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1、沈 陽 大 學(xué) 教 案 課程名稱: 英語語言測試技巧 編寫時(shí)間: 年 月 日授課章節(jié)第九章 寫作測試目的要求掌握寫作題的命題要點(diǎn)及寫作測試的評(píng)分方法重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)1. 寫作題的命題要點(diǎn) 2. 寫作測試的評(píng)分方法教案內(nèi)容:I.教學(xué)方法: 交際式教學(xué)法II. 教學(xué)過程復(fù)習(xí)與導(dǎo)入 討論題: 理解閱讀測的三種模式及測試目標(biāo). 本章導(dǎo)讀本章的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)都是“作文評(píng)分”。它之所以重要是因?yàn)樵u(píng)分的好壞直接影響考試的信度。而它之所以難是因?yàn)樵u(píng)分尺度的掌握全在于實(shí)踐,光知道道理是無濟(jì)于事的。要完全掌握本章內(nèi)容,首先要了解寫作測試的特點(diǎn)、命題要點(diǎn)和評(píng)分要義,這可以通過閱讀本章內(nèi)容實(shí)現(xiàn);要真正理解整體評(píng)分法和分解評(píng)分法的

2、區(qū)別與優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),還得自己動(dòng)手批改作文。在“術(shù)語與難點(diǎn)解釋”部分附有“分解評(píng)分”的一個(gè)樣例,建議仔細(xì)讀一下,對(duì)于理解該方法有較大幫助。在本章的練習(xí)中有幾篇作文,建議學(xué)員能和同事一起用整體評(píng)分和分解評(píng)分兩種方法分別進(jìn)行評(píng)定,以了解兩者之間的區(qū)別。由于寫作評(píng)分是一項(xiàng)十分主觀的工作,沒有純粹客觀的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),因此練習(xí)中的寫作評(píng)分不附答案。在實(shí)際的作文評(píng)分中,一般由評(píng)分中心組選出各檔作文作為樣卷,以供閱卷人員參考第九章 講授新課本章應(yīng)掌握的內(nèi)容(一)1. 寫作水平分類按照丹尼爾森的劃分,外語寫的技能的發(fā)展可分為初、中、高級(jí)三個(gè)階段。初級(jí)階段。寫停留在句子層次上,造句以模仿為主。學(xué)生把寫作的重點(diǎn)放在句子結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯

3、的正確性上。中級(jí)階段。寫的重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到話語層次,寫不僅注意形式的正確,還考慮內(nèi)容的貼切,并學(xué)習(xí)句與句之間的連接,段與段之間的過渡,使語段成為一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體。高級(jí)階段。寫作已進(jìn)入了自由發(fā)揮的境界,寫作以內(nèi)容表達(dá)為主,語言形式的運(yùn)用完全服從內(nèi)容表達(dá)的需要,因此,文章的構(gòu)思、文體的運(yùn)用、表達(dá)的效果成為寫作質(zhì)量的標(biāo)志。2. 寫作測試的特點(diǎn)丹尼爾森 (Danialson,1965) 根據(jù)外語學(xué)習(xí)的進(jìn)程,把學(xué)生寫的能力分為三個(gè)階段:在第二語言學(xué)習(xí)的初級(jí)階段,學(xué)生通常從寫句子開始。這些句子都是以他們先前聽過、說過及讀到過的句子結(jié)構(gòu)為藍(lán)本而寫成的。隨后開始寫成段的語句和簡單的作文,但通過口頭練習(xí)學(xué)會(huì)的語言材料仍

4、是他們寫作時(shí)的主要模仿依據(jù)。到了高級(jí)階段,學(xué)生一般已能自如地運(yùn)用句子結(jié)構(gòu)、詞匯及寫作技巧,從而能就廣泛的題材進(jìn)行自由發(fā)揮,并且很少有錯(cuò)誤。這時(shí)他們寫作的注意力主要放在材料的組織與表達(dá)、文體的運(yùn)用等方面。而中級(jí)階段的學(xué)生,其寫作水平處于初級(jí)與高級(jí)階段之間。我國學(xué)生外語學(xué)習(xí)的實(shí)際水平,絕大部分還處于初級(jí)和中級(jí)階段。如果就我國學(xué)生的外語寫作和母語寫作作一區(qū)分的話,外語寫作測試應(yīng)具有初、中級(jí)階段的寫作特點(diǎn),即測試的重點(diǎn)放在語言形式的正確性、句子的聯(lián)貫、段落的有機(jī)聯(lián)系,內(nèi)容的豐富貼切等方面,至于文章構(gòu)思的巧妙、立意的高低不是外語寫作測試的重點(diǎn),題目的設(shè)計(jì)以每位考生都有內(nèi)容可寫為原則,而不必如母語寫作那樣

5、考慮得十分周到。而母語寫作測試應(yīng)參照寫作高級(jí)階段的要求。寫作測試的重點(diǎn)以文章的立意、構(gòu)思、內(nèi)容的組織等為主,文采作為表達(dá)的一種手段而服從于主題的需要。本章應(yīng)掌握的內(nèi)容(二)3. 寫作題的命題要點(diǎn)作文題目的命名必須考慮這樣三個(gè)問題: 通過作文要測試學(xué)生的哪些寫作技能 用什么方法測出這些技能 這種方法能否做到評(píng)分公平?具體地說要做好這三個(gè)方面,應(yīng)注意如下諸點(diǎn)。1)寫作的題目所測試的應(yīng)是我們期望學(xué)生能夠掌握的寫作技能。2)學(xué)生根據(jù)題目所寫的作文能真實(shí)地反映出考生的實(shí)際寫作能力。為了使作文題能測出考生的真實(shí)寫作能力,應(yīng)力求:(1)在可能的情況下做到測試的任務(wù)多一些,測試的面廣一些,以獲得考生的全面情況

6、。(2)只測試寫作能力,不測試其他東西。在外語寫作測試中,我們感興趣的是學(xué)生運(yùn)用外語表達(dá)思想的能力,在初、中級(jí)寫作階段,寫作測試更注重語言表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性及內(nèi)容表達(dá)的貼切性,至于文章觀點(diǎn)是否新穎,能否反映學(xué)生思維的創(chuàng)造性和想象力則不是外語寫作測試的目標(biāo)。(3)寫作任務(wù)應(yīng)有明確的界定,使考生知道應(yīng)從哪方面著手,以避免作文的內(nèi)容不著邊際,難以評(píng)分。3)命題的同時(shí)應(yīng)考慮評(píng)分的可靠性。寫作評(píng)分的可靠性不僅僅是評(píng)分時(shí)應(yīng)考慮的問題,而應(yīng)該從命題的一開始就把它作為命題的一個(gè)因素加以重視。在命題時(shí)可以通過下述方法提高評(píng)分時(shí)的信度:(1) 把一個(gè)大題目分解成多個(gè)小題目進(jìn)行測試;(2) 題目的要求應(yīng)盡量明確;(3)

7、不能在考試中包括自由選擇題,由學(xué)生決定答什么題目,這樣無法對(duì)學(xué)生的水平作橫向比較;(4) 要求每個(gè)題目的答案有一定的長度(字?jǐn)?shù)),以保證題目的信度。 本章應(yīng)掌握的內(nèi)容(三)4. 寫作測試的評(píng)分方法1) 整體評(píng)分法(Holistic scoring) 整體評(píng)分法也稱印象評(píng)分法 (Impressionistic scoring),是評(píng)卷人根據(jù)自己對(duì)文章的總體印象給文章打一個(gè)總分的方法。打分全憑印象,不作推敲,不對(duì)文章的錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行批改;評(píng)分工作完全在評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行,評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)每一等級(jí)的作文均有詳細(xì)描述。庫珀 (Cooker, 1977) 對(duì)整體評(píng)分法作過比較全面的概括。他認(rèn)為整體評(píng)分法是對(duì)作文進(jìn)行

8、篩選或分等的過程,其評(píng)分方法主要分為三種:(1) 和已分了等級(jí)用作評(píng)分樣本的作文作比較;(2) 根據(jù)作文的特色是否突出打分;(3) 排序分等。整體評(píng)分的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是效度較高。在多種作文評(píng)分方法中,它的結(jié)構(gòu)效度最高,即用整體評(píng)分法評(píng)出的分?jǐn)?shù)能準(zhǔn)確地代表一個(gè)學(xué)生的寫作水平。它的第二大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是評(píng)分快速,有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的教師只要幾分鐘即可評(píng)閱一頁作文。它的主要問題是評(píng)分主觀性大,評(píng)卷人的疲勞,粗心大意、個(gè)人情緒、偏見和成見都可能對(duì)評(píng)分產(chǎn)生影響,因此需要多人評(píng)分才比較可靠。整體評(píng)分一般比較適用于證書考試、分班考試、水平考試和用于研究的作文評(píng)分。 2) 分解評(píng)分法(Analytic Methods of Scoring)

9、 為了克服整體評(píng)分隨意性大,評(píng)分不可靠的缺點(diǎn),有人設(shè)計(jì)了分解評(píng)分的方法。所謂分解評(píng)分就是把作文分解成各種構(gòu)成要素(如文章結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容組織、措詞等等),并根據(jù)一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)每個(gè)要素打分,最后合成一個(gè)總分。表9.1就是分解評(píng)分的一個(gè)樣例。分解評(píng)分的質(zhì)量高低在很大程度上取決于評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的科學(xué)性。首先,對(duì)于什么是好作文應(yīng)有一個(gè)科學(xué)的認(rèn)識(shí),這樣才能分解出有效的要素;其次,各個(gè)構(gòu)成要素要達(dá)到什么標(biāo)準(zhǔn)才算好,也必須有可靠的依據(jù);最后每個(gè)要素在總分中的比重必須合理,這樣分解評(píng)分的總分才能準(zhǔn)確地代表一個(gè)人的寫作能力。分解評(píng)分的最大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是評(píng)分可靠、隨意性?。黄浯?,由于它對(duì)學(xué)生寫作能力的各個(gè)方面進(jìn)行打分,因此能揭示學(xué)生寫

10、作能力的發(fā)展情況。整體評(píng)分只憑印象打分,文章中的長處往往掩蓋了它的弱點(diǎn),而分解評(píng)分能反映一個(gè)人寫作的各個(gè)方面;此外,分解評(píng)分是診斷寫作能力的一種很好的手段。分解評(píng)分缺點(diǎn)是:第一,制作一個(gè)科學(xué)的分項(xiàng)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不但費(fèi)時(shí)而且比較困難;第二,評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)較多,有些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之間的差異難以區(qū)別,因此評(píng)分麻煩費(fèi)時(shí),較難掌握;第三,各評(píng)分要素的分解和權(quán)重的確定有一定的隨意性;最后,分解后的分?jǐn)?shù)簡單地相加成一個(gè)總分,在有效性上值得研究。分解評(píng)分法適用于相關(guān)研究、寫作教學(xué)研究、對(duì)學(xué)生寫作進(jìn)步情況的測量、能力預(yù)測、分班測試、形成性評(píng)估和方案評(píng)估。 3) 采用整體評(píng)分法還是分解評(píng)分法整體評(píng)分法和分解評(píng)分法各有千秋,究竟該用什么

11、方法一般來說,要根據(jù)考試的目的進(jìn)行選擇。如果是診斷性考試,我們想知道更多的診斷信息,那么采用分解評(píng)分比較好,我們可以比較全面地了解學(xué)生的寫作能力。方法的選擇有時(shí)還取決于閱卷的條件。如果有一支很精干的閱卷隊(duì)伍而且可以集中在一起閱卷,那么采用整體評(píng)分不失為上策,這樣不但節(jié)省時(shí)間,還能保證質(zhì)量。但是如果閱卷人員的水平參錯(cuò)不齊,而閱卷地點(diǎn)又分散幾處,那么采用分解評(píng)分法是最佳選擇,可以保證評(píng)分的一致性。不管何種情況,如果分?jǐn)?shù)要求精確可靠,那么最好采用多種評(píng)分方法,相互參照,保證結(jié)果的可靠性。在選擇評(píng)分方法時(shí)必須強(qiáng)調(diào)一點(diǎn),方法的選擇不應(yīng)在考試結(jié)束評(píng)分之前,而應(yīng)該在編寫試題時(shí)就決定,因?yàn)橛械脑u(píng)分方法在試題中

12、會(huì)有所體現(xiàn)。如果編題時(shí)不考慮評(píng)分方法,到評(píng)分時(shí)又隨意決定,評(píng)分的結(jié)果就很難達(dá)到有效與可靠。 難點(diǎn)解釋 1. 行為測試 (Performance test)行為測試測量的是在真實(shí)的或接近真實(shí)的語言環(huán)境中,考生完成某項(xiàng)任務(wù)所需要的行為表現(xiàn)。無論是測試的刺激(stimulus),還是期望出現(xiàn)的反應(yīng)(response),或是這兩者,測試的情景都表現(xiàn)出高度的真實(shí)性。(Jones, 1985 b:16)。簡單地說,行為測試是指這樣一類考試,它是對(duì)考生參與交際時(shí)的行為進(jìn)行測量的一種考試。2. 寫作能力的發(fā)展過程中國學(xué)生寫的能力的發(fā)展大致經(jīng)歷如下三個(gè)階段:1) 初級(jí)階段。 這個(gè)階段的寫,一般不超過句子層次。主

13、要的任務(wù)是寫好句子,注意的是形式方面的問題。重點(diǎn)在正確拼寫英語單詞,正確使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),練好書法。常做抄寫練習(xí),抄字母、單詞、短語、句子。做句子層次的筆頭練習(xí),例如單詞替代、句型轉(zhuǎn)換、句子合并、完成句子等。2)中級(jí)階段。 這階段重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)到話語層次,而且不僅要注意形式,還要注意內(nèi)容。光能拼對(duì)單詞,寫出結(jié)構(gòu)正確的句子,還不能達(dá)到要求。常做的練習(xí)有段落和段落的擴(kuò)展(paragraph development)。根據(jù)主題句 (the topic Sentence)寫出合乎要求的一段話。然后,學(xué)習(xí)如何將一段話按要求擴(kuò)展成有三至五個(gè)段落的短文。例如,做引導(dǎo)式作文、寫通知、短信之類的簡單應(yīng)用文、用英語簡要回答問

14、題等等。3)高級(jí)階段。 也有人將這個(gè)階段叫做創(chuàng)造性寫作階段,因?yàn)闆]有什么條條框框,可以創(chuàng)造性地發(fā)揮。此時(shí)的重點(diǎn)是內(nèi)容。寫作的過程中還要注意語域(register) 問題,表達(dá)要得體。對(duì)于言語類型(genre)也沒有限制,可以寫詩歌、小說,也可以寫劇本、歌詞、商業(yè)信函、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、學(xué)年論文、畢業(yè)論文等。(引自 高蘭生 陳輝岳 英語測試論)3. 寫作的形式赫奇(THedge,1988)將寫作形式歸納為以下六類: 1)私人寫作 為自己而寫,包括各種形式的日記、日志和備忘錄等。 2)學(xué)習(xí)寫作 為自己而寫,包括閱讀筆記、講座筆記、迎考復(fù)習(xí)摘要等。 3)公共寫作 作為公眾一員寫給組織機(jī)構(gòu),如詢問和反映情況的

15、信函以及填表等。 4)創(chuàng)造性寫作 為自己和他人而寫,包括詩歌、小說、劇本等。 5)社會(huì)性寫作 用于建立和保持家庭與朋友間的社會(huì)關(guān)系,如私人信函、邀請(qǐng)信、賀信、 電報(bào)等。 6)公事寫作 指專業(yè)性的寫作,如報(bào)告、總結(jié)、會(huì)議記錄等。然而,根據(jù)我國英語教學(xué)的實(shí)際情況,用于考試目的的寫作可以分為兩大類:1)實(shí)用性寫作,如各種公函和商業(yè)信件、私人社交信函和節(jié)日賀卡、留言條與備忘錄、說明書與指令以及填寫表格單據(jù)等等;2)學(xué)術(shù)性或?qū)W術(shù)基礎(chǔ)寫作,如內(nèi)容縮寫、指導(dǎo)性作文和命題作文等。 4. 文章的體裁作文的命題還要考慮文章的體裁。近年來不少引進(jìn)的英語寫作教材都將作文分成四大類,1)敘述文(narration),2

16、)描寫文(description),3)說明文 (exposition),4)議論文(argumentation)。當(dāng)然,這四大類體裁還可以進(jìn)一步細(xì)分。例如,描寫文就有靜態(tài)描寫(static description)和動(dòng)態(tài)過程描寫(process description)等等??紤]到學(xué)生的實(shí)際需要,考試作文題一般都屬于后三種體裁,因?yàn)榘延⒄Z作為外語學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生將來很少有機(jī)會(huì)創(chuàng)作小說或?qū)懱摌?gòu)的故事。5. 文章的類型或文章的結(jié)構(gòu)成份。 這些結(jié)構(gòu)成份可以是長篇論文的一個(gè)組成部分,或者單獨(dú)自成一篇短文。它們主要有以下幾種: 1) 定義(definition) 下定義、解釋定義的意域范圍,舉例說明等。2)

17、 分類(classification) 將現(xiàn)象或事實(shí)按照一定的規(guī)則整理成類,然后給予說明等。 3) 對(duì)比 (comparison and contrast) 比較一件事情的兩個(gè)方面或兩種不同事情的共性與差異等。 4)因果(cause and effect) 說明事件的相互關(guān)系,事件發(fā)生的原因以及所導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果等。 5) 勸說(Persuasion)說服假想的讀者接受作者的觀點(diǎn)等。一篇較長的學(xué)術(shù)論文可能全部包含上述五種結(jié)構(gòu)成份,或由其中的幾種組成。(引自 徐強(qiáng):英語測試的理論與命題實(shí)踐)6. “分解評(píng)分法”舉例題目:請(qǐng)用英語以“作為我國城市交通工具的自行車(bicycle)和摩托車(motorcy

18、cle)”為主題,寫一篇短文,內(nèi)容必須包括下列三點(diǎn):1. 騎自行車的利弊(各列舉一、二);2. 騎摩托車的利弊(各列舉一、二);3. 我所選擇的交通工具(自行車或摩托車或別的工具,列舉理由)。 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)總分為15分,評(píng)分按照作文的內(nèi)容、語法、表達(dá)和長度四個(gè)方面分別打分。具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下:1. 內(nèi)容(6分)自行車的利和弊各 一分摩托車的利和弊各 一分我的選擇 二分要求每一點(diǎn)都有兩句以上的句子說明。2. 語法(4分)主要的錯(cuò)誤,如時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、對(duì)應(yīng)、格等,每錯(cuò)一個(gè)扣一分,但重復(fù)錯(cuò)誤不扣分。次要的錯(cuò)誤,如拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)、大寫和語法結(jié)構(gòu)詞如冠詞、介詞、連詞等,每錯(cuò)一個(gè)扣0.5分,重復(fù)錯(cuò)誤不扣分。要求一句句子

19、內(nèi)的所有錯(cuò)誤只扣一分。3表達(dá)(4分)典型的中國式英語表達(dá),每句扣一分;意思含糊不清的句子、每句扣一分;用詞不當(dāng),每字扣0.5分。要求一句句子中既有語法錯(cuò)誤也有表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤的,只扣其中一種。4. 長度(1分)字?jǐn)?shù)少于130個(gè),扣一分。 作文 1Bicycles and motorcycles are the most transport media in China. They have their own respective advantages and disadvantages.Compared with riding on motorcycle, riding on bike is mor

20、e safe because its speed is slower. And riding on bike is more economic than riding on motorcycle, because it costs a little to buy and to maitain it . Conversely, riding on motorcycle is much faster that riding on bike. So you can get some place very quickly without great effort. But motorcycles ne

21、eds a lot of money to buy it, to buy petrol and to buy some parts for keep it in good condition . As far as I am concerned I prefer bicycle to motorcycle. There are several reasons for this. Firstly I cant afford to buy motorcycle, because of my lower income. Secondly though I can afford to buy it,

22、I am afraid that traffic accident would happen to me in some day, because, generally speaking, the faster the transport medium run,_ the more the possibility of traffic accident happening is . Finally, riding on bike may be one kind of exercise which is do me good. 表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤扣l分。、 語法錯(cuò)誤扣l分。、 重復(fù)語法錯(cuò)誤不扣分。 拼寫與

23、語法錯(cuò)誤扣1分。 拼寫錯(cuò)誤扣0.5分。 表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤扣1分。 表達(dá)與語法錯(cuò)誤共存,扣1分。 、 缺少冠詞扣0.5分。 、 用詞錯(cuò)誤和表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤扣l分。 重復(fù)錯(cuò)誤不扣分。 語法錯(cuò)誤扣l分。得分如下:內(nèi)容 5分語法 0分表達(dá) 0分長度 1分總分 6分作文 2Bicycle and Motorcycle in China(1) Bicycle is good. It is cheap and light. Also it is safe and easy to use. But (2) bicycle is slow. And you are tire a long way. (3) (4) Motorc

24、ycle is fast and comfoot(5). But it is danger (6) and cost (7) air polution (8). Also it is not cheap. I like (9) bicycle because I have no money to buy (10) motorcycle. Also I dont want to_kill by motorcycle. (11)(1) 缺少冠詞扣0.5分。 (2)、(4)、(9)、(10)為重復(fù)錯(cuò)誤,不扣分。 (3) 表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤扣l分。 (5) 拼寫錯(cuò)誤扣0.5分。(6) 拼寫錯(cuò)誤扣0.5分。 (7

25、) 用詞錯(cuò)誤扣0.5分。 (8) 拼寫錯(cuò)誤扣0.5分。(11) 表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤扣1分。得分如下,內(nèi)容 3分語法 2分表達(dá) 1.5分長度 0分總分 6.5分點(diǎn)評(píng):第二篇作文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)極為簡單,而且單調(diào)沒有變化。文中的用詞也極其有限,而且字?jǐn)?shù)大大少于規(guī)定的要求。然而正因?yàn)槠蹋@篇作文的各類錯(cuò)誤也相應(yīng)減少,扣分當(dāng)然也不多。與第一篇作文相比,第二篇作文在語法和表達(dá)方面的得分相對(duì)要高。但是,無論從作文的交際質(zhì)量,內(nèi)容或信息數(shù)量,以及表達(dá)手段和語言的變化等方面來衡量,第二篇作文明顯比第一篇作文要差。對(duì)此,閱卷者除了在長度方面扣一分之外,只能在內(nèi)容方面扣分。盡管如此,第一篇作文與第二篇作文相比,得到的還是比失

26、去的多。從這兩篇作文中,我們可以清楚地看到分解評(píng)分的缺陷。 鞏固練習(xí)(一)單項(xiàng)選擇題 1. 按照丹尼爾森的劃分,外語中級(jí)階段寫的技能以 _ 為主。答案 CA 造句模仿 B. 聯(lián)詞成句 C. 語段寫作 D. 自由發(fā)揮 2. 為了提高寫作題的效度,在評(píng)分過程中最好采用 _ 方法。答案 AA 整體評(píng)分 B. 分解評(píng)分 C. 多人評(píng)分 D. 細(xì)化評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 3. 用下列方法測試學(xué)生的寫作能力是一種_ 。答案 DA. 主觀測試 B. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試 C. 直接測試 D. 間接測試 The antique collector must be able to distinguish real antiques f

27、rom later imitation, which can be either reproductions nor fakes.4. 寫作是采用整體評(píng)分還是分解評(píng)分,除了取決于閱卷?xiàng)l件外,主要取決于_。A. 考試目的 B. 閱卷時(shí)間 C.考試題目 D. 學(xué)生的水平 答案 A5. 在寫作評(píng)分中采用分解評(píng)分的方法是為了提高測試的_。答案 CA.難度 B.區(qū)分度 C.信度 D.效度 (二)判斷說明題 ( ) 1. 在寫作測試中究竟采用整體評(píng)分還是分解評(píng)分,主要看所出的題目哪種評(píng)分更方便。 F。在寫作測試中究竟采用整體評(píng)分還是分解評(píng)分,主要依據(jù)考試的目的。( ) 2. 在寫作評(píng)分中,采用分解評(píng)分的方

28、法往往不能使好文章得高分是因?yàn)槲恼赂鞣N要素的機(jī)械相加,并不能替代文章的整體效果。T。好文章主要看文章的整體效果,而分項(xiàng)評(píng)分只是從局部著眼評(píng)分,它的總分是各項(xiàng) 得分的機(jī)械相加,往往不能反映文章的神韻,因此不能使好文章得高分。( ) 3. 在寫作測試中,整體評(píng)分法能給學(xué)生提供具體的反饋信息。F。在寫作測試中,整體評(píng)分法不能給學(xué)生提供具體的反饋信息。因?yàn)檎w評(píng)分法是閱 卷人根據(jù)文章的總體影響打分的一種方法,打分全憑印象,不作推敲,不對(duì)文章的 錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行批改,因此很難為學(xué)生提供具體的信息。三、作文評(píng)分This activity is best carried out with colleagues. S

29、core the following three short compositions on how to increase tourism, using each of the scales presented in the chapter. Which do you find easiest to use, and why How closely do you and your colleagues agree on the scores you assign Can you explain any large differences Do the different scales pla

30、ce the compositions in the same order If not, can you see why not Which of the scales would you recommend in what circumstances (1)Nowadays a lot of countries tend to develop their tourisms incomes, and therefore trourism called the factory without chemny. Turkey, which undoubtedly needs forign mone

31、y, trys to increase the number of foreign tourists coning to Turkey. What are likely to do in order to increase this number.At first, much more and better advertising should do in foreign countries and the information offices should open to inform the people to decide to come Turkey. Secondly, inpro

32、ve facilities, which are hotels, transportation and communecation. Increase the number of hotels, similarly the number of public transportation which, improve the lines of communication. Thirdly which is important as two others is training of personnel. This is also a basic need of tourism, because

33、the tourist will want to see in front of him a skilled guides or a skilled hotel managers. The new school will open in order to train skilled personnel and as well as theoric knowledges, practice must be given them.The countries which are made available these three basic need for tourists have alrea

34、dy improved their tourisms incomes. Spain is a case in point or Greec. Although Turkey needs this income; it didnt do any real attempts to achive it. In fact all of them should have already been done, till today. However it is late, it can be begin without loosing any time.(2)A nation cant make impr

35、ovements, if it doesnt let the minds of their people breathe and expand to understand more about life than what is at the end of the street, this improvement can be made by means of tourism.There are several ways to attract more people to our country. First of all, advertisements and information tak

36、e an important place. These advertisements and information should be based on the qualities of that place without exaggeration. The more time passes and the more information tourists gather about one country, the more assured they can be that it will be a good experience. People travel one place to

37、another in order to spend their holiday, to see different cultures or to attend conferences. All of these necessitate facilities. It is important to make some points clear. Hotel, transportation and communication facilities are a case in point. To some extent, we can minimize the diffeculties by mea

38、ns of money. Furthermore, this situation does not only depend on the financial situation, but also behaviors towards the tourists. Especially, a developing country should kept in mind the challenge of the future rather than the mistakes of the past, in order to achive this, the ways of training of p

39、ersonnel may be found. The most important problem faced by many of countries is whether the decisions that must be made are within the capabilities of their education system. Educating guides and hotel managers are becoming more and more important.As a result, it should once more be said that, we ma

40、y increase the number of foreign tourists coming to Turkey by taking some measures. Advertisement, information, improving facilities and training personnel may be effective, but also all people should be encouraged to contribute this event. (3)Tourism is now becoming a major industry troughout the w

41、orld. For many countries their tourist trade is an essential source of their revenue.All countries have their aim particular atractions for tourists and this must be kept in mind when advertising Turkey abroad. For example Turkey, which wants to increase the number of foreign tourists coming must ad

42、vertise its culture and sunshine.Improving facilities like hotels, transportation and communication play important role on this matter more Hotels can be built and available ones can be kept clean and tidy. New and modern transportation systems must be given to foreign tourists and one more, the com

43、munication system must work regularly to please these people. Tourists dont want to be led around like sheep. They want to explore for themselves and avoid the places which are pact out with many other tourist. Because of that there must be their trained guides on their towns through anywhere and on

44、 the other hand hotel managers must be well trained. They must keep being kind to foreign tourist and must know English as well. If we make tourists feel comfortable un these facts, tourism will increase and we will benefit from it. (Hughes et al. 1987: 145-7)參考資料 1. HOLISTIC OR ANALYTIC The choice

45、between holistic and analytic scoring depends impart on the purpose of the testing. If diagnostic information is required, then analytic scoring is essential. The choice also depends on the circumstances of scoring. If it is being carried out by a small, well-knit group at a single site, then holist

46、ic scoring, which is likely to be more economical of time, may be the most appropriate. But if scoring is being conducted by a heterogeneous, possibly less well trained group, or in a number of different places (the British Council ELTS test, for instance, is scored at a large number of test centres

47、), analytic scoring is probably called for. Whichever is used, if high accuracy is sought, multiple scoring is desirable. It should go without saying that the rating systems presented in this chapter are meant to serve only as examples, Testers will almost certainly need to adapt them for use in the

48、ir own situation. 2. THE CONDUCT OF SCORING It is assumed that scorers have already been trained with previously written scripts. Once the test is completed, a search should be made to identify benchmark scripts which typify key levels of ability on each writing task (in the case of the English medi

49、um university referred to above, these were adequate and -not adequate). Copies of these should then be presented to the scorers for an initial scoring. Only when there is agreement on these benchmark scripts should scoring begin. Each task of each student should be scored independently by two or mo

50、re scorers (as many scorers as possible should be involved in the assessment of each students work), the scores being recorded on separate sheets. A third, senior member of the team should collate scores and identify discrepancies in scores awarded to the same piece of writing Where these are small,

51、 the two scores can-be averaged; where they are larger, senior members of the team will decide the score. It is also worth looking for large discrepancies between an individuals performance on different tasks. These may accurately reflect his or her performance, but they may also be the result of in

52、accurate scoring. It is important that scoring should take place in a quiet well-lit environment. Scorers should not be allowed to become too tired While holistic scoring can be very rapid, it is nevertheless extremely demanding if concentration is maintained. Multiple scoring should ensure scorer r

53、eliability, even if not all scorers are using quite the same standard. Nevertheless, once scoring is completed, it is useful to carry out simple statistical analyses to discover if anyones scoring is unacceptably aberrant.寫作評(píng)分請(qǐng)根據(jù)“整體評(píng)分”和“分解評(píng)分”兩種方法分別對(duì)下面兩篇作文打分,看有沒有差別?這兩種方法個(gè)各有什么優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)?II. Guided WritingDirections: Write an English composition in over 120 words based on the picture and the instructions below.簡要描述圖片內(nèi)容,結(jié)合生活實(shí)際,就圖片的主題談?wù)勛约旱母邢搿?1) A girl is learning to ride a bike. Her parents and grandm

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