英語作文段落結(jié)構(gòu)分析報(bào)告

1、實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文檔 1 什么是主題句？ 主題句（topic sentence）是表達(dá)段落主題的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都圍繞它展開。請看下例： My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with sp

2、ouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Dont argue. Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages, on farms and in factories, machines have made l

3、ife easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods - everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell. 2 如何寫好主題句？ （1）寫好主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞 關(guān)鍵詞要盡量寫得具體些。對“具體”的要求包括

4、兩個(gè)方面：一是要具體到能控制和限制段落的發(fā)展；二是要具體到能說明段落發(fā)展的方 文案大全實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文檔 向。 原句1: He can fix a bicycle himself. 斜體部分應(yīng)為主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞。但它只是限制了段落發(fā)展的部分內(nèi)容，并沒有告訴讀者該用哪種方法展開，是用因果關(guān)系法還是用分類法？ 修正：He can fix a bicycle himself in several simple steps. 修正：There are several reasons why he can fix a bicycle himself. 原句2: She tries to improve her

5、 looks. 斜體部分應(yīng)為主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞。她試著改變她面容的理由是什么？或者她采取什么方法來改善呢？我們無法從關(guān)鍵詞中清楚得知。 修正：She tries many ways to improve her looks. 修正：There are some reasons why she tries to improve her looks。 （2）寫好主題句的中心思想 Exercise is beneficial to your heart. A 22-year study was conducted by doctors in California. They found that pe

6、ople who work at physical jobs experience fewer heart attacks than other people. These active people work all the time at moderate speeds, their daily routine gives them an adequate amount of exercise and helps them stay in shape. Exercise is 敢敮楦楣污這是毫無疑義的。但主題句中如不加上o your 敨牡屴來加以 control 和 limit，那就流于空

7、泛。因此，緊 文案大全實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文檔 緊把握主題句中controlling idea的導(dǎo)向和制約作用，是短文寫作成功關(guān)鍵之一。（3）要注意主題的可寫性 所定的主題不能太籠統(tǒng)，也不能太具體。 In Hemingways story “Soldiers Home”，Krebs tells his mother that he wants no part of Gods Kingdom 這個(gè)句子太具體以至于無東西可寫，無法展開段落。 In Hemingways story “Soldiers Home”， Kreb is a lonely，cynical veteran 這個(gè)句子可作為主題句，因?yàn)榭梢?/p>

8、圍繞“l(fā)onely，cynical”展開段落。 Let me tell you something about overpopulation 這個(gè)句子太籠統(tǒng)，作為一個(gè)段落的主題太大，難于駕馭。 Why has the world population been increasing so rapidly in the last decades？ 這個(gè)句子是個(gè)較好的主題句，作者用“the reasons for overpopulation in the last decades”，從“原因”（cause）和“時(shí)間”（time）兩方面限制了主題，能在一個(gè)段落內(nèi)論述。 2推展句 2.1 主要推展句

9、 主要推展句(major supporting statement)的主要特點(diǎn)是：圍繞段落主題句展開的每一個(gè)推展句本身都不要求作進(jìn)一步的說明或證明，句與句之間的關(guān)系是相互獨(dú)立又是互相連接的。 文案大全實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文檔 例1：(主題句) There are several factors affecting climate. (推展句1)One factor is the mount of sunlight received. (推展句2)Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. (推展句3)The ocean

10、s have an effect on the climate of adjacent land. (推展句4)In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere. 主題句指出影響氣候的幾個(gè)因素。然后用四個(gè)擴(kuò)展句說明四種因素。第一種是太陽光的接收量，第二種是海拔高度，第三句和第四句分別是海洋和大氣環(huán)流因素。 2.2 次要推展句 次要推展句(minor supporting statement)是指對主要推展句作進(jìn)一步的事實(shí)分析和舉例說明。它從屬于某一個(gè)或某幾個(gè)推展句。 例2：(主題句)I

11、 dont teach because teaching is not easy for me. (主要推展句1)Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer. (主要推展句2)For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. (次要推展句1)Red-eye, because I never feel ready to

12、teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. (次要推展句2)Sweaty-palm, because Im always nervous 文案大全實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文檔 before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am. (次要推展句3)Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than

13、usual. 從屬于主要推展句2的三個(gè)次要推展句起著解釋說明作用，分別解釋red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach的含義，這就更加形象生動(dòng)地證明了 eaching is not easy 這個(gè)主題。 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Credit Cards on Campus. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the

14、 outline (given in Chinese) below: 1)近年來越來越多的大學(xué)生開始使用信用卡 2)分析產(chǎn)生該現(xiàn)象的原因 3)針對大學(xué)生使用信用卡提出你的建議 Credit Cards on Campus 文案大全實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文檔 In recent years, credit cards have gained more popularity among college students. With banks more focus on college market, an increasing number of college students have applied f

15、or credit cards and begun to consume by them. The following three factors can account for the popularity of credit cards on campus. Firstly, a credit card provides overdrawing service, which is a big attraction for those students who have not much money for their domination. Secondly, a credit card

16、can help release financial burdens on those poor students, and hence reduce the risk of their dropping school for lacking money. Besides, many banks make some preferential policies on credit cards, like sending a gift, lowering year cost. Drawn by these policies, many college students have applied f

17、or credit cards. As far as I am concerned, it is not a bad thing for college students to own credit cards. However, there is misuse of credit cards among college students. Many students use credit cards to buy luxurious things they dont need really, and even some of them owe a big credit card debt.

18、Therefore, schools and banks have responsibility to let college students learn how to use credit cards properly. Only in this way can college students enjoy really the advantages of credit cards. 文案大全實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文檔 段落基本要素 好的文章有一些主要的構(gòu)成要素，段落就是其中之一。段落是用來在散文、故事或其他文章中組織信息的。在寫段落時(shí)，我們通常包括以下內(nèi)容： 1、 主題句 每個(gè)段落都應(yīng)有一個(gè)要點(diǎn)，該要

19、點(diǎn)通常由主題句表達(dá)。主題句應(yīng)清楚地陳述本段落的信息。整個(gè)段落都圍繞主題句展開。例如： （書19頁44行）Young adults give many different reasons for moving to cities. 不過也并不是所有的段落都有主題句的。比如有時(shí)一個(gè)段落延續(xù)了前一個(gè)段落的主題，而前一個(gè)段落有主題句的情況下，這個(gè)段落就不一定有主題句了。 主題句通常是段落的第一句。不過在散文、故事或其他一些文體的第一段中，主題句可以置于一段引子之后。為了吸引讀者的注意力，我們可以使用一段引子。這個(gè)引子常常是一個(gè)有趣的事實(shí)、一個(gè)問題或一段引語。例如： （書18頁4行）Older Amer

20、icans are on the move. 2、 支撐句 主題句后應(yīng)跟有對其加以解釋或證明的支撐句。例如： （書18頁8行）For decades, Florida has been attracting older residents. In fact, according to the national population survey conducted in 2000, Florida was home to the largest population of people aged 65 and older. 段落中的支撐句的排列順序是有邏輯的。我們可以使用過渡的詞語將每句句子與

21、其前后的句子連接。可使用的過渡詞語包括for example, for instance, furthermore, first, second, third, on the other hand, however, but和also。 （書18頁23行）Florida is a popular choice for these people because of the climate and the states relatively flat landscape. However, as the number of older Americans moving there increas

22、es, more changes are made to cater to them. For example, ambulance response time has been decreased, and many houses have bathrooms designed for elderly homeowners, with things like walk-in bathtubs that reduce the risk of slips and falls. 3、 結(jié)論句 段落應(yīng)以一句用新的方式重復(fù)主題句內(nèi)容的句子結(jié)尾。當(dāng)然了，結(jié)論句不是主題句的簡單重復(fù)，而是對它的擴(kuò)展與總結(jié)。

23、有時(shí)也可以用結(jié)論句來表達(dá)關(guān)于這個(gè)主題的最后想法，或用它來幫助引入下一段的主題。 （書19頁42行）Across the USA, people are noticing the same thing: young people want to live in cities. 4、 注意 與中文不同，英文段落中的“主題句-支撐句-結(jié)論句”的結(jié)構(gòu)一般情況下是很明確的。而中文段落的主題句可能出現(xiàn)在段首、段中或段末。這是中西文的不同之處。 相關(guān)練習(xí) 一、 選出下列各段落的主題句 1. One of the reasons for visiting the lighthouses is that the

24、 lighthouses have a profound history and provide a good view of nature. 2. Visiting lighthouses will help us to understand the lives of lighthouse keepers. 3. Another reason for considering a visit is that the lighthouses themselves can be very attractive buildings. 文案大全實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文檔 4. The most important

25、reason for such a visit is to realize how our ancestors battled nature with the basic tools they had. Everyone should visit a lighthouse at least once. (1) _ They had only basic ways of creating light, and yet they found a way of using this simple technology in isolated (孤零零的) places to save ships f

26、rom hitting rocks. (2) _ By their very nature, lighthouses were built on some rocks or cliffs. Thus the lighthouse keepers often lived lonely lives. To walk around their small home, and imagine the angry storm outside beating against the walls, is to take a step towards understanding the lives they

27、had. The reason for a visit to a lighthouse is not all so backward-looking in time. It is true that lighthouses were built in out-of-way places. But on a pleasant sunny summer day, this very isolation has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience. Therefore, with the gentle waves tou

28、ching all round the lighthouse, the visitor is likely to think it is a world preferable to the busy and noisy modern life. (3) _ Mankind could often not be content just to put up a basic structure, but felt the need, even in such an isolated place, to build with an artistic touch. The result is a vi

29、ew for tired eyes to enjoy. Finally, lighthouses have a romantic attraction, summed up by the image of the oil-skin-coated keeper climbing his winding stairs to take care of the light to warn ships and save lives. 二、 將下列句子按邏輯順序組合成段落 a. First, dont let your pride get in your way. Most of us can forgi

30、ve each other when differences are brought out in the open. b. Second, apologize when you are wrong- even if youve been wronged. Over the course of a friendship, even the best people make mistakes. c. And finally, accept that friendships change as our needs and lifestyle change. Making friends can s

31、ometimes seem easy. d. My suggestion: Consider friendship an honor and a gift, and worth the effort to treasure and nurture（培養(yǎng)）. e. The good news is that most troubled friendships can be mended. f. Third, see things from your friends point of view. g. Sometimes, it may be best if the wronged person

32、takes the lead and apologizes. When you apologize, give you friend a chance to admit that he has been wrong. h. The hard part is keeping the connections strong during the natural ups and downs that have an effect on all relationships. 正確的段落順序是：_ 三、 選詞填空 then later since whenever on the other hand an

33、d once while on the contrary in the first case Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness and self-respect? The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as “honor” helps you create this life of 文案大全實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文檔 good feelings. Heres an example to show how honora

34、ble actions create happiness. Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item. If we keep silent, and profit from the clerks mistake, we would drive home with a sense of sneaky excitement. (1) _ we might tell our family or friends about our good fortune. (2) _, if we tell the clerk about the unchar

35、ged item, the clerk would be grateful and thank us for our honesty. We would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with another soul. (3) _, what is it to do with our sense of happiness? (4) _, where we dont tell the clerk, a couple of things would happen. Deep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief. In the proc