口譯第十五課答案

1、. The WTO does NOT destroy jobs or widen the gap between rich and poor6.世界貿(mào)易組織沒(méi)有減少就業(yè)職位或者加大貧富差距The relationship between trade and employment is complex. So is the relationship between trade and equality.貿(mào)易和平等的關(guān)系就如同貿(mào)易和就業(yè)的關(guān)系般復(fù)雜。Freer-flowing and more stable trade boosts economic growth. It has the pote

2、ntial to create jobs, it can help to reduce poverty, and frequently it does both.更為自由的流通以及更為穩(wěn)定的貿(mào)易促進(jìn)會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。而經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)可以創(chuàng)造工作機(jī)會(huì)，減少貧困，并且常常是兩者兼顧。The biggest beneficiary is the country that lowers its own trade barriers. The countries exporting to it also gain, but not as much. In many cases, workers in export

3、 sectors enjoy higher pay and greater job security.降低自身貿(mào)易壁壘的成員國(guó)是最大的受益者。出口到那的國(guó)家也能從中獲益，但沒(méi)這么多。在很多情況下，出口領(lǐng)域的工人可以享受更高的薪水以及更大的工作安全保障。However, producers and their workers who were previously protected clearly face new competition when trade barriers are lowered. Some survive by becoming more competitive. Ot

4、hers dont. Some adapt quickly (for example by finding new employment), others take longer.然而，當(dāng)一國(guó)的貿(mào)易壁壘降低，之前受到保護(hù)的生產(chǎn)者和它們的工人們明顯面臨著新的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。其中有一些生產(chǎn)者通過(guò)增強(qiáng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力而存活了下來(lái)，其它的則被淘汰。有一些工人例如通過(guò)找到新的工作而很快適應(yīng)，而有一些則會(huì)花上更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。In particular, some countries are better at making the adjustments than others. This is partly because t

5、hey have more effective adjustment policies. Those without effective policies are missing an opportunity because the boost that trade gives to the economy creates the resources that help adjustments to be made more easily.尤其是，一些成員國(guó)在做出調(diào)整時(shí)比其它的成員國(guó)要好。形成這種狀況的部分原因是因?yàn)樗鼈兲岢隽烁鼮橛行У恼{(diào)整政策。那些沒(méi)有提出有效的調(diào)整政策的國(guó)家則錯(cuò)失了一個(gè)絕佳

6、的機(jī)會(huì)。因?yàn)橘Q(mào)易對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的推動(dòng)為幫助成員國(guó)更容易的適應(yīng)提供了資源。The WTO tackles these problems in a number of ways. In the WTO, liberalization is gradual, allowing countries time to make the necessary adjustments. Provisions in the agreements also allow countries to take contingency actions against imports that are particularly da

7、maging, but under strict disciplines.世貿(mào)組織通過(guò)多種方式來(lái)處理這些問(wèn)題。在世貿(mào)組織內(nèi)部，變革是循序漸進(jìn)的，它為成員國(guó)提供了做出必要調(diào)整所需要的時(shí)間。根據(jù)協(xié)議中的條款，成員國(guó)也可以對(duì)那些特別有損害性的進(jìn)口采取緊急措施，但須在嚴(yán)格遵守要求的情況下進(jìn)行。At the same time, liberalization under the WTO is the result of negotiations. When countries feel the necessary adjustments cannot be made, they can and do r

8、esist demands to open the relevant sections of their markets.同時(shí)，世貿(mào)組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的變革是談判的結(jié)果。當(dāng)成員國(guó)覺(jué)得無(wú)法做出必要的調(diào)整，它們完全可以抵制要求其開(kāi)放相關(guān)領(lǐng)域市場(chǎng)的要求。There are also many other factors outside the WTOs responsibility that are behind recent changes in wage levels.最近工資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的變化也有許多其它的非世貿(mào)組織責(zé)任的因素。Why for example is there a widening gap i

9、n developed countries between the pay of skilled and unskilled workers? According to the OECD, imports from low-wage countries account for only 1020% of wage changes in developed countries. Much of the rest is attributable to “skill-based technological change”. In other words, developed economies ar

10、e naturally adopting more technologies that require labour with higher levels of skill.例如，為什么發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的技術(shù)工人和非技術(shù)工人間的工資會(huì)有如此巨大的差距？根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織的統(tǒng)計(jì)，來(lái)自低工資國(guó)家的進(jìn)口只占到了引起發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家工資變化原因的10-20%，剩余部分原因要?dú)w因于“基于技術(shù)的科技變化”。換一句話(huà)說(shuō)，發(fā)達(dá)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體會(huì)采用更多的高科技，而這種高科技對(duì)勞動(dòng)力技術(shù)水平的要求自然會(huì)更高。The alternative to trade protection is expensive because it ra

11、ises costs and encourages inefficiency. According to another OECD calculation, imposing a 30% duty on imports from developing countries would actually reduce US unskilled wages by 1% and skilled wages by 5%. Part of the damage that can be caused by protectionism is lower wages in the protectionist c

12、ountry.保護(hù)作為與與貿(mào)易相反的另一種選擇是昂貴的，因?yàn)樗黾恿嘶ㄙM(fèi)，降低了效率。根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織的另一份統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示，美國(guó)如果向來(lái)自發(fā)展中國(guó)家的進(jìn)口商品征收30%的關(guān)稅，則美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)非技術(shù)工人的工資將降低1%，技術(shù)工人的工資降低5%。保護(hù)主義導(dǎo)致的損害之一就是降低保護(hù)國(guó)的工資水平。At the same time, the focus on goods imports distorts the picture. In developed countries, 70% of economic activity is in services, where the effect of fore

13、ign competition on jobs is different if a foreign telecommunications company sets up business in a country it may employ local people, for example.與此同時(shí)，對(duì)于進(jìn)口商品的關(guān)注扭曲了這一事實(shí)。在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，70%的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)都是在服務(wù)領(lǐng)域，而在該領(lǐng)域來(lái)自國(guó)外的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)工作機(jī)會(huì)上的影響是不同的，即，如果一家外國(guó)通訊公司在一國(guó)開(kāi)展業(yè)務(wù)，它可以雇傭當(dāng)?shù)氐娜恕inally, while about 1.15 billion people are still in poverty, research, such as by the World Bank, has shown that trade liberalization since World War II has contributed to lifting billions of peo