信貸評分方法在建立可持續(xù)的中小企業(yè)信貸業(yè)務(wù)中的作用

1、征信產(chǎn)品在商業(yè)銀行信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理中的應(yīng)用高級研討會,信貸評分方法在建立可持續(xù)的中小企業(yè)信貸業(yè)務(wù)中的作用 What Roles Can Credit Scoring Methodology Play in Building Sustainable SME Portfolio,導(dǎo)言 Introduction 中小企業(yè)的定義 The Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) defined 數(shù)據(jù)對中小企業(yè)信貸決策的作用 The Relevance of Data for SME decision-making 貫穿中小企業(yè)客戶生命周期的信貸評分工具 Credit Scorin

2、g across the SME account life cycle 結(jié)論 Conclusion,議程 AGENDA, 2007 Fair Isaac Corporation. Confidential.,導(dǎo)言 Introduction 中小企業(yè)的定義 The Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) defined 數(shù)據(jù)對中小企業(yè)信貸決策的作用 The Relevance of Data for SME decision-making 貫穿中小企業(yè)客戶生命周期的信貸評分工具 Credit Scoring across the SME account life cy

3、cle 結(jié)論 Conclusion, 2007 Fair Isaac Corporation. Confidential.,議程 AGENDA,中型和小型企業(yè)（中小企業(yè)）詳細(xì)定義The Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) defined,設(shè)定背景對經(jīng)濟(jì)的貢獻(xiàn) Setting the context/Economic relevance: 歐洲 Europe 拉丁美洲 Latin America 美國 US 中國 China, 2007 Fair Isaac Corporation. Confidential.,設(shè)定背景（歐盟）：歐洲委員會關(guān)于中小企業(yè)的官方定義

4、Setting the context (EU): European Commission official definition of an SME*,具有以下特征的企業(yè) A business entity that 員工人數(shù)少于250人 Has no more than 250 employees 單個(gè)更大企業(yè)股東單獨(dú)或聯(lián)合持有的股份少于25 Is not more than 25% owned, either singly or jointly, by a larger company 年銷售額少于4300萬歐元 Has an annual turnover of no more tha

5、n 43 million,*歐洲委員會布魯塞爾， 2003年5月6日 European Commission Brussels May 6, 2003,設(shè)定背景（歐盟）：對經(jīng)濟(jì)的貢獻(xiàn) Setting the context (EU): Economic relevance,微型和中小企業(yè)對社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)起著十分重要的作用 Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises are socially and economically important 歐盟99的企業(yè)為微型和中小企業(yè) Represent 99% of all enterprises in the EU

6、 這些企業(yè)提供了6500萬個(gè)就業(yè)機(jī)會 Provide around 65 million jobs 為放貸人帶來許多業(yè)務(wù)成長機(jī)會 Lots of growth opportunities for lenders 2004年Eurobarometer對創(chuàng)業(yè)精神的調(diào)查：在過去三年中，只有4的歐洲人參與了企業(yè)創(chuàng)辦（而美國的這一比例接近12） 2004 Eurobarometer survey on entrepreneurship: Only 4% of Europeans involved in setting up a business in last 3 years (US rate is c

7、lose to 12%),設(shè)定背景（拉丁美洲）：小企業(yè)定義 Setting the context (Latin America):Small business definition,哥倫比亞 COLOMBIA 員工人數(shù)不超過200人 Number of Employees up to 200 年銷售額少于100萬美元 Annual Sales of up to $1 million 信貸總額不超過20萬美元 Credit of up to $200,000 小企業(yè)的類型 Types of Small Businesses: 個(gè)人獨(dú)資 Sole Proprietors 合伙制 Partners

8、hips 公司制 Corporations,墨西哥 MEXICO 員工人數(shù)不超過100人 Number of Employees up to 100 年銷售額不超過50萬美元 Annual Sales of up to $500,000 信貸總額不超過20萬美元 Credit of up to $200,000 小企業(yè)的類型 Types of Small Businesses: 個(gè)人獨(dú)資 Sole Proprietors 合伙制 Partnerships 公司制 Corporations,設(shè)定背景（拉丁美洲）：對經(jīng)濟(jì)的貢獻(xiàn) Setting the context (Latin America)

9、: Economic relevance,小企業(yè)部門是最大的就業(yè)來源，它促進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會的發(fā)展 Economic growth and social development by being the leading source of employment 在哥倫比亞，63的就業(yè)機(jī)會來自于小企業(yè)部門 In Colombia the small business sector employs 63% of work force 在墨西哥，78的就業(yè)機(jī)會是由小企業(yè)部門創(chuàng)造的 In Mexico 78% of work force 絕大部分的產(chǎn)品用于滿足國內(nèi)消費(fèi)需求 Majority of prod

10、uction is for internal consumption 哥倫比亞25的國內(nèi)產(chǎn)出來自小企業(yè)部門 Colombia 25% internal production 墨西哥68的國內(nèi)產(chǎn)出來自小企業(yè)部門 Mexico 68% internal production 信貸的可獲得性對小企業(yè)的生存發(fā)揮著至關(guān)重要的作用 Credit availability plays a fundamental role for survival of the small business 小企業(yè)較難獲得資金和最新技術(shù) Small businesses have limited access to fund

11、ing and consequently to the newest technology,設(shè)定背景（美國）：小企業(yè)的定義 Setting the context (US): Small business definition,年銷售額不超過500萬美元 Annual Sales of up to $5 million 信貸額不超過25萬美元 Credit of up to $250,000 小企業(yè)的類型 Types of Small Businesses: 個(gè)人獨(dú)資 Sole Proprietors 合伙制 Partnerships 公司制 Corporations 美國”官方“定義 The

12、 “Official” US Definition:美國的小企業(yè)是指獨(dú)立擁有和經(jīng)營的，在其行業(yè)領(lǐng)域不占主導(dǎo)地位的，符合美國小企業(yè)管理局發(fā)布的（聯(lián)邦法規(guī)匯編第13篇第121條，修訂條款）有關(guān)小企業(yè)的員工人數(shù)、平均年銷售額或其它劃分指標(biāo)的企業(yè) A small business is a U.S. business that is independently owned and operated, is not dominant in its field of operation and can qualify under criteria concerning number of employee

13、s, average annual receipts or other criteria as outlined by the U.S. Small Business Administration (CFR Title 13, Part 121, as amended) 企業(yè)規(guī)模標(biāo)準(zhǔn)依據(jù)不同行業(yè)和行業(yè)分類來決定。沒有一個(gè)固定的規(guī)則是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的隨時(shí)可能變動的目標(biāo) Size standards are determined by Industry and Industry Classification. No one rulea complex moving target 美國小企業(yè)局曾于2004

14、年考慮將小企業(yè)定義中的員工人數(shù)指標(biāo)擴(kuò)大到1500人。 The SBA definition may change in 2004 to include businesses with up to 1500 employees,設(shè)定背景（美國）：對經(jīng)濟(jì)的貢獻(xiàn) Setting the context (US): Economic relevance,傳統(tǒng)上，美國的企業(yè)被劃分為大型、中型和小型 U.S. businesses were traditionally classified as either large, medium or small 個(gè)人獨(dú)資企業(yè)大約占了企業(yè)總數(shù)的73 Approxi

15、mately 73% of businesses are sole proprietorships 另外6為合伙制企業(yè) Another 6% are legally filed as partnerships, 21為私營公司制企業(yè) 21% are filed as private corporations 美國人口調(diào)查局1997年的研究顯示，按員工人數(shù)和年銷售額這兩個(gè)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行劃分，全國98的個(gè)人獨(dú)資企業(yè)、合伙制企業(yè)和私營公司制企業(yè)都是小企業(yè)。 1997 study conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau, 98% of sole proprietorships

16、, partnerships and private corporations are considered small businesses based upon employee size and annual sales volume.,設(shè)定背景（美國）：對經(jīng)濟(jì)的貢獻(xiàn) Setting the context (US): Economic relevance,不管基于何種定義，小企業(yè)都代表了美國全部企業(yè)數(shù)的9598 Small businesses, regardless of definition, represent 95% to 98% of all U.S. businesses

17、99.7的總就業(yè)人口 99.7% of all employers 39的高科技企業(yè)工人 39% of workers in high tech 6080的新就業(yè)機(jī)會 60-80% of all new jobs 50的非農(nóng)業(yè)私營部門產(chǎn)出和22.8的聯(lián)邦主包/分包合同金額 50% of non-farm private sector output and 22.8% of federal prime/subcontractor dollars 53的企業(yè)為住家辦公型企業(yè)，3為特許經(jīng)營企業(yè) 53% of businesses are home bases and 3% are franchise

18、s,中小企業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的要點(diǎn)：中小企業(yè)信貸將對經(jīng)濟(jì)健康產(chǎn)生影響 The point of SME risk management: SME lending impacts economic health,中小企業(yè)信貸將對一國的經(jīng)濟(jì)健康和放貸機(jī)構(gòu)的利潤率產(chǎn)生影響 SME lending impacts both economic health of a nation and institutional profitability “信貸評分技術(shù)為（美國）市場發(fā)展打下了基礎(chǔ)它使貸款人能夠建立起高度多元化的貸款組合，從而大幅降低信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。（信貸評分）在改善我們的信貸發(fā)放系統(tǒng)效率和擴(kuò)大發(fā)放范圍方面也起到

19、了主要作用，它使貸款人擴(kuò)大了它們愿意放貸并能從中獲利的借款人基礎(chǔ)?！?“Credit-scoring technologies have served as the foundation for the development of U.S. marketsallowing lenders to build highly diversified loan portfolios that substantially mitigate credit risk. Credit scoring has played a major role in promoting the efficiency an

20、d expanding the scope of our credit-delivery systems and allowing lenders to broaden the population they are willing and able to serve profitably.” 美聯(lián)儲主席艾倫格林斯潘 在美國銀行協(xié)會會議上的講話 2002年10月7日 Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, Remarks before the American Bankers Association, October 7, 2002 “隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)活動不斷

21、增強(qiáng)，以及企業(yè)對其客戶的需求越來越有信心，企業(yè)對貸款的需求將會增加，銀行業(yè)面臨的利潤壓力將會開始緩解” “As economic activity continues to grow and businesses become more confident about their customers demands, business loan demand should increase, and pressures on banking margins should begin to ease.” 美聯(lián)儲主席艾倫格林斯潘 在美國獨(dú)立社區(qū)銀行大會上的講話（通過衛(wèi)星聯(lián)線），2004年3月17日

22、 Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, Remarks Before the Independent Community Bankers of America Convention, via satellite March 17, 2004,中國的中小企業(yè)：經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的動力 SMEs in China: An Engine for Growth,中國政府希望中小企業(yè)在中國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長中發(fā)揮更加重要的作用 Chinese Government expecting SMEs to play an increasing important role in Chi

23、nas economic growth. 起草了一系列支持中小企業(yè)發(fā)展的鼓勵政策，舉辦了諸如2006年第3屆中小企業(yè)融資大會等促進(jìn)借貸雙方交流的活動 Series of preferential policies drafted to support SMEs as well as initiatives such as Financing Fair during 3rd CISMEF in 2006 to bridge SMEs with Lenders. 僅廣東一省，就有38萬家私營中小企業(yè)，總投資超過5000億元人民幣（合625億美元），雇用員工總數(shù)超過350萬人 Guangdong a

24、lone has registered more than 380,000 privately-run SMEs, total investment more than RMB 500 billion (USD 62.5 billion) and employs more than 3.5 million people. 雖然中小企業(yè)被認(rèn)為是主要的經(jīng)濟(jì)力量，但是卻仍然較難獲得銀行貸款，因?yàn)樗鼈冊趥鹘y(tǒng)上被認(rèn)為是高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)且服務(wù)成本較高的對象 Though SMEs are recognized as an important sector of the economy, accessing bank

25、 financing remains difficult as SMEs are traditionally perceived as high-risk & high cost to service,導(dǎo)言 Introduction 中小企業(yè)的定義 The Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) defined 數(shù)據(jù)對中小企業(yè)信貸決策的作用 The Relevance of Data for SME decision-making 貫穿中小企業(yè)客戶生命周期的信貸評分工具 Credit Scoring across the SME account life cycle

26、 結(jié)論 Conclusion,議程 AGENDA, 2007 Fair Isaac Corporation. Confidential.,從其它國家市場中可以學(xué)習(xí)到的主要知識 Key Learnings from other markets,數(shù)據(jù)是最重要的 Data are paramount 成功依賴于持續(xù)地獲取、保留和利用所有相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)的能力 Success depends on the ability to capture, retain and use all relevant data over time 數(shù)據(jù)清洗是必需的步驟 Data hygiene is a required st

27、ep 預(yù)測模型和分析工具 Predictive models and analytics 需要充分的準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間來采取行動 Requires sufficient lead time to take action 戰(zhàn)略、報(bào)告和合規(guī)的組成部分 Component of strategy, reporting, compliance 自動化 Automation 成本節(jié)約、一致性、準(zhǔn)確性 Cost savings, consistency, accuracy 流程、規(guī)則、結(jié)果 Processes, rules, output 必須對戰(zhàn)略進(jìn)行結(jié)合、測試和跟蹤 Strategy must be align

28、ed, tested and tracked 各個(gè)不同的層次：產(chǎn)品、定價(jià)、決策流程 Various levels: product, pricing, decision making process 在整個(gè)客戶生命周期中結(jié)合數(shù)據(jù)工具 Alignment across the account lifecycle 測試和跟蹤是關(guān)鍵 Testing and tracking are key,對中小企業(yè)借款人的認(rèn)識 SME trivia,個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)：不斷地被證明，它是預(yù)測小小企業(yè)表現(xiàn)的最強(qiáng)有力的指標(biāo) Consumer data is proven time and time again to be th

29、e most powerful predictor of very small business performance 業(yè)主作為消費(fèi)者的表現(xiàn)模式經(jīng)常被錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)定為是服務(wù)于個(gè)人產(chǎn)品的，而它實(shí)際上是一個(gè)典型的服務(wù)于商業(yè)（即小企業(yè)）產(chǎn)品的數(shù)據(jù) Business owner pattern of consumer performance often mistakenly viewed adversely for consumer products yet is typical for commercial products 商業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)通常是一個(gè)預(yù)測借款企業(yè)表現(xiàn)的早期指標(biāo) Commercial data

30、 often an early indicator of performance 在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)付款行為中，應(yīng)區(qū)分商業(yè)習(xí)慣和付款能力的差別 Difference between standard payment as part of business practices and capacity issues 小企業(yè)選擇最先償還銀行貸款，其次是付水電氣等公用事業(yè)費(fèi)，最后才是付供應(yīng)商的貨款 Small businesses pay their banks first, utilities second and vendors last,對中小企業(yè)借款人的認(rèn)識 SME trivia,將個(gè)人和商業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)合使

31、用，以期100地達(dá)到巴塞爾新資本協(xié)議的精度要求 Marrying consumer and commercial data to get to 100% resolution as required under Basel II 美國中小企業(yè)管理局 The U.S. Small Business Administration 從360度的全景、隱藏的細(xì)微差別、連通性等方面進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)清洗 Data hygiene for 360 view, hidden nuances, connectivity 財(cái)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)（企業(yè)自行報(bào)送或從公共渠道獲得） 對評分或自動決策沒有什么價(jià)值 Financial Data

32、 (self reported or public) little value in scoring or automated decisioning 行業(yè)分類各人有各人的定義和解釋 Industry Classifications different meanings and interpretations depending on audience 在人工審貸和自動審貸之間存在巨大的成本差異 Huge cost differential between judgmental and automation,企業(yè)規(guī)模確實(shí)是一個(gè)需要考慮的因素Size does matter,高 High,商業(yè)

33、Business,個(gè)人Personal,企業(yè)規(guī)模 Size of Company,低 Low,小型 Small,大型 Large,價(jià)值 Value,數(shù)據(jù)的作用 Relevance of Data Contributions,早先的生意關(guān)系 Previous Business Relationship 15 30% 個(gè)人征信機(jī)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù) Consumer Credit Bureau data 30 40% 財(cái)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù) Financial Data 15% 貸款申請數(shù)據(jù) Application Data 15%,成功實(shí)施數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動型放貸所運(yùn)用的戰(zhàn)術(shù)：案例分析 Tactics for data-driven

34、 success：Case study,是一家在美國東海岸中部地區(qū)運(yùn)營的區(qū)域性銀行 Regional bank operating in the mid-Atlantic area of the U.S. 在過去的5年時(shí)間中，開始加快利用自動化審批和信貸評分技術(shù) Over past 5 years, have begun to accelerate use of automation and credit scoring 小企業(yè)貸款余額為15億美元 $1.5B small business portfolio 小企業(yè)的定義為年銷售額不超過2000萬美元。由于Fair Isaac的小企業(yè)定義是年

35、銷售額不超過500萬美元，因此，評分僅能針對總量的50 Small business defined by client as up to $20MM in annual sales. Since Fair Isaac SBSS definition is $5MM, score only 50%of volume 對客戶的貸款處理時(shí)間從過去的兩周下降到了不超過1天 Average turnaround time with the customer is down from over 2 weeks, to less than one day 絕大多數(shù)貸款申請的處理時(shí)間不到15分鐘 Major

36、ity of applications processed in less than 15 minutes,小企業(yè)貸款組合是整個(gè)銀行較賺錢的資產(chǎn)，也是處于成長中的業(yè)務(wù)之一 Small business portfolio is one of the more profitable areas of the bank as well as one of the growth areas for the bank 管理層認(rèn)為經(jīng)過信貸評分發(fā)放的貸款組合比沒有經(jīng)過信貸評分發(fā)放的貸款組合的利潤率高（運(yùn)營成本低，不良率低） Management says credit scored portfolio h

37、as better profitability than non-credit scored portfolio (lower operating costs, lower delinquencies) 集中式放貸和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化流程（即：使用自動化審貸技術(shù)，使用評分工具來達(dá)到一致的客觀的高質(zhì)量的決策） Centralized underwriting and process standardization (i.e. use of technology for automation, use of credit scoring for consistent/ objective/high quali

38、ty decisions) 過去在經(jīng)營上太過保守。研究成果能幫助銀行加強(qiáng)信心，使它們能夠減少拒絕的客戶數(shù) Were too conservative in the past. Research has helped bank get more comfortable, is allowing them to turn less business away 帳戶管理流程中也使用技術(shù)，得益于對內(nèi)部數(shù)據(jù)和信貸評分的綜合利用 Account management processes also use technology, leverages full internal data and credit

39、 scoring 通過評分發(fā)放的貸款組合，其運(yùn)營成本不良率改善了5到10實(shí)現(xiàn)了可觀的效益 Operating costs/delinquencies in scored portfolio improved by well over 5% to 10% a significant multiple of improvement,成功實(shí)施數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動型放貸所運(yùn)用的戰(zhàn)術(shù)：案例分析（續(xù)） Tactics for data-driven success：Case study(Cont.),評分既能改善風(fēng)險(xiǎn)業(yè)績又能促進(jìn)更有效的資源配置 Scoring drives both improved risk pe

40、rformance and more effective resource allocation,評分 SCORE,自動接受 AUTOACCEPT,自動拒絕 AUTODECLINE,評估 REVIEW,申請人數(shù)量 # OF APPLICANTS,提高自動審批率2040 .在不增加貸款風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的情況下降低了客戶的運(yùn)營成本。由于降低了FTE成本，中型規(guī)模公務(wù)卡客戶可立即為放貸機(jī)構(gòu)創(chuàng)造140萬美元的利潤 Increasing auto-approvals 20 to 40% . saves clients operating cost without adding risk to portfolio.

41、Mid-size commercial card client instantly added $1.4M to their bottom line from reduced FTE costs,從1200美元到 100美元From $1200+ to $100,“評分能夠幫助風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散化” “scoring helps to diversify risk”,導(dǎo)言 Introduction 中小企業(yè)的定義 The Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) defined 數(shù)據(jù)對中小企業(yè)信貸決策的作用 The Relevance of Data for SME decis

42、ion-making 貫穿中小企業(yè)客戶生命周期的信貸評分工具 Credit Scoring across the SME account life cycle 結(jié)論 Conclusion,議程 AGENDA, 2007 Fair Isaac Corporation. Confidential.,信貸評分 CREDIT SCORES,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評分 RISK SCORES,非風(fēng)險(xiǎn) NON-RISK,收入 REVENUE 回應(yīng) RESPONSE 消耗 ATTRITION 等 ETC.,帳戶開發(fā)AccountOrigination,帳戶管理AccountManagement,貸款申請?jiān)u分APPLICATI

43、ON SCORES,行為評分BEHAVIOUR SCORES,征信機(jī)構(gòu)評分 CREDIT BUREAU SCORES,評分類型 Types of Scores,Jamaica,全球FICO 評分的可獲得性 Worldwide FICO Score Availability,全面數(shù)據(jù)共享 部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)共享,HEADER RECORD (IDENTIFYING INFORMATION) I. Wishfor Credit12 Lost Lane Sams Petrol & Oil 805 Main St. Somewhere, 6666 Attendant Anytown, 9999 Date of

44、Birth 1965-05-26 ID 8888888888888 PUBLIC RECORDS (LEGAL ITEMS) 1999-02-14 Judgment 1000 ACCOUNT INFORMATION (PAYMENT PROFILE) SupplierDate Date Opening Current Account Payment ReportedOpenedBalance Balance Type Profile NiceWear 2002061997011070054 I 1 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 Su

45、perCall 20020719990312223120 R P 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Best Bank 200207199302017,5003,520 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Village Bank 20020720000214 12,0007,358 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ENQUIRIES (SEARCHES) DateSubscriberType 2001-0

46、4-21GoodBuyEQ 2002-05-10RocketFinEQ,4,680,征信機(jī)構(gòu)評分的價(jià)值：提煉預(yù)測能力 The Value of CB Scores: Distilling the predictive power,基礎(chǔ)記錄（身份信息）,帳戶信息（付款狀況）,查詢（搜索）,公共記錄（法院判決）,600,620,640,680,征信機(jī)構(gòu)評分對個(gè)人風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行排序 Credit Bureau Scores rank consumer risk,控制低端“推翻” Control Low-side Overrides,控制風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的機(jī)會 Opportunity to Control Risk,獲

47、得新客戶的機(jī)會 Opportunity for New Booking,控制高端“推翻” Control High-side Overrides,雙重評分機(jī)會 Dual Score Opportunities,貸款申請?jiān)u分,在整個(gè)信貸生命周期中都可使用 Use through the credit lifecycle,征信機(jī)構(gòu)評分 Credit Bureau Score,Application or Behaviour Score,低 Low,高 High,高 High,強(qiáng)化你的決策 Strengthen your decision,改變你的決策 Change your decision,改變

48、你的決策 Change your decision,補(bǔ)充定制評分 Complementing custom scores,貸款申請或行為評分,對金融機(jī)構(gòu)在小企業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)中使用信貸評分的調(diào)查和評估 Survey: Assessment of Financial Institution Use of Credit Scoring for Small Business Lending,隨著第三方信貸評分的出現(xiàn)，銀行小企業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)的運(yùn)營方式發(fā)生了巨大的變化 Banks operation for lending to small businesses have changed dramatically wit

49、h the advent of 3rd party credit scores 信貸評分采用對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行量化評估的方式，增加了小企業(yè)可以獲得的資金量 Credit scores introduce a quantitative measure of risk that may increase the availability of funds to small businesses 調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，各銀行在小企業(yè)貸款中運(yùn)用信貸評分工具時(shí)，存在不同的方式：The survey confirms that banks implement the use of credit scoring for small business loans in a number of different ways:,針對業(yè)主 的信貸評分 Credit Score of Owner,針對企業(yè) 的信貸評分 Business Credit Score,信貸評分 業(yè)主和企業(yè) Credit Score Owner & Biz,A,=,+,B,C,來源 Source: Charles D. Cowan and Adrian M. Cowan for SBA (2006),針對業(yè)主的信貸評分 Owner Credit Score,針對業(yè)主和企業(yè)的信貸評分 Owner &