book等冠詞 英文名稱The Article(縮寫為art.) 用在名詞前幫助說明名詞所指的人和或事物。 例詞a(an),the代詞 英文名稱The Pronoun(縮寫為pron) 用來代替名詞、形容詞或是數(shù)詞 例詞we,that,his,what形容詞 英文名稱The Adjective(縮寫為adj.) 用以修飾名詞,表示人或事物的特征例詞 old,red,fine,good.數(shù)詞 英文名稱The Numeral(縮寫為num.) 表

2、示數(shù)量或是順序。例詞 one,thirteenfirst動(dòng)詞 英文名稱The Verb(縮寫為v.) 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例詞sit,go,be(am,is,are)副詞 英文名稱The Adverb(縮寫為adv.) 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞。例詞nottoo,here,very介詞 英文單詞The Preposition(縮寫為prep.) 表示名詞、代詞等和句中其他詞的關(guān)系。 例詞in,on,of,to,under.連詞 英文單詞The Conjunction(縮寫為conj.) 用來連接詞與詞、短語與短語或句與句。 例詞and,or,but.感嘆詞 英文單詞The Interjectio

3、n(縮寫為interj.) 表示說話時(shí)的喜悅、驚訝等情感。 例詞oh,hello,hi,er.二.名詞(Nouns)1.總的說來,名詞分專有名詞和普通名詞兩類。專有名詞: 表示具體的人,事物,地點(diǎn)或機(jī)構(gòu)的專有名稱。Lucy China 中國Asia 亞洲Beijing 北京 。專有名詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫。普通名詞: 表示某些人,某類事物,某種物質(zhì)或抽象概念的名稱。例如:teacher 老師 tea 茶 reform 改革普通名詞又可進(jìn)一步分為四類1) 個(gè)體名稱: 表示單個(gè)的人和事物。house 馬car 汽車room 房間apple 蘋果fun 風(fēng)扇picture 照片2) 集體名稱: 表示一

4、群人或一些事物的名稱。people 人們 family 家庭 army 軍隊(duì)government 政府 group 集團(tuán)3) 物質(zhì)名詞:表示物質(zhì)或不具備確定形狀和大小的個(gè)體的物質(zhì)。fire 火 steel 鋼air 空氣water 水milk 牛奶4)抽象名詞:表示動(dòng)作,狀態(tài),品質(zhì)或其他抽象概念。labour 勞動(dòng)health 健康life 生活friendship友情patience耐力2.名詞按其所表現(xiàn)的事物的性質(zhì)分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞?？蓴?shù)名詞(Countable Nouns)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:an apple two apples a car some cars不可數(shù)名詞(Uncoun

5、table Nouns)一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式.抽象名詞, 物質(zhì)名詞和專有名詞一般是不可數(shù)名詞。sand 沙 sugar 糖有少數(shù)名詞即可作可數(shù)名詞,也可作不可數(shù)名詞,但含義不同。glass 玻璃glass 玻璃杯paper 紙 paper 報(bào)紙,文件名詞的功能名詞在句中作主語, 賓語,介詞賓語,賓語補(bǔ)助語,表語以及名詞短語作狀語。The bag is in the desk. bag 作主語。書包在桌子里邊。I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作賓語。昨天我洗了我的衣服。This is a good book. book 作表語。這是一本好書。We ele

6、cted him our monitor. monitor作賓語補(bǔ)助語。我們選他為我們的班長。Mary lives with her parents. parents作介詞賓語.瑪麗和她的父母親住在一起。He is a Party member. Party 作定語.他是一名黨員。They study hard day and night. day and night作狀語。他們白天黑夜地學(xué)習(xí)。3.可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)(the Singular Nunmber)和復(fù)數(shù)(the Plural Number)兩種形式。名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式(The Plural Form Nouns)的部分規(guī)則如下:1) 一般

7、情況下,在詞尾加 -s. 例如:bags，maps，pens，desks，workers2) 以s,sh,ch,x等結(jié)尾的詞加-es.例如:buses watches boxes3) 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等結(jié)尾的詞加-s.例如:licences blouses oranges4) 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加-es.例如:babies families5) 名詞以 -f 或 -fe 結(jié)尾的,把 -f 或-fe 變成 -ves.bookshelves， wives， knives 注:英語中有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的,需要一一記憶常見的有，man - men woman - w

8、omen foot - feettooth - teeth mouse - nice ox - oxensheep - sheepdear - dear fish - fish英語中有些名詞總是以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。scissors 剪刀 goods 貨物 trousers 褲子 clothes 衣服 glasses 玻璃杯4.名詞的所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)在英語中,名詞的格有三個(gè),主格,賓格和所有格。它們的形式及其變化表示與其他詞的關(guān)系。實(shí)際上, 主格和賓格通過它在句中的作用和位置來確定。The bird is in the tree. 鳥在樹上。 bir

9、d 作主語, 是主格。I saw a film yesterday. 昨天我看了一場電影。 film 作賓語,是賓格。名詞的所有格: 名詞中表示所有關(guān)系的形式叫做名詞所有格。Lu Xuns book is worth reading.魯迅的書值得一讀。This is my fathers room.這是我父親的房間。名詞所有格的構(gòu)成單數(shù)名詞 加s 例詞:Mikes father以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞 加 例詞:the teachers room不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞 加s 例詞:mens womens三、代詞(Pronouns)1.人稱代詞(Personal Pronouns)第一人稱單數(shù)主格I(復(fù)

10、數(shù)We) 單數(shù)賓格me(復(fù)數(shù)us)第二人稱單數(shù)主格you(復(fù)數(shù)you) 單數(shù)賓格you(復(fù)數(shù)you)第三人稱單數(shù)主格he,she,it(復(fù)數(shù)they) 單數(shù)賓格him,her,it(復(fù)數(shù)them)2.物主代詞(Possessive Pronouns)形容詞性物主代詞第一人稱單數(shù)my(復(fù)數(shù)our)形容詞性物主代詞第二人稱單數(shù)your(復(fù)數(shù)your)形容詞性物主代詞第三人稱單數(shù)his,her,its(復(fù)數(shù)their)名詞性物主代詞第一人稱單數(shù)mine(復(fù)述ours)名詞性物主代詞第二人稱單數(shù)yours(復(fù)數(shù)yours)名詞性物主代詞第三人稱單數(shù)his,hers,its(復(fù)數(shù)theirs)四、數(shù)詞(

11、Numeral)表示數(shù)目多少或順序多少的詞叫數(shù)詞，數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。表示數(shù)目多少的數(shù)詞叫基數(shù)詞；表示順序的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞?；鶖?shù)詞(Cardinal Numbers)1 one 2 two 3three 4four 5five 6six11eleven 12twelve 13thirteen 20twenty21twenty-one 40fouty 100one hundred五、動(dòng)詞(Verb)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(The Simple Present Tense)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)如:He is twelve.She is at home.表示經(jīng)常的或是習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作.如:I go to sc

12、hool at 7:30 every day.表示主語具備的的性格和能力等如:She like apple.They know English.1.動(dòng)詞be(Verb to be)肯定式I am.否定I am not.肯定式Y(jié)ou are.否定式Y(jié)ou are not.肯定式He/She/It is.否定式He/She/It is not.疑問句和簡略答語Am I .?Yes,you are./No,I you are not.Are you.?Yes,I am./No,I am not.2.There be結(jié)構(gòu)There is/are+某物/某人+某地/某時(shí)這樣一種句型,大致相當(dāng)于漢語某地/

13、某時(shí)有某物/某人的說法.句子的is/are和后面所跟的名詞在數(shù)方面必須是一致.肯定式:There is(Theres)a table in your room.There are(Therere)some pencils on the desk.否定式:There is not(There isnt)any cats here.There are not(arent)any cats here.疑問式和簡略答語Is there a ruler in your bag?Yes,there is./No,there is not(isnt).Are there any people in that

14、 house?Yes,there are./No,there are not(arent).How many kites are there in the sky?There are thirteen.六、介詞(Prepositions)介詞一般用于名詞或代詞前,表示該詞與句子其他成分的關(guān)系.介詞后面的名詞或代詞稱為介詞賓語.介詞和介詞賓語一起構(gòu)成介詞短語.本冊課本出現(xiàn)的介詞短語如下:at: at home at school at six thirtybehind: behind the door/tree behind ones chairbeside: beside the door b

15、eside the housefrom: from one to a hundredin: in Row/Team/Class/Grade4in ones school/grade/class/team/romin your desk/pencil-box/bedroomin the picture in the same class in different classesin English in the hat in the morning/afternoonlike: like this/thatnear: near the window near the doorof: a pict

16、ure of a classroom a map of Chinathe name of her cat the wall of their classroonon: on the desk/chair on the floor on the wall on the bikeon the dutyto:(a quarter)to ten (go)to school/bed/workunder: under the desk/table under the tree/window under ones chair/bed(1)表示時(shí)間：at: 表示某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)如： at noonon: 表示特定的

17、日子如： on Christmasin: 表示一段不具體的時(shí)間如： in the morning， in the Second world war如表示在某一特定的早上、下午則用on如： on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morningduring: 表示期間內(nèi)的某個(gè)時(shí)期如: during the night, during the Second World Warfor: 其后接表示一段時(shí)間長度的詞如： for three daysthrough: 表示在整個(gè)期間沒有間歇例： It snowed through the nigh

18、t.till/until: 表示動(dòng)作持續(xù)的終點(diǎn)例：I studied hard till twelve oclock last night.by: 表示動(dòng)作完成期限例： Ill be back by five oclock.since: 表示某動(dòng)作的起始點(diǎn)例：I have studied English since (2) 表示地點(diǎn)：at: 表示較小的地點(diǎn)如： arrived at the school gatein: 表示較大的地點(diǎn)如： arrived in Shanghaifor: 表示目的地例： Ill leave for Shanghai.above: 表示上面，上方，其反意詞是bel

19、owover: 表示垂直上方，其反意詞是under例： The dog jumped over the table.through: 表示穿過如： through the forestacross: 表示平原上的跨越例： I want to walk across the road.七、句子的種類(Kinds of Sentences)英語的句子按照用途可分為以下四類:陳述句 用途是用來說明事實(shí)或說話人的看法 例句:I can see a map on the wall.I think its his.疑問句 用途是用來提出問題. 例句:Are you Mr Green?Can you fin

20、d it ? How old are you?祈使句 用途是用來表示請求和命令. 例句: Sstand up.Come in,please.Lets play games.感嘆句 用途是用來表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈的感情. 例句:What a fine day it is!How beautiful the flowers are!八、一般疑問句和 特殊疑問句一般疑問句子和特殊疑問句一般疑問句（General Question）一般是指用Yes或No回答的疑問句。例如：Is she at school today? Yes,she is/No,she isnt.Can you see a pencile on

21、 the desk? Yes,I can./No,I cant.Do you play football? Yes,they do./No,they dont.特殊疑問句是以特殊疑問詞開頭的疑問句.(二)一.形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)(The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverbs)大多數(shù)形容詞和副詞有三個(gè)等級(jí)：1)原級(jí)，即原形。2)比較級(jí)，表示“較”或“更一些”的意思。3)最高級(jí)，表示“最”的意思。1.形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成(1)規(guī)則變化單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞一般在詞尾加-er或-estcold c

22、older coldeststrong stronger strongestfast faster fastestslow slow slowest以字母e結(jié)尾的形容詞，加-r或-stnice nicer nicestlarge larger largest重讀閉音節(jié)詞只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí)，應(yīng)先雙寫輔音字母，再加-er或-estbig bigger biggestthin thinner thinnesthot hotter hottest以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞，先改“y”為“i”，再加-er或-esteasy esaier easiesthappy happier happieste

23、arly earlier earliest少數(shù)以-er，-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞clever(聰明的)未尾加-er，-estclever cleverer cleverestnarrownarrower narrowest多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞在詞前加more或mostdelicious more delicious most deliciousinteresting more interesting most intertingeasily more easily most easilycarefully more carefully most carefully(2)不規(guī)則變化good/wel

24、l better best bad/badly worse worstmuch/many more mostlittle less leastfar farther/further farthest/furthest2.形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的用法比較級(jí)：表示兩者（人或事物）的比較Mr King is taller than Mr ReadThis mooncakes is nicer than that one。The tractor is going faster than the bike。最高級(jí)：表示三者或三者以上（人或事物）的比較，其中有一個(gè)在某一方面超過其他幾個(gè)時(shí)，用最高級(jí)。

25、最高級(jí)的前面一般要加定冠詞the。后面可帶of（in）短語來說明比較的范圍。Whose drawing is he best of all?She is the youngest in the class.The taxi is going ghe fastest.Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all.注：在形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)前，有時(shí)可以用much，a little等來修飾，如：much better a little taller二。數(shù)詞（Numerals）（2）序數(shù)詞（Ordinal Numbers）序數(shù)詞表示事物的順序，往往與定冠詞the連用。fis

26、t 1st twentieth 20thsecond 2nd twenty-first 21ththird 3nd thirieth 30thfourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39thfifth 5nd fortieth 40thsixth 6th fiftieth 50thseventh 7th sixtieth 60theighth 8th seventieth 70thnineth 9th ninetieth 80thtenth 10th hundredth 100theleventh 11th one hundred and first 101sttwelfth 12th

27、三、冠詞（Articles）冠詞是一種虛詞，讓在名詞的前面，幫助說明名詞的含義，冠詞分不定冠詞(The Indefinite Article)和定冠詞（The Define Article）兩種，a（an）是不定冠詞。a用在輔音之前，如：a roada boy；an用在元音之前，如：an hour ；an old man等；the是定冠詞。1.不定冠詞的用法用于可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式前，指人或事物的某一種類。Susan is a scientist.Pass me an orange,please.指某人或某事，但不具體說明何人或何物。A boy is looking for you。We wor

28、k five days a week。表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量，但數(shù)的概念沒有one強(qiáng)烈。We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow。I have a mouth，a nose，two eyes and two ears。用于某些固定的詞組中。a few ，a little ，a lot of ，a moment ago2.定冠詞的用法。特指某些人或某些事物Show me the photo of the boy。The book on the desk is mine。指雙方都知道的人或事物。Where are the new books，Jim

29、？They are on the small table。指上文提過的人或事物。Ji Mei lives on a farm。The farm is not big。用在世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物前。The sun is bigger than the moon。用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)前。The first month of the year is January。Walk along this road，and take the fourth turning on the left。用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前。the Great Wallthe Womens Hospital用在一些習(xí)慣用語

30、中。in the morning（afternoon，evening），on the left（right），at the back（front）ofthe day befoer yesterday，all the same3.不用冠詞的情況在專有名詞和不可數(shù)名詞前，China，Grade Two，Bill Smilk，milk名詞前已有作定語用的this，that，my，your，some，any等代詞。The letter is in her bag ,Come this way,please .I have some question.復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類人或事物時(shí)，My father an

31、d mother are teachers.I like cakes.在星期，月份，季節(jié)，節(jié)日前，It is Sunday（Monday，Tuesday，etc。）today。June 1st is Childrens Day in China。It is cold in winter。在稱呼語或表示頭銜的名詞前。Mr Mott is going on a trip。What colour are Mrs Greens shoes？在三餐飯和球類運(yùn)動(dòng)的名詞前。He went to shool before breakfast this morning。Can you play basketba

32、ll？四、動(dòng)詞（Verbs）（2）1.動(dòng)詞的種類（Kinds of Verbs）行為動(dòng)詞Action Verbs：含有實(shí)在的意義，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在句中能獨(dú)立作謂語。She has some bananas。They often come back early。I listen to the radio every day。連系動(dòng)詞Link Verbs：本身有一定的詞義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語，必須與表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。His father is a teacher。Twins usually look the same。Trees turn green。助動(dòng)詞Auxiliary Verbs 本身沒有

33、詞義，不能獨(dú)立作謂語，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞，表示否定，疑問，時(shí)態(tài)或其他語法形式。He doesnt speak Englist。We are playing basketball。Do you have a brother？情態(tài)動(dòng)詞Modal Verbs本身有一定的意義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞，表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。She can speak a little English。May I speak to Ann,please？We must go now。2.一般過去時(shí)態(tài)（The Simple Past Tense）一般過去時(shí)

34、表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，如：yesterday，last night，in 1990，two days ago等，也表示過去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常和often，always等表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如：I got up at 6：30 yesterday。My father was at work yesterday afternoon。He always went to work by bus last year。一般過去時(shí)的構(gòu)成be肯定句：I wasHe （she，it） wasWe（You，They）were否定句 I was not（wasn

35、t）He（She，It）was not（wasnt）We（You，They）were not（werent）work肯定句 I（You，He，She，It，We，You，They）worked。否定句 I（You，He，She，It，We，You，They）did not（didnt）worked。there be肯定句There wasThere were否定句There was not（wasnt）There were not （werent）疑問句和簡略答語be第一人稱Was I？Yes，you were。No，you were not。Were we？Yes，we（you）were。N

36、o，we（you）were not。第二人稱Were you？Yes,I was。No，I was not。Were you？Yes，we were。No，we were not。第三人稱Was he （she，it）？Yes，he（she，it）was。No，he（she，it） was not。Were they ？Yes，they were。No，they were not。work第一人稱Did I work？Yes，you did。No，you did not。Did we work？Yes，we（you）did。No,we（you） did not。第二人稱Did you work

37、？Yes，I did。No,I did not。Did you work？Yes，we did。No,we did not。第三人稱Did he （she，it）work？Yes，he（she，it）did。No，he（she，it）did not。Did they work？Yes，they did。No,they did not。there beWas there a/any？Yes，there was。No，there was not。Was there any？Yes，there were。No，there were not。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過去式地構(gòu)成一般在動(dòng)詞原形末尾加-ed 例如:loo

38、k looked,play played,結(jié)尾是e的動(dòng)詞加-d 例如:live lived,hope hoped,use used末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)詞,先雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母,再加-ed例如:stop stopped,plan planned,trip tripped結(jié)尾是輔音字母+y的動(dòng)詞,先變y為i再加-ed. 例如:study studiedcarry carried,worry worried.常見的不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞有:am/is-was are-were go-went have-had do-did get-gotcome-came say-said see-saw put-p

39、ut eat-ate take-took3.一般將來時(shí)態(tài)(The Simple Future Tense)一般將來時(shí)表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),也表示將來將來經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用.如:tomorrow,next,week,nextyear等例如:I will go to my hometown next week.We will come to see you every Sunday.1)一般將來時(shí)的構(gòu)成 一般將來時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞will+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成.在口語中,will在名詞或代詞后常簡縮為ll,will not常簡縮為wont.在疑問句中,主語為第一人

40、稱(I和well)時(shí),常用助動(dòng)詞shall.第一人稱肯定式I/We will go.否定式I/will not go.疑問式Shall/we go ?第二人稱肯定式Y(jié)ou not go.否定式Y(jié)ou will not go.疑問句Will you go?第三人稱肯定式He/She/It/They will go.否定式He/She/It/They will not go.疑問式Will he/she/it/they go?注:(1)在書面語中,主語式第一人稱(I和we)時(shí),常用助動(dòng)詞shall+動(dòng)詞原形.例如:I shall write you a letter next month.We s

41、hall be very please to see you.(2)在表示帶意愿色彩的將來時(shí),常用will.例如:I will tell you all about it.(3)在問對(duì)方是否愿意,或表示客氣的邀請或命令時(shí),常用will.例如:Will you go to the zoo with me?Will you please open the window?(4)在表示建議或者征求對(duì)方意見時(shí),可用shall.例如:Shall we go at the ten?Shall we get some food?2)用be going to+動(dòng)詞原形表示將要發(fā)生的的事或打算,計(jì)劃,決定要作的事

42、情.例如:What are you going to next Sunday?下星期你打算干什么？Theyre going to meet outside the school gate.他們打算在校門口見面.Were not going to have any classes next week.下一周我們不上課.五.句子的成分(Members of the sentence)組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子的成分,即:主語.謂語.表語.賓語.賓語補(bǔ)足語.定語和狀語.主語和謂語是句子的主體部分.表語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語都是謂語里的組成部分主語(The Subject) 表示句子所說的是什么人或什么事

43、物,一般由名詞 代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的短語等充當(dāng).例句:Lucy is an American girl.We study in No.1 Middle School.謂語(The Predicate)說明主語做什么,是什么或者是怎么樣.謂語(謂語部分里主要是詞)用動(dòng)詞.謂語和主語在人稱和數(shù)兩方面必須一致.例如:We love China.Mike hope to be a doctor.His parents are farmers.She is singing.表語(The Predicative) 說明主語是什么或者怎么樣,由名詞、形容詞或相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語等充當(dāng)，和連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語。例句:Her aunt is a driver.賓語(The Object)表示動(dòng)作或行為的對(duì)象,由名詞,代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞,短語等充當(dāng),和及物動(dòng)詞一起說明主語做什么.例句:He often helps me.We study English at school. Did you