詞匯學(xué)-- 詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法.ppt

1、Week 5,Sandy,轉(zhuǎn)化法 Conversion,英語(yǔ)中有些單詞,詞形不變, 詞性卻可以由一種轉(zhuǎn)化成另一種。這就是轉(zhuǎn)化。 單詞轉(zhuǎn)換后的意義往往與未轉(zhuǎn)換前的意義有密切的聯(lián)系。 也叫做“零位后綴派生法”或“零位派生法”；,It has a good taste.,It taste very good.,record,n.記錄,v. 記錄,He broke the record.,He lies to record something while reading a book.,轉(zhuǎn)化法,名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞 動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞 其他詞類之間的轉(zhuǎn)化,water, dro

2、p, hard, show, face, walk, visit, late,Could you _me the position of the station on the map ? A lot of ancient things are on _in the museum. Flowers should be _every day. Its important for our human beings to save _. _in the countryside is very comfortable. The old man often have a _after supper. Sh

3、e studies _than any other students in her class. The problem was too _ for us to work it out.,water, drop, hard, show, face, walk, visit, late,What is the _news today ? She came to school _ this morning. Her parents were on a _to Xinjiang. The Great Wall is _by millions of people every year. There w

4、as a big smile on the teachers _. The little girl was crying because she was _a tiger. We _in on one of our friends last Saturday. A _of ink fell onto his clothes.,名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞,表示物品、器具和地點(diǎn)的名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞，表示把放人，或置于之中。如：The books have already been shelved. 表示人物稱呼的名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞表示具有這類人的典型特征。如：Whenever I am sick, my mother

5、 doctors me and nurses me carefully. 表示人體各部分的名詞幾乎都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞，通常用來(lái)表示工具。如：He tried very hard to elbow his way to the front. 表示動(dòng)物，植物及其典型動(dòng)作的名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞時(shí)，有很強(qiáng)的隱喻含義。如：The company has branched out all over the world. 表示物質(zhì)和實(shí)物的名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞通常表示結(jié)果，具有“使成為”，或“把變成”的含義.如：Where can we cash some money? 抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。如：We are angered

6、 by his unruly behavior. 表示時(shí)間的名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。如：He has been dating the pretty girl for about five years.,練習(xí),Have you booked your ticket？ It can seat a thousand people. Well back you up. Well head for Yunnan tomorrow. If so, we shall be badly fooled. We were hosted by members of the embassy. This helped to b

7、ridge over our difficulties. For six days and nights they battled to save his life. Through my childhood, I had hungered for education. Over 1,000 students stormed into the building.,形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞,1) 大多數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)化動(dòng)詞既可以用作及物動(dòng)詞，表示to make，也可以用作不及物動(dòng)詞，表示to become，如:empty to makeempty: The boy empties the litter bin ev

8、eryday. to became empty: The room emptied quickly after school. 類似的詞還有：calm, warm, narrow, clear, dim, cool等等。 2）有的形容詞只能轉(zhuǎn)化為及物動(dòng)詞，如bare(暴露)、free（釋放）、humble（降低身份）、blind（使失明）。如： She freed the bird from the cage. We will never humble ourselves to talk to this stupid man.,練習(xí),(1)The train slowed down to ha

9、lf its speed. (2)This is the chief way of narrowing the differences between them. (3)Please warm up the dish over the stove. (4)The room gradually quieted down. (5)Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered. (6)Nothing dries sooner than a tear. (7)Shelly was unable to calm her. (8)They braved t

10、he bitter cold to complete the railway. (9)Most of these rivers empty into the Pacific Ocean. (10)Dont dirty your clothes. (11)He felt himself wronged. (12)The newspaper had been yellowed by sunlight. (13)He lowered his voice.,3.其他此類轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞,1)由副詞轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的動(dòng)詞 如：She downed a glass of milk. 2)由連詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的動(dòng)詞 如：But m

11、e no buts.,動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞,轉(zhuǎn)化后詞形不變，詞義基本保持原來(lái)的含義或略微有所引申。如：Every student has a say here. 這類名詞前加不定冠詞表示一個(gè)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常常和get，give，have，take等連用，常構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。如： have a swim/drink/talk/dispute make a deal/guess/survey/show take a look/walk/glance/rest give a cry/laugh/grunt/start 多數(shù)直接轉(zhuǎn)化的名詞和加后綴構(gòu)成的名詞之間具有一些微妙的差別。轉(zhuǎn)化名詞通常表示的是某一次的短暫動(dòng)作或

12、狀態(tài);而派生的詞則表示一般現(xiàn)象或通常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，如: Our next move will be decided very soon. He stands in front of the audience without movement.,形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞,形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞可分為兩類，一類是完全轉(zhuǎn)化(full conversion), 另一類是部分轉(zhuǎn)化(partial conversion) 完全轉(zhuǎn)化：完全轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞的形容詞具有名詞的全部特征，能作不可數(shù)名詞表示抽象概念，能加s構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)，加s構(gòu)成所有格，也可以用形容詞來(lái)修飾。如：black blackthe blacks the blacks

13、 tradition the injured black 一些表示有某些特征或表示有某種信仰，某一國(guó)籍或某一組織的人稱名詞很多來(lái)自形容詞，如：American, Catholic, Christian, Socialist等；有些則是短語(yǔ)的修飾成分，經(jīng)過縮略后變成名詞，如：shorts=short trousers; a wrong=a wrong thing. 部分轉(zhuǎn)化: 部分轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞的形容詞通常不具有名詞的全部特征，一般帶有定冠詞，作為復(fù)數(shù)來(lái)表示一個(gè)整體，如一類人或物。與完全轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞的形容詞相比具有以下三個(gè)特征:多數(shù)無(wú)詞尾變化，不能表示多數(shù);無(wú)所有格;仍存在形容詞特征，可用副詞修飾，有

14、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。如： The young should take good care of the old. He is always interested in the new. We are trying our hardest to finish the task before the deadline.,練習(xí),(1)Nobles constituted seven per cent of the population. (2)When is your French oral? (3)Their jobless total reached a record high since 1940

15、. (4)There is only one black in my class. (5)She is investigating the ancients conception of the universe. (6)He is a natural for the job. (7)It is necessary to make a distinction between right and wrong. (8)They are running in the final . (9)Our six-year-old is at school. 再如: in short, for short, i

16、n general, for free,in red, in public, in common等.,其它詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞,除了動(dòng)詞和形容詞之外，還有一些詞類可以轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，但是為數(shù)不多，而且用法也比較固定。如: Are you talking about a she or he? I dont want those seconds, because they have some defects. I dont know any ifs, ands, buts; do it at once! I want to know the ins and outs of the whole event.,

17、練習(xí),1. Dont allow doubts to occur in it. 2. If we keep silent, and profit from the clerks mistake, we would drive home with a sense of sneaky excitement. 3. Finally, I accepted the offer of an old woman who lived alone in a little house. 4. I love this feeling of protecting you and dreaming of all I

18、have in store for you. 5. Some of the diseases spread is due to global warming.,其它詞類之間的轉(zhuǎn)化,除了以上詞類的轉(zhuǎn)化外，還有其它詞類的轉(zhuǎn)化。雖然這些轉(zhuǎn)化涉及各類詞，但是構(gòu)成的詞類數(shù)量有限。如: How long does it take to go to Beijing and back? (名詞副詞) Stupid! Dont do that again! （形容詞感嘆詞） Easy come, easy go.（形容詞副詞） I dont have one; neither do I want.（形容詞連詞） Take your hand off mine! （副詞介詞） Why did you first talk to him? （數(shù)詞副詞） 詞性轉(zhuǎn)化的靈活多樣，使一些詞匯具有了高強(qiáng)的生命力，大大豐富了英語(yǔ)詞匯。,練習(xí),1.In