虛擬語氣歸納

1、虛擬語氣歸納 虛擬語氣的重點(diǎn)是：1一些常見的虛擬語氣的句型或結(jié)構(gòu)。2虛擬語氣的特殊形式，即用來表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬形式。3主從句表示不同的時間概念、事實或假設(shè)情況，從而交錯成為復(fù)合虛擬語氣。4含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣的表示愿望的虛擬形式。上述四個要點(diǎn)往往在完形填空或者閱讀理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考這方面的知識的題目，而在閱讀理解里，我們掌握上述四個重點(diǎn)對于我們理解文章的大意和作者態(tài)度很有幫助，了解哪些觀點(diǎn)是作者假設(shè)的、虛擬的，哪些是真實的，這樣對于我們回答關(guān)于作者態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)題很有幫助。下面我們將主要從上述四個方

2、面來重點(diǎn)論述在考試中應(yīng)該注意的問題。一、虛擬語氣的常見類型和句型（1）由wish引起的表示愿望的虛擬語氣A用wish表示對現(xiàn)在的愿望時，它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動詞形式為：過去式（be動詞用were）。B用wish表示對將來的愿望時，它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動詞形式為：would, could, might+ 動詞原形。Cwish用于對過去的事實表示一種不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望時，賓語從句中的謂語動詞形式為：had+動詞過去分詞或could, would + have +動詞過去分詞。The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not

3、gone to it.-“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”-“Thats all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”I wish that he werent so lazy.(2)had hoped引起的賓語從句中備用語動詞形式為would+動詞原形，表示一種過去未實現(xiàn)的愿望或令人失望的事。His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist

4、 later.(3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的從句中要求用過去式表示當(dāng)時或?qū)淼那闆r，用過去完成時表示過去的情況，表示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備。例如：Id rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把這封信立刻寄出去。I would prefer he didnt stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那兒可得太久。I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希

5、望你昨天把這本書還了。（4）Its (high, about) time that 句型中that從句中要求用虛擬語氣形式，即動詞要用過去式。Its time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.現(xiàn)在是我們該結(jié)束講座的時候了。（5）as, 或者whether or 謂語多用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法通常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：Church as we use the word refers to all

6、religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.（6）由連接詞in case, so that, unless, lest ,for fear that引起的狀語從句中，謂語動詞要用虛擬形式，即should (might, would)+動詞原形，例如：She put a blanket over the baby f

7、or fear that he should catch cold. 她在那個嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼。The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.(7) if it were not for與現(xiàn)在事實相反， if it had not been for與過去事實相反，兩個都相當(dāng)于but for：If it had not been for his help(=but for his help), we would not have succeeded.(8) 虛擬語氣用于as if （though）

8、引起的方式狀語從句和表語從句中，其動詞形式與wish賓語從句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常發(fā)出發(fā)自內(nèi)心的微笑，而且她那美好的情緒像天上一道明亮的陽光一樣，常常流露出來。They talked as if they had been friends for years.他們交談著，就好像他們是我年的老朋友一樣。She looks as if she would cry.她

9、看起來好像要哭了。(9)其它各種句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.二、特殊形式的虛擬語氣虛擬語氣的特殊形式，即用來表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬形式，其虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成往往是由should(可省略)+動詞原形that從句。A、 用于表示意愿、建議、命令、提議、請求等動詞后的that

10、賓語從句中，這類動詞有：ask要求 advise建議 arrange安排 beg請求command命令 decide決定 demand要求 desire渴望determine決定 insist堅持 intend打算 maintain堅持主張move建議，動員 propose提議 object反對 order命令prefer建議 require 需要 request要求 resolve下決心recommend推薦 suggest建議 stipulate約定，規(guī)定 urge強(qiáng)調(diào)，促進(jìn)vote公認(rèn)，提議 decree頒布（法令） pray請求注意：這類動詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以接do

11、ing或者to do來表達(dá)，一般情況下，意思沒有什么差別。She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（書面體）She advised us to keep the gate locked.（口語）She advised keeping the gate locked.(較隨便)B、用于It is+形容詞或過去分詞+主語從句中，這類形容詞或分詞有：advisable合理的 decided決定的 crucial關(guān)鍵的 appropriate恰當(dāng)?shù)膁etermined決定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential緊要

12、的，基本的complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的desirable合意的 better較好的，更好 insistent堅持的 desired想要asked請求 keen渴望的 incredible難以置信的 adamant堅定不移的natural自然的 insisted堅持 necessary必要的 suggested建議urgent緊迫的 ordered命令 shocked震驚的 vital極其重要的possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable （好一點(diǎn)） proposed提議requested要求的 requ

13、ired要求的 recommended推薦 resolved決定的probable（可能的） pity可惜，憾事 shame遺憾注意：這類形容詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以forto do來表達(dá)，一般情況下，意思沒有什么差別。It is essential that he should be prepared for this.It is essential for him to be prepared for this.C用于由表示建議、要求、命令、請示等含義的名詞引導(dǎo)的表語從句和同位語從句中，這類名詞常見的有：advice忠告 decision決定 demand要求 desire

14、要求、愿望insistence堅持 motion提議 necessity必要性 order命令preference偏愛 proposal提議 pray懇求 recommendation推薦request要求 requirement要求 resolution決心 suggestion勸告、忠告例如：This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.這是他們的決議：要使得課外活動成為他們學(xué)校生活的一部分。The motion that the remark of t

15、he last speaker be expunged from the record.該提議要求把最后一個發(fā)言的人的講話從記錄上除掉。三、混合虛擬語氣有時主句和從句的謂語動詞指不同的時間，這時需要用混合虛擬語氣。一般來說，在這種情況下，主從句謂語動詞指代的時間不同，所以我們又可以錯綜時間條件句，在這種虛擬情況，動詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實際情況靈活使用，在做這些題目時候尤其要注意每道題目的提示語：時間狀語。絕大多數(shù)情況下，從句或者主句都有相關(guān)的時間狀語，這是我解題的關(guān)鍵。If you that late movie last night, you wouldnt be so sleepy.A. have

16、nt watched B. didnt watchC. hadnt watched D. wouldnt have watched 答案選C。Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return for something.Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.混合虛擬語氣還有一種情況就是事實和虛擬假設(shè)的混合句，這樣的句子不僅僅是時間的不同，而重要是事實和假設(shè)的混合。I would hav

17、e gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.該句前半部分是假設(shè)虛擬，而后半部分是事實的陳述。Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.該句前半句用的是假設(shè)虛擬，后半句主句也用

18、的是假設(shè)虛擬（如果你去并且解釋的話），但是后半句的從句用的是事實語氣，因為“父母病了”是客觀事實，故不需要用虛擬形式had been。四、含蓄虛擬條件句含蓄條件句是指句中沒有明顯的虛擬條件句，而是利用其他手段來暗示存在虛擬條件。但是這類隱含式虛擬條件句往往都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為if引導(dǎo)的條件句。常來表示含蓄虛擬條件的手段有：（1）介詞或介詞短語，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happ

19、y today.=If there hadnt been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案選B。But that she was afraid, she would have said no.(2)連詞，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on co

20、ndition that, if only(要是就好了)等。She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted.If only I had more money, I could buy a car.(注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的從句中謂語動詞多用should+動詞原形，但可以不用虛擬語氣，而用動詞的陳述語氣形

21、式。)例如：The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 這位外籍教師說得很慢以免我們聽不懂。Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法時要小心謹(jǐn)慎，以免會發(fā)生溢流現(xiàn)象。（3）通過上下文及內(nèi)在含義，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等類似轉(zhuǎn)折詞。I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awa

22、ke.A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep選擇 B。(4)形容詞及其比較級A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.A less conscientious man wouldnt have tried so hard to get this job done.(5)分詞短語Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident.Born ten d

23、ays earlier, the boy could have seen his late father.(6)動詞不定式短語。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虛擬。I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time.To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman.She

24、would be stupid not to accept his invitation.It would be easier to do it this way.(7)名詞短語和名詞+and結(jié)構(gòu)A judicious man would not have committed suicide.A diligent student would have worked harder.(8)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)All things considered, the price would be reasonable.(9)定語從句Anyone who had been in your position wou

25、ld have done the same.A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in a fortnight.(10）情態(tài)動詞完成式暗示虛擬語氣：I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didnt.The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.(11)動詞原形表示虛擬動詞原形直接用在

26、句子中也被看作是一種虛擬，最常見于正式文體中，動詞原形一般用在條件從句中，有時倒裝置于句首，同時這種用法也常見于獨(dú)立句中表達(dá)愿望。God bless you!All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.Shell be sixteen years odd, com May. (come May =when May come).If that be so, we shall take action at once.強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練：虛擬語氣1Were it not for the snowy weather, we all right.A. w

27、ould beB. would have beenC. wereD. may be2. more careful, his ship would not have sunk.A. If the captain wereB. Had the captain beenC. Should the captain beD. If the captain would have been3. If he me tomorrow, I would let him know.A. should callB. should not have been ableC. were not ableD. are not

28、 able4. If you asked your father you permission.A. may getB. might getC. should have calledD. maybe get5. today, he would get there by Friday.A. Would he leaveB. Was he leavingC. Were he to leaveD. If he leaves6. _I you, I would go with him to the party.A. WasB. Had beenC. Will beD. Were7.The millio

29、ns of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, _all practical value by the time they were finished.A. could loseB. would have lostC. might loseD. ought to have lost8. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.A. must have beenB. would have beenC. wereD. wou

30、ld be9. If you Jerry Brown until recently, youd think the photograph on the right was strange.A. shouldnt contactB. didnt contactC. werent to contactD. hadnt contacted10. he English examination I would have gone to the concert last SundayA. In spite ofB. But forC. Because ofD. As for11. Look at the

31、terrible situation I am in! If only I your adviceA. followB. would followC. had followedD. have followed12. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.A. must have beenB. would have beenC. wereD. hadnt contacted13. If the horse won today, it thirty races in five years

32、.A. would have wonB. wonC. must have wonD. did have won14. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _a sudden loud noise.A. being thereB. should there beC. there wasD. there having been15. The board deemed it urgent that these files right away.A. had to be printedB. should

33、 have been printedC. must be printedD. should be printed16. Jean Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.A. is to be analyzedB. has been analyzedC. be analyzedD. should have been analyzed

34、17. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I _ fully occupied the whole of last week.A. wereB. had beenC. have beenD. was18. I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional.A. offendB. had offendedC. should have offendedD. might have offended19. I

35、f you hadnt taken such a long time to get dressed, wed there by now.A. beB. circlesC. is circlingD. be circling20. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun _round the earth.A. were circlingB. circlesC. is circlingD. be circling21. I wish that I _ with you last night.

36、A. wentB. have goneC. could goD. could have gone22. I wish I with her.A. would beB. amC. wasD. were23. I wish that I the concert last night.A. couldB. have attendedC. could have attendedD. attended24. The picture exhibition bored me to death. I wish I to it.A. had not goneB. have not goneC. did not

37、goD. can not have gone25. “I wish you me to put these things away,” he said.A. will helpB. helpC. are helpingD. would help26. If the Watergate Incident Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency.A. did not occurB. had not occurredC. was not occurringD. be circling27. I hadnt expected James to

38、 apologize but I had hoped .A. him calling meB. that he would call meC. him to call meD. that he call me28. George would certainly have attended the proceedings .A. if he didnt get a flat tireB. if the flat tire hadnt happenedC. had he not had a flat tireD. had the tire not flattened itself29. The t

39、eacher suggested that her students experiences with ESP.A. write a composition on theirB. to write composition about theC. wrote some compositions of his or herD. had written any compositions for his30. He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he _a Chinese.A. wereB. had beenC. isD. has been31. As usual,

40、 he put on a show as though his trip a great success.A. had beenB. has beenC. wereD. was32. Looking round the town, he felt as though he away for ages.A. has beenB. wasC. isD. had been33. John is so strongly built that he looks as if he as elephant.A. liftsB. is liftingC. liftedD. could lift34. He d

41、escribed the town as if he it himself.A. had seenB. has seenC. sawD. sees35. At that thought he shook himself, as though he from an evil dream.A. wokeB. wakesC. would wakeD. had woke36. Most insurance agents would rather you anything about collecting claims until they investigate the situation.A. do

42、B. dontC. didntD. didnt do37. Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents are, some who have found them wish that they the experience of meeting.A. hadntB. didnt have hadC. hadnt hadD. hadnt have38. It is important that the TOEFL office your registration.A. will co

43、nfirmB. confirmC. confirmsD. must confirm39. Without electronic computers, much of todays advanced technology .A. will not have been achievedB. have not been achievedC. would not have been achievedD. had not been achieved40. He told her to return the book in time so that others a chance to read it .

44、A. may haveB. will haveC. would haveD. might have41. It is time that the government measures to protect the rare birds and animals.A. takesB. tookC. has takenD. taking42. Some people are too particular about school records, insisting that every applicant _all diplomas from elementary school to unive

45、rsity.A. hasB. will haveC. should haveD. must have43. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he to the meeting.A. would comeB. cameC. would have comeD. had come44. I must say he reads very well, and I shouldnt be surprised if he acting for a living one day.A. had taken upB. takes upC. have taken upD.

46、 would have taken up45. If I had seen the movie, I you all about it now.A. would tellB. will tellC. have toldD. would have told46. I hadnt expected Henry to apologize but I had hoped .A. him t call me upB. him calling me upC. that he would call me upD. that he will call me47. I had hoped that John _

47、a year in Africa, but he stayed there only for three months.A. spendsB. spentC. would spendD. will spend48. I had hoped that Jennifer a doctor, but she wasnt good enough at science.A. will becomeB. becameC. would becomeD. becomes49. Id rather you anything about it for the time being.A. doB. didnt do

48、C. dontD. didnt50. Id just as soon_ rudely to her.A. that you wont speakB. you not speakingC. you not speakD. you didnt speak51. Its high time they this road.A. mendB. mendedC. must have mendedD. will mend52. Its about time people_ notice of what women did during the war.A. takeB. tookC. have takenD

49、. will take53. Everybody has arrived. Its time we the class.A. shall startB. would startC. had startedD. start54. the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.A. In spite ofB. But forC. Because ofD. As for55. Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.A. has

50、receivedB. ought to have receivedC. couldnt have receivedD. shouldnt have received56. John did not feel well yesterday; otherwise he _to see his classmates off.A. cameB. would comeC. would have comeD. should be coming57. Hes working hard for fear that he .A. should fall behindB. fell behindC. may fa

51、ll behindD. would fall behind58. Without the dreams of the youth, this invention might for a century.A. have been postponedB. has been postponedC. postponeD. be postponed59. In the past men generally preferred that their wives_ in the home.A. workedB. would workC. workD. were working60. For a child

52、to give up his less mature idea for a more mature one, it requires that the childpsychologically ready for the new idea.A. isB. wereC. beD. would be61. Toms father, as well as his mother, in New York for a few days more.A. ask him to stayB. ask he to stayC. asks he staysD. asks he stay62. Your advic

53、e that_ till next week is reasonable.A. she waitsB. she waitC. wait sheD. she waited63. The board deemed it urgent that these files right away.A. had to be printedB. should have been printedC. must be printedD. should be printed64. It was essential that we lease before the end of the month.A. singB.

54、 singedC. had signedD. were signing65. It is appropriate that some time _thorough study of the results of the Apollo mission.A. devotes to B. devoted to C. is devoted to D. be devoted to答案與詳解1A條件句表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬。2B條件句表示與過去事實的虛擬。3A條件句表示與未來事實的虛擬。4B條件句表示與未來事實的相反。5C條件句表示與現(xiàn)在事實的虛擬。6D條件句表示與現(xiàn)在事實的虛擬。7B這個句子中含有一個

55、省略if，把助動詞提前到主語they之前的虛擬條件句，該條件句表示對過去情況的假設(shè)，而主句中by the time they were finished 表明主句也應(yīng)該是對過去發(fā)生的情況的假設(shè)，因而應(yīng)該選（B）would have lost為正確答案。8（D）這道題目是一個混合虛擬語氣的句子。條件句省略了if，把助詞had提前到主語前面，表示對過去情況的假設(shè)，而主句中now表明了對現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè)，所以應(yīng)選would (should, could, might)+動詞原形這種表達(dá)形式。四個選項中只有（D）是正確表達(dá)形式，故為正確答案。9（D）until recently，因此（D）是正確答案，而

56、主句是隱含的對現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè)，該句是一個混合虛擬條件句。10（B）假設(shè)的情況有時不是用一個條件句表示，而是隱含在一個由介詞如but for、 but that、 without, 由連詞but、副詞otherwise 、比較級、形容詞、獨(dú)立主格等表示的上下文中。本句主句表示對過去情況的假設(shè)，但事實上由于英語考試而沒有去成，即若不是因為英語考試，我本可以去聽音樂會，所以應(yīng)選But for為正確答案。11（C）題目中的第一句話表示的是現(xiàn)在真實的情況，而第二句話中所要表達(dá)的是應(yīng)該做但事實上沒有做的事，這種情況導(dǎo)致第一句話中真實情況的發(fā)生，故If only條件句假設(shè)的是過去一種情況，因此應(yīng)該用had +過去分詞，所以正確答案是（C）。12D注意主句now表示現(xiàn)在的時間狀