科技英語(yǔ)第三單元復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、第三單元PPT部分：?jiǎn)卧~：(1)analog electronics 模擬電子技術(shù)semiconductor material 半導(dǎo)體材料emitter (E) 發(fā)射極base (B) 基極collector (C) 集電極MOS(Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) 金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體(5)enhancement MOS transistor 增強(qiáng)型MOS管(6)exhausted MOS transistor 耗盡型MOS管unipolar transistor 單極型晶體管(2)bipolar transistor 雙極型晶體管saturated 飽和的(12)anti-c

2、lockwise 逆時(shí)針方向notch 凹槽(15)solder 焊接(13)heat sink 散熱片(14)holder 插座chip holder 芯片插座screwdriver 螺絲起子mother board 主板，母板grid(g) 柵極source(s) 源極drain(d) 漏極breakthrough 突破the basic amplifier circuit 基本放大電路multi-stage amplifier circuit 多級(jí)放大電路integrated operational amplifiers circuit集成運(yùn)算放大器operational amplifi

3、ers circuit運(yùn)算放大電路power amplifier circuit 功率放大器bias circuit 偏置電路rectification 整流regulation 穩(wěn)壓DC power supply 直流電源feedback amplifier 反饋放大器signal generator circuit 信號(hào)產(chǎn)生電路signal processing circuit 信號(hào)處理電路wafer 晶片(16)pin 引腳stripboard 條形焊接板breadboard 面包板(3)transistor effect 晶體管效應(yīng)(4)base current 基極電流(7)P ch

4、annel P溝道(8) analog integrated circuit模擬集成電路(9) digital integrated circuit數(shù)字集成電路(10)DC circuit 直流電路(11)amplifier circuit 放大器翻譯：（1） According to the voltage condition, there are two kinds of MOS transistors: enhancement and exhausted.根據(jù)MOS管的工作電壓，可分為兩種：增強(qiáng)型和耗盡型MOS晶體管。（2） Based on transistors, various c

5、ircuits are manufactured which involve practical amplifiers, biasing circuits, operational amplifiers circuit, and other circuits: rectification, regulation and DC power supplies. 以晶體管為基礎(chǔ)，可以制成各種不同的電路，包括實(shí)用放大器、偏置電路，運(yùn)算放大器，還有整流電路、穩(wěn)壓電路和直流電源。 （3） 今天我們更多地用金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體（MOS）晶體管來(lái)做集成電路。Nowadays, more and more meta

6、l-oxide-semiconductor transistors are used to make integrated circuits. （4） 一般的集成電路芯片的引腳個(gè)數(shù)有14腳、20腳、28腳、甚至更多。他們大多以逆時(shí)針方向排列。General integrated circuit chips have 14 pins, 20 pins, 28 pins, or even more. Most of the pins are arranged anti-clockwise. 課本部分：模電介紹The real electronics what it is called today

7、was actually started after the discovery of the transistor effect. 今天所說(shuō)的電子技術(shù)實(shí)際上是在發(fā)現(xiàn)晶體管效應(yīng)以后開始（發(fā)展）的。Shockley, Brattain, Bardeen etc. in Bell Labs recognize the amplification effect in semiconductors through a series of experiments and observation. Small changes of weak current will have a huge impact,

8、 which is the zoom effect. 肖克利，巴丁，布拉頓組成的貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室在半導(dǎo)體中通過一系列的實(shí)驗(yàn)和觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)了放大效應(yīng)。弱電流很小的變化將產(chǎn)生巨大的影響，就是“放大”效應(yīng)。Transistor opened the road for the electronics and more importantly it opened the road for the computing world. Computers of various types started hitting the market and the research works got a boost.晶體管為

9、電子技術(shù)開辟了道路，更重要的是它為計(jì)算機(jī)世界開辟了道路。各種類型的計(jì)算機(jī)開始在市場(chǎng)上出現(xiàn)，研究工作進(jìn)入一個(gè)迅速發(fā)展的時(shí)代。Transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. 晶體管是現(xiàn)代電子設(shè)備的基本構(gòu)建塊，應(yīng)用于無(wú)線電，電話，電腦和其他電子系統(tǒng)。Transistor is often cited as being one of the greatest

10、achievements in the 20th century, and some consider it one of the most important technological breakthroughs in human history.晶體管通常被認(rèn)為是20世紀(jì)最偉大的成就之一，有時(shí)也被認(rèn)為是人類歷史上最重要的技術(shù)突破之一。A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals connected to an external circuit

11、. There are two types of standard bipolar transistors, NPN and PNP, with different circuit symbols (Fig. 4-1). The letters refer to layers of semiconductor material used. The NPN bipolar transistor consists of an N-type base(B), and an N-type collector(C).晶體管是由一塊固態(tài)半導(dǎo)體材料和至少有三個(gè)連接到外部回路的終端組成。有兩種類型的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的雙極

12、型晶體管，用不同的回路符號(hào)表示，和。這些字母涉及到半導(dǎo)體材料的使用層次。雙極型半導(dǎo)體由一個(gè)型發(fā)射極（），一個(gè)型基極（）和一個(gè)型集電極（C）組成。In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals.在電子技術(shù)領(lǐng)域中，晶體管一般是用作放大或開關(guān)電信號(hào)的一個(gè)半導(dǎo)體裝置。The common emitter amplifier is designed so that a small change in voltage in (Vin) c

13、hanges the small base current and the collector current hugely changes. The properties of the circuit mean that small swings in Vin produce large changes in Vout. 共射放大器的設(shè)計(jì)，使很小的輸入電壓變化引起基極電流小的變化和集電極電流很大的變化。這種性質(zhì)是指電路在輸入電壓很小的波動(dòng)下產(chǎn)生輸出電壓很大的變化。Various configurations of single transistor amplifier are possibl

14、e, with some providing current gain, some voltage gain, and some both.各種單晶體管放大器配置是可行的，有提供電流增益的，提供電壓增益的等。When a transistor is used as a switch, it must be either OFF or fully ON. In the fully ON state the voltage VCE is almost zero and we say that the transistor is saturated, because it cannot pass a

15、ny more collector current Ic. The output device switched by the transistor is usually called the load當(dāng)晶體管作為開關(guān)使用時(shí)，必須關(guān)閉或全開。在飽和狀態(tài)的VCE電壓幾乎為零，我們說(shuō)，晶體管飽和，是因?yàn)樗荒茉诩呻娐分型ㄟ^任何更多的集電極電流。由晶體管開關(guān)組成的輸出裝置通常被稱為“負(fù)載”。Presently , the most popular technology for realizing microcircuits makes use of MOS transistors . it als

16、o has three polars，which are grid，drain and source respectively.用來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)微電路的最通用的技術(shù)是利用MOS管。它有三個(gè)極，分別是柵極，漏極和源極。According to the voltage condition , there are two kinds of MOS transistor: enhancement and exhausted .the symbols for enhancement MOS transistors and exhausted MOS transistors are shown in fig.4-

17、3.根據(jù)MOS管的工作電壓，可分為兩種：增強(qiáng)型和耗盡型MOS晶體管。增強(qiáng)型MOS管和耗盡型MOS管的符號(hào)如圖4-3。Based on transistors and MOS transistors, various circuits are manufactured which involve basic amplifier circuit, multi-stage amplifier circuit, integrated operational amplifier circuit, power amplifier circuit, rectification circuit, regula

18、tion circuit, feedback amplifier, signal processing circuit, DC power supply, and so on.基于晶體管和MOS晶體管，各種各樣的電路被制造出來(lái)，涉及到基本放大電路、偏置電路、多級(jí)放大電路、集成運(yùn)算放大電路、功率放大電路、整流電路、穩(wěn)壓電路、反饋放大電路、信號(hào)處理電路、信號(hào)發(fā)生電路、直流電源等等。 整流Some other problems were also there like the assembling of the electronic components on a single mother boa

19、rd.Jack Kilby in Texas Instruments found a very nice solution. He suggested throwing away all the wires and tried to connect the resistors, capacitors and transistors on the same piece of wafer internally. Surprisingly his ideas worked and gave birth to the integrated circuit industries. 在電子技術(shù)發(fā)展過程中還

20、存在其他的問題，如電子器件在一塊主板上的安裝問題。對(duì)此德克薩斯儀器公司的杰克.柯比找到了很好的答案。他提議不用任何導(dǎo)線，把電阻、電容和晶體管在同一片晶片內(nèi)部連接起來(lái)，令人不可思議的是他的想法成功了，從此誕生了集成電路工業(yè)。An integrated circuit(IC)is a small electronic device made out of a semiconductor material.ICs are used for a variety of devices, including microprocessors, audio and video equipment, and a

21、utomobiles.集成電路（IC）是由半導(dǎo)體材料制成的一種小型電子裝置?？捎糜诟鞣N設(shè)備，包括微處理器，音頻和視頻設(shè)備，以及汽車。Integrated circuits are usually called ICs or chips.They are complex circuits, which have been etched onto tiny chips of semiconductor (silicon). The chip is packaged in a plastic holder with pins spaced on a 0.1 in.(2.54mm) grid, whi

22、ch will fit the holes on stripboard and breadboard. Very fine wires inside the package link the chip to the pins. 集成電路通常被稱為集成電路或芯片。它們是把復(fù)雜的電路蝕刻到微小的半導(dǎo)體硅芯片上。該芯片封裝在一個(gè)塑料插座上，引腳間距為0.1英寸，這個(gè)距離與面包板和條形板上的小孔距離相適應(yīng)。封裝內(nèi)有很細(xì)的線把芯片與引腳相連。The pins are numbered anti-clockwise around the IC(chip) starting near the notch o

23、r dot. It shows the numbering for 8-pin and 14-pin Ics, but the principle is the same for all sizes.引腳是用數(shù)字從一個(gè)缺口或一個(gè)圓孔開始逆時(shí)針編號(hào)的，如一個(gè)8腳和一個(gè)14腳的芯片的引腳編號(hào)，對(duì)所有的尺寸都是一樣的原理編號(hào)。ICs(chip)are easily damageded by heat when soldering and their short pins cannot be protected with a heat sink. Instead we use a chip holde

24、r, strictly called a DIL socket(DIL=Dual In-Line), which can be safely soldered onto the circuit board. The chip is pushed into the holder when all solding is complete.芯片焊接時(shí)受熱容易壞掉，它們短短的引腳也不能用散熱片保護(hù)，我們用芯片插座來(lái)保護(hù)，嚴(yán)格上應(yīng)該稱為雙列直插插座，可以先把插座安全的焊接到電路板上，再把芯片插入插座。Chip holders are only nedded when solding so they ar

25、e not used on breaboards.只有當(dāng)需要焊接時(shí)才用芯片插座，用面包板搭電路時(shí)不用插座。Commercially produced circuit boards often have chips soldered directly to the board without a chip holder ,usually this is done by a machine which is able to work very quickly .Please donnot attemp to do this yourself because you are likely to de

26、story the chip and it will be different to remove without damage by de-soldering 商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)中，通常不用插座而是把芯片直接焊接在電路板上的，因?yàn)閷?shí)際產(chǎn)品是用機(jī)器焊接的，焊接速度很快（不會(huì)損壞芯片）。你不要這樣做，因?yàn)榭赡軙?huì)損壞芯片，而且在調(diào)試時(shí)要移去芯片，而焊住的芯片要取下且不損壞芯片是很難的。If you need to remove a chip it can be gently prized out of the holder with a small flat-blade screwdriver. Care

27、fully lever up each end by inserting the screwdriver blade between the chip and its holder and gently twisting the screwdrive. Take care to statre lifting at both ends before you attempt to remove the chip,otherwise you will bend and possibly break the pins.如果你要取下一個(gè)芯片，你可以用一個(gè)小平口螺絲刀輕輕地把芯片從插座中拔出。仔細(xì)地在兩端把平口螺絲刀插入芯片與插座之間，輕輕地翹起芯片，注意要分別在兩端口起翹，否則會(huì)把引腳弄彎甚至折斷。PSInput stage is a key part to improve the quality of operational amplifier. It has high input-impedance. In order to reduce zero drift and suppress interference jamming of common-mode signal, input stage apply dif