完形填空和閱讀理解專題-高考

1、完形填空和閱讀理解專題一、完形填空題型概況1、 一般10個小題，每題1.5-2分。2、 以故事類、敘述類為主。3、 難度較大。4、要求填入的詞主要有： 語法結(jié)構(gòu)所要求的功能詞，如連接詞、連接代詞、連接副詞、關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞等。 具有語法變化的普通詞，如動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣，名詞的數(shù)，代詞的格，形容詞和副詞的級等。 固定搭配短語或詞組中的特定詞。 同義詞、近義詞等易混淆詞。 根據(jù)上、下文意思及結(jié)構(gòu)必須填入的確定詞。 盡管有空格、生詞或不明白的地方，仍要快速讀下去。不要在未掌握大意的基礎(chǔ)上，邊閱讀，邊做題，這樣速度慢、準確率低！ 解題步驟：一、通讀全文，了解大意。：通讀一遍，了解大概內(nèi)容。千萬

2、不要讀一句填一句。：細讀首句，判斷文章體裁，預(yù)測全文大意和主旨。：找出關(guān)鍵詞、中心詞，劃出某些代表人物和情節(jié)的詞，形成思路。對空格作試探性地猜測。二、瞻前顧后，逐步填空從頭開始邊細讀邊分析。答案分三類：一是語法，意思X；二是意思，語法X；三是語法，意思。考慮：上下文的意思；句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，習(xí)慣用法，固定搭配瞻前顧后先讀所填詞的句子，回顧上一句，兼顧下一句。一句兩個空白雙管齊下，同時試填，通讀全句，確定答案。做題策略先易后難，放一下，接著做，回頭看。三、認真復(fù)查，適當調(diào)整全部做完后，從頭到尾讀一遍，三查：是否連貫，情節(jié)是否合理，語法是否正確。所考單詞以學(xué)過的為主，所以首先要復(fù)習(xí)所學(xué)單詞，然后復(fù)習(xí)本學(xué)

3、期的語法、句式等。每個選項都要看，對比一下，避免粗心丟分！答題方法：1）擇優(yōu)法：邊讀邊填，能立刻判定最佳答案的，直接選。2）排除法：如答案一時難以確定，從語法結(jié)構(gòu)、詞語搭配、上下文語境、習(xí)慣用法、詞義辨析對選項逐項分析試填。2、 閱讀理解閱讀理解始終是外語學(xué)習(xí)和考試重點。測試要點： 1理解主旨大意； 2尋讀具體信息； 3理解細節(jié)； 4根據(jù)上下文語境，推測生詞詞義； 5簡單的判斷和理解； 6理解文段的基本邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)； 7理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度； 8理解文段的文化信息； 9理解圖表信息； 10理解指代關(guān)系。 技能： 1略讀； 2找讀； 3預(yù)測下文； 4理解大意； 5分清文章中的事實和觀點； 6猜測詞義

4、； 7推理判斷； 8. 了解重點細節(jié)； 9. 理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)； 10. 理解圖表信息； 11. 理解指代關(guān)系； 12. 理解邏輯關(guān)系； 13. 理解作者意圖； 14. 評價閱讀內(nèi)容。 文章分類： 說明文、論說文、敘述文以及廣告。 說明文、論說文的文長基本控制在300詞左右。文章的主旨大意多出現(xiàn)在第一段，甚至第一段的前幾句，最后一段多與第一段呼應(yīng)；中間的部分，多是論據(jù)或說明文的展開部。 1. What is the best title for/of the passage? 2. What does the author mainly tell us about in the text？ 3.

5、What is mainly discussed in the article/passage/text? 做答這類問題時，將閱讀重點放在首尾部分，中間部分則可采用略讀或掃讀的方式，一則省時間，二則目標明確，正答率自然也相應(yīng)提高了。 (一)細節(jié)題的解題思路重視人名、日期、事實、數(shù)據(jù)和地點等。其答案必定在文章論述范圍之內(nèi)。應(yīng)該找出提供依據(jù)的單詞和句子，而不能脫離原文去獲取信息，也不能倉促地作出沒有原文根據(jù)的假設(shè)。細讀這類題型主要有三種形式：問句式，不完整的陳述句和排除法。1問句式A其發(fā)問形式主要有以下幾種：How did something happen?Which of the followi

6、ng people should(not) do it?Which of the following did somebody have to deal with. ?Where should somebody do something?B解題技巧“對號入座”，帶著問題找句子，先看文章后面的問題，確定每道題目的發(fā)問中心。把每個問題的發(fā)問中心反饋到原文中去。在有關(guān)信息下面畫線，標出題號，便于檢查，節(jié)約時間。與每一選項進行對照，與原文信息相符的那項，即是正確的答案。Cattle have served humanity since prehistoric(史前) days as beasts of

7、 burden and as supplier of leather, meat, and milk. Some of the earliest written records concern the sale of cattle. These valuable animals are unusual in that they do not have front teeth in their upper jaw. Instead they chew with their back teeth and gums (齒齦). Cows swallow their food quickly and

8、store it in the fat stomach or rumen, the first of the four compartments stomachs in their.Questions: According to the passage, what is the rumen?A. The first stomach compartment.B. The name of the upper jaw.C. The stomach where digestion (消化) takes place.D. The name of the bacteria(細菌) in the cows

9、stomach.2不完整的陳述句式A常見形式有：Something can be best classified as .A certain kind of person is someone who .People are looking for better ways to .According to the author,“it”was caused by .B解題技巧：答案與原文在字面上的差異很大，有時還要找出與前句的內(nèi)容在邏輯上的聯(lián)系，因此答這類題時準確理解是關(guān)鍵，一定要冷靜，仔細分析。在做不完整的陳述式題目時候，仍可參考上面列舉的解題步驟。第一步，閱讀題目，找出問題的發(fā)問中心。第二

10、步，帶著這些問題來閱讀文章。第三步，根據(jù)前兩步的分析和判斷，選擇出最符合題意的答案。3排除式A常見形式有：Which of the following are NOT mentioned in the passage?Which of the following is TRUE?Which of the following is NOT listed in . ?Which of the following is NOT included in the passage?B解題技巧：做這類題時，首先要仔細閱讀題后的選項，牢記各個選項所闡述的不同內(nèi)容，然后閱讀原文。凡是原文中的信息與選擇項內(nèi)容相同

11、的，我們可以在這些信息下面劃線，以作為排除的內(nèi)容。如果基本選項的內(nèi)容在原文找不到相應(yīng)的信息，那么該選項即為該題的答案。這類題與前兩種題型不同，后者答案應(yīng)包括在原文內(nèi)容中，即與所述的事實具有直接或間接的聯(lián)系，而前者的答案是被排除在原文內(nèi)容之外的，因此在答題時要將與原文內(nèi)容有關(guān)的三個選項排除，剩下的一個才是答案。Life on LandLife on land probably began about 430 million years ago, though it has existed in the water for perhaps as long as 3000 million years

12、. When we think of the first life on land, we probably think of strange animals coming out of the oceans, but, in fact ,no animals could have been living if plants had not been on land first. Plants had to be on land before animals arrived. They supplied the first land animals with the surrounding a

13、nd food necessary, since they-the plants are the only form of life that is able to get and store energy.The first plants to exist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae (海藻) which were followed by other plants that grew close to the ground and needed water in which to reproduce.Which

14、of the following is TRUE?A. Algae have existed for more than 430 million years.B. It is impossible that algae might be the earliest plant on land.C. Plants get food from animals in the oceans.D. Evolution began after animals appeared on land.這是一道事實詢問題。需要把短文第一段首句“Life on land probably began about 430

15、 million years ago”和短文第二段首句“The first plants to exist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae”聯(lián)系起來考慮，正確答案為A。B、C、D三項與短文內(nèi)容均不符，應(yīng)排除。 (二)閱讀理解之準確找出主題句 1首句是主題句的規(guī)律給予例證、解釋或說明的段落；概率達到70%下定義的段落；對兩個或兩個以上的事物作比較或?qū)Ρ鹊亩温洌槐砻髟蚝徒Y(jié)果(往往結(jié)果交代在前)的段落。主題句是首句的段落總是用演繹法撰寫，以概述開段，隨之輔以細說。People who talk and sing to pl

16、ants have no mental problems at all, according to an agricultural expert. In fact, singing and talking to plants makes them grow better, says Dr Braymar. The reason is quite simple. When we sing or talk to plants, we exhale(呼出) CO2 which plants need to survive (continue to live)and grow better. Plan

17、ts absorb (take in) CO2 through their pores(小孔) during the sunlight hours and produce oxygen which people to survive. Singing and talking have good effect on plants, however, only during the daytime. Singing or talking at bedtime will not help plants to grow better or grow faster. 2尾句是主題句的規(guī)律 (1)闡述一個

18、不常見的或難以令人接受的觀點的段落。 (2)旨在說服讀者相信甚至信服其論點的段落。尾句是主題句的段落總是用歸納法撰寫的，其程序是先表述細節(jié)或交代論據(jù)，最后作出概括性的結(jié)論If you hadnt known them, you would have thought Joe and Jim were quite alike. They were both tall and wore long and fair hair. They both walked with a steady stride (堅定的步伐). They both spoke in a deep voice that made

19、 them selves seem much older than they really were. Both of them wore dark clothes as a rule, and they liked light coloured ties. But that was all the likeness they had. In other things they were sharply different. Joe was considerate and helpful, and everyone liked him. Jim, however, was very selfi

20、sh and often flared into terrible anger (勃然大怒) at little things that displeased him. Alike as Joe and Jim were on the surface, they were really very different in nature.3段落中間句是主題句的規(guī)律表述某種觀點的段落的主題句往往處于段落的中間。先歸納后演繹。給出一兩個例證之后，作出概括性的總結(jié)，然后根據(jù)這一結(jié)論再給予例證來證實其論點。如何把攔路虎變成紙老虎？When you throw a ball up into the air

21、 as fast as you can, the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for a moment, and then it comes down. When a bullet (子彈) is shot straight up, it will travel much faster and higher than a ball, but it, too, will come down. Whatever goes up must come down. We have al-ways thought this to be true

22、. An airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far and long. Yet it does not stay up forever. Finally, like every-thing else, the plane must come down. (三)如何抓住長句的核心句子的核心，句子最主要的成分：主語、謂語動詞及其賓語或表語。其他的部分統(tǒng)統(tǒng)都是為這幾個核心詞服務(wù)的，或是描述修飾它們，或是解釋說明以下細節(jié)：時間(when)、地點(where)、原因(why)、方式(how)、何物(what

23、)、數(shù)量(how many或how much)及何種結(jié)果(what result)等。Twenty students had just climbed their way to the top rung (最高的臺階) out of four million students taking part in the Fifth National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest on Tues-clay evening at Jintan County, Jiangsu Province.分析過程的演示：句子的核心：studentsclimbedw

24、ay句子的一系列細節(jié)：How many：twenty out of four millionWhat result: to the top rungWhat thing: the Fifth National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics ContestDoing what: taking part in the. ContestWhen: Tuesday eveningWhere: Jintan County, Jiangsu Province抓住句子的核心后，我們首先準確地理解了句子最主要的成分：學(xué)生登上最高的臺階。再經(jīng)過對這個長句的一系列細節(jié)的分析，我

25、們可以更進一步地了解到：四百多萬參加“全國第五屆華羅庚數(shù)學(xué)金杯賽”中的中學(xué)生里有二十個學(xué)生在星期二于江蘇省金壇縣登上了最高的臺階。 2找出謂語動詞是抓住核心的關(guān)鍵 英語與漢語的一個區(qū)別就是英語中有三種非謂語動詞形式：動詞不定式、分詞與動名詞。這三種非謂語動詞形式又各自有其一系列的形式，如果在句子中不能迅速而又準確地找到謂語動詞，勢必會對理解形成嚴重的障礙。因此找出句子的謂語動詞就成了抓住核心的關(guān)鍵。找出句子的謂語動詞后，用who或what放在謂語動詞前發(fā)問，就可以輕而易舉地找到主語，然后再用whom或what發(fā)問，就可迅速找出其賓語或表。語，以及一系列狀語，這樣正確理解長句或難句就會變得輕松而

26、容易。請看下面例證中的劃線的句子：Sometimes an animal has a plant partner. The relationship develops until the two partners cannot manage without each other. This is so in corals(珊瑚) of the sea. In their skins, corals have tiny plants which act as dustmen, taking some of the waste products from the coral and giving

27、in return oxygen which the animal needs very much to breathe. 乍看劃線的這個句子，第一印象是這個句子很長，再看下去，就會感到這個長句中動詞很多，多至六個。那么哪一個是謂語動詞呢?根據(jù)我們已掌握的基本知識，經(jīng)過語法分析，不難看出這個句子的謂語動詞是have。于是我們用that放在have前提問：What have?回答這個問題的過程就是找出主語的過程：corals have。然后再用what放在謂語動詞后發(fā)問：corals have what?找出這個問題的答案也就找到了這個謂語動詞have的賓語： have tiny plants。

28、這樣該句的最核心的部分：主語、謂語和賓語就都準確地找到了。 3語法分析法是準確理解細節(jié)行之有效的方法 通過對上例的分析，我們可以令人信服地讓同學(xué)們接受我們關(guān)于如何抓住句子核心的觀點和方法。但是僅有這些，就想正確理解這么長這么復(fù)雜的句子，那是不現(xiàn)實的。要想進一步正確而又深入地理解這個句子，語法分析法在實踐中已被反復(fù)地證實了是行之有效的。在上例劃線的句首處，用了介詞詞組：in their skins(在它們的皮膚上)，交代了corals have tiny plants的地點狀語，實際上回答的是where(何處)的問題；在plants之后用的是限制性的定語從句：which act as“dustm

29、en”(起到是清潔工作用的微生物)，實際上回答的是what effect do they have(它們起的是什么作用)的問題。在這個定語從句后出現(xiàn)的是現(xiàn)在分詞短語：taking some of the wasted products from the coral and giving in return oxygen。經(jīng)過語法分析，不難看出此處的分詞短語起的是解釋說明的作用，其意為：從珊瑚中清理掉一些廢料的產(chǎn)物而歸還其氧氣。在oxygen之后又出現(xiàn)了一個定語從句：which the animal needs very much to breathe(此種動物非常需要呼吸的氧氣)。 誠然，對于

30、一個訓(xùn)練有素的考生，上述這一切是在很短的時間內(nèi)完成的。但是其閱讀、理解及思維等過程，必須經(jīng)過上面敘述的每一個細節(jié)，因此他的正確理解結(jié)果必然是：在珊瑚的皮膚中，有著一些微生物，這些微生物在它們身體上充當著“清潔工”，清理掉它們身體產(chǎn)生的廢料，而還給珊瑚這種動物非常需要呼吸的氧氣。 (四)猜詞技巧閱讀理解的測試中經(jīng)常有猜測詞、短語、習(xí)語意義的題目，這些詞、短語、習(xí)語要么是生詞，要么是熟詞新義，單靠平時積累是不夠的，還要掌握一定的做題技巧。總結(jié)如下：(1)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(轉(zhuǎn)化、合成、派生)進行判斷：在英語中，有很多詞可以在前面加前綴(prefix)，或在后面加后綴(suffix)，從而構(gòu)成一個詞，乍看起

31、來，這個詞可能是生詞，但掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞法，就不難猜出它的詞義。例如：Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10, Anaclerio said, and theyre very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.文中interactive是由前綴inter(相互的)和active(活動的，活躍的)構(gòu)成的，同時根據(jù)上下文的意思可以判斷，該詞的含義應(yīng)是“互動的”。(2)根據(jù)上下文解釋作出判斷：有時短文中出現(xiàn)一個需猜測其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義域或解釋，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。請看下例：Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Centre offers a wide variety ofchoicesdeluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches, Santana sedans are the big favourite.從前面的Car Rental Center可知出租車公司提供的只能是ca