《PETS寫作資料》PPT課件.ppt

1、語言功底與寫作水平,語言功底包括語言系統(tǒng)知識的掌握和運(yùn)用能力，如詞匯量、語法知識、習(xí)慣搭配、修辭手段、文體風(fēng)格等,關(guān)于用詞(迂回表達(dá),1. 用近義詞代替 decade ascend ( increase, rise, grow, jump, go up) think ( agree, maintain, argue, believe, hold, suggest, claim, assume, suppose,As is known to all ( as everyone knows, it is well known that, as known to all, it is univers

2、ally known that, it is common knowledge that, it is generally known that,2. 用其上義詞或下義詞代替,carbon dioxide ( poisonous gas ) mass media ( TV, radio, newspaper, internet etc.,3.替代法,There are traffic jams in the city every day. (All the streets are crowded with vehicles in the city every day.) Everywhere

3、people were buying, selling and bargaining. (Everywhere people were buying, selling and discussing the prices.,4 小詞稍變大 In my opinion,For my part, from my own perspective,Good,positive, favorable, perfect, outstanding, excellent, beneficial, rewarding,Very,exceedingly, extremely,Cause,give rise to, l

4、ead to, result in, trigger,Remember,bear in mind that,使用限定詞,may, maybe, perhaps, probably, mainly, generally, commonly, personally, comparatively, typically, usually, sometimes, often, mostly, almost, nearly, not necessarily, in general, at lest, at most, may as well, if possible, had better, to som

5、e extent, to some degree,使用動態(tài)動詞,Please try our best to help this girl, help her to pass the most difficult period in life, and make her financial burden less and less,Please try our best to help this girl, help her to pass the most difficult period in life, and relieve her financial burden,活用不同的詞性,A

6、fter we have observed them carefully and analyzed them critically, we may identify the conceptions that will actually contribute to the social development,Through careful observation and critical analysis, we may identify the conceptions that will actually contribute to the social development,使用介詞短語

7、,His family obviously cannot afford the big sum of money for such an operation obviously,The big sum of money for such an operation is obviously beyond what his family can afford,語 法,主語同動詞單復(fù)數(shù)是否一致？ 代詞指代明確嗎？（尤其要注意this/that） 有沒有放錯位置的修飾語？ 動詞的形式同時態(tài)、語態(tài)一致嗎？ 有沒有不完整的句子？ 有沒有中式英語,錯誤小結(jié),1.詞性的錯誤使用，一般來說是名詞和動詞,形容詞和

8、名詞詞性區(qū)分不是很明確 We can analysis that high income group eats more fast foods than the other two groups. Children have a special curious. 2.句子中缺少動詞 Pizzas consumption rising regularly from 40 grams to about 250 grams from 1970 to 1990,3.there be 句型 There are about two thirds of criminals have seen the vio

9、lence in films and on television. 4.可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的問題 （可數(shù)名詞是不可以單獨(dú)放置在句中） We should find specific way to solve these problem and we have enough reasons to predict,5.斷句錯誤。 I like sports, they can improve my health. It is raining, I can not go out,6.重復(fù)累贅 Sharing a room with others together has more advantages.

10、 7.句子不完整，缺少成分 incomplete sentences Some question whether it is rational to pay different amount of salaries among different sorts of people .(這個句子很明顯只存在主語,8.使用從句時，注意句中主謂是否一致 The workers are divided into two categories which is physical members and mental workers,11.被動的使用錯誤/ 動詞的連續(xù)使用 I reckon that two

11、 kinds of staff are of the same importance who are suppose to get nearly the same amount of salary. 13.文章中句式過于單一。 14.在首段表達(dá)不同的觀點(diǎn)時，不需要使用過去時態(tài)，一般現(xiàn)在時就可以 Some people insisted that women shouldnt join the army, while others argued that they should join the army just like men,15指代不清,Mary was friendly to my

12、sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid,Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid,16 名詞可數(shù)與不可數(shù)的誤用,Too much tests are disadvantageous to students,Too many tests are disadvantageous to students,17動詞及物不及物的誤用,The traffic accident was taken place at the ju

13、nction of two highways,The traffic accident took place at the junction of two highways,Because of his excellent performance, the boss rose his salary,Because of his excellent performance, the boss raised his salary,18介詞to和不定式符號的混淆,All these contributed to solve the serious problem,All these contribu

14、ted to the solution to the serious problem,19情態(tài)動詞的誤用,They should spent much time,They should spend much time,措詞毛病(troubles in diction,The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution,The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution,斷句或不

15、完整句(sentence fragments,1.Many Chinese people are becoming rich is obvious,That many Chinese people are becoming rich is obvious,It is obvious that many Chinese people are becoming rich,2.She looks almost like her twin sister The only difference being that she is a little taller,She looks almost like

16、 her twin sister. The only difference is that she is a little taller She looks almost like her twin sister, the only difference being that she is a little taller,faulty parallelism(不平行結(jié)構(gòu),1She is pretty，smart and has a lot of money,She is pretty，smart and rich,2The new material is both lightly and re

17、markably strong,The new material is both light and remarkably strong,懸垂修飾語(dangling modifiers,At the age of ten, my grandfather died,when I was ten, my grandfather died,To do well in college, good grades are essential,To do well in college, a student needs good grades,不間斷句子(run-on sentences,There ar

18、e many ways we get to know the outside world,There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world,或：there are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world,Comma Faults and Run-on Sentence 逗號錯誤和無標(biāo)點(diǎn)句,Examples: Tom put a match to the papers, the pile burst into flames.

19、 (comma fault)Tom put a match to the papers the pile burst into flames. (run-on sentences,Corrections: 1.Make separate sentences of the two main clauses Tom put a match to the papers. The pile burst into flames. 2.Use a coordinating conjunction and a comma to connect the two clauses (逗號+并列句) Tom put

20、 a match to the papers, and the pile burst into flames. 3.Use a semicolon instead of a comma between the two clauses (使用分號) Tom put a match to the papers; the pile burst into flames. 4.Make one of the main clauses into a subordinate clause (把其中的一個變成從句) When Tom put a match to the papers, the pile bu

21、rst into flames. 5.Reduce one of the main clauses into a phrase (把其中的一個分句變成詞組) Tom having put a match to the papers, the pile burst into flames,一個完整的英語句子包括主語（subject）及謂語（ predicate）兩大部分,主語可以是名詞（noun）,代詞( pronoun )或其他有名詞作用的字詞，譬如：不定式（ infinitive ）,名詞短語（noun phrase）, 名詞性從句（noun clause ）,動名詞（gerund ）等。

22、主語可以用形容詞（adjective phrase ）或形容詞短語（adjective phrase ）,定語從句（adjective clause ）來加以修飾。一個句子一定要有一個完整的動詞(complete verb),否則便不成為一個句子。動詞可由副詞（adverb）或副詞短語（adverbial phrase ）,狀語從句（adverbial clause）來加以修飾,五種基本句型,1 主語+不及物動詞 We all breathe, eat and drink. It doesnt matter whether he will come or not. 2. 主語+ 不及物動詞+

23、補(bǔ)語 Jimmy weighs one hundred pounds. It seems useless to cry over spilt milk. 3. 主語+及物動詞+賓語 He needs your help. He explained his difficulty to my uncle. 4 主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語 He offered oranges to the students in the room. Mary made a new dress for herself. 5主語+及物動詞+賓語+補(bǔ)語 He wants me to be punctual. I

24、saw him enter the room,1. 動名詞，動名詞做主語（后面接單數(shù)動詞），賓語（及物動詞的賓語，介詞的賓語），表語,There is no denying the fact We cannot help laughing at that clown. It is no use ( no point / no good ) crying over spilt milk. It goes without saying that knowledge is power. I am used ( accustomed ) to getting up early in the morni

25、ng,2.分詞,分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞兩種?，F(xiàn)在分詞除了有動詞的作用外，還有形容詞的作用，而動名詞除了動詞的作用外，還有名詞的作用。一般說來，現(xiàn)在分詞有主動和進(jìn)行的意義，而過去分詞則含被動及動作完成的意義。 Boiled water = water which has been boiled Boiling water = water which is boiling,Living far away from home, one will suffer from loneliness and homesickness. They spend too much time in front o

26、f the television, ignoring their studies, outdoor activities and even their family. Compared with the large family, the small family has a unique advantage,Nowadays, there are more and more young people going abroad for study. You can always see young people and even adults addicted to the computer

27、games. Having done his homework, the schoolboy began to write his diary,3.分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)（有時分詞短語有它自己的獨(dú)立的主語，這種主語常常是名詞或代詞（主格），放在分詞短語之前，這種結(jié)構(gòu)叫做獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)只用作狀語，多用在書面語中。 Their room was on the first floor, its broad window overlooking the park. The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. We redoubled our ef

28、forts, each man working like two,分詞的習(xí)分慣用語： Generally( Roughly / Broadly / Frankly/ Strictly ) speaking, he is an honest man. Judging from his conduct, he must be a good boy. Speaking of money, I havent paid my credit card bills yet,不定式做主語，賓語，表語，狀語，定語,下列常見短語之后，要接動詞原形， 不可加to: had better+動詞原形（最好） would

29、 rather + 動詞原形 than +動詞原形 （寧愿不愿,You had better do your best to finish it in a day. I would rather starve than steal. It is hard to come to an absolute conclusion. I consider it wrong for him to have said so,虛擬語氣,表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬： 公式：If+主語+過去式動詞（若為be動詞，則一律用were）,主語+過去式助動詞（should, would, could, might等）+動詞

30、原形 If I had a million dollars, I would buy that car. 表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬： 公式：If +主語+had+p.p.(過去分詞)，主語+過去式助動詞 （should, would, could, might 等）+have+p.p. If I had had a million dollars, I would have bought that car,表示“意志”的動詞，諸如insist, suggest, propose, recommend, demand, require, request, order, command, obje

31、ct, advise等，后面若接從句，則主語之后，要接“動詞原形”，（前面的should通常省略,I suggest that she (should) go to school every day. I strongly object that she go swimming alone. The teacher demanded that we hand in our assignments on time,It is (was)+necessary ( important, essential, urgent, vital, advisable) +主語+（should ）+動詞原形 I

32、t is essential that Judy study hard. It is important that a good citizen obey the law,It is (high) time +主語+虛擬語氣一般過去時 It is (high) time you went to bed. It is time you studied hard,狀語從句 原因（because, as, since, for） I still like to travel with friends because I think the most important thing during tr

33、avel is to get pleasure and relaxation. (2) 結(jié)果（so, so that） Most people marry and have children, so they need a steady reliable income because of their family responsibilities. Important events are often broadcast live so that the audiences feel as if they were participating,3) 時間( when, as, while,

34、before, after, until, since, as soon as ) Telephone is very convenient especially when we have something urgent. (4)讓步 （though, although, even if, no matter, while ） Reasonable and attractive as the opinion seems, it cannot bear much analysis. Although it is indispensable to human beings, it also br

35、ings a lot of inconvenience to us. While the small family has a unique advantage, it cannot compete with the large family. Some people suggest that we should not help the adventurers even if they are in danger, because any kind of help would ruin their pleasure of exploring. One must learn to stick

36、to ones own confidence and hope, no matter how little the hope may be,5)條件（if, unless, in case ） If smoking is banned totally, more serious problems will arise, such as unemployment. Unless we are very careful, we cant do our work well. An important aspect of traveling with friends is that in case e

37、mergency takes place, your friend will give you a hand immediately,二、倒裝語序(Inverted Order) 英語兩種語序：一是主語在謂語之前稱為自然語序（Natural Order）；二是主語在謂語之后則稱為倒裝語序（Inverted Order）。 而倒裝語序中又有全部倒裝（Full Inversion）和部分倒裝（Partial Inversion）之分。 全部倒裝的句子，謂語部分全部提前到主語之前。 而部分倒裝的句子中，只把謂語的一部分（如情態(tài)動詞、助動詞、或是系動詞be）放到主語的前面去,倒裝句之全部倒裝 全部倒裝

38、是只將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用于一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, live, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter,2) 表示運(yùn)動方向的副詞(off, away, out, in, up, down)或地點(diǎn)狀語置于句首，謂語表示運(yùn)動的動詞。Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.Ahead s

39、at an old woman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。 Here he comes. Away they went,倒裝句之部分倒裝 部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。 如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞，則需添加助動詞do, does或 did，并將其置于主語之前,1)句首為否定或半否定的詞語，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until 等。Never have I seen such a performanc

40、e.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝,以否定詞開頭作部分倒裝 如 Not onlybut also, Hardly/Scarcelywhen, No sooner than Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. No soone

41、r had she gone out than a student came to visit her,so, neither, nor作部分倒裝 表示也、也不 的句子要部分倒裝。Tom can speak French. So can Jack.If you wont go, neither will I,only在句首要倒裝的情況 Only in this way can you learn English well. Only by studying hard can we pass the entrance examination. Only when he is seriously

42、ill, does he ever stay in bed,含as的讓步從句要倒裝 Lonely as he is , he seems happy,其他部分倒裝 1)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.2)在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。 Were I you, I would try it again,三、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 1. 倒裝法：把應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分提至句首，使之突出。 正常：The mystery of space is great; the

43、 mystery of time is greater. 強(qiáng)調(diào)：Great is the mystery of space; greater is the mystery of time. He would never forgive deceit or treachery. Deceit or treachery he would never forgive. (賓語提前) A computer can get information for scientists from outer space or from the depths of the ocean. From outer spa

44、ce or from the depths of the ocean, a computer can get information for scientists. (狀語提前,2. 調(diào)整句子的主從關(guān)系：在使用簡單句而無法表達(dá)一個信息的重要性時，最好將簡單句與其前后合并，以形成主次關(guān)系，并把相對次要的信息放在從屬結(jié)構(gòu)中。 簡單句：Zhang Ming is a student. He comes from a southern province. He speaks a dialect. We find it hard to understand his dialect. 主從句：Zhang

45、Ming, a new student from a southern province, speaks a dialect, which we find difficult to understand,一些強(qiáng)調(diào)句型： The merchants protested the new taxes. The merchants were the ones who protested the new taxes. It was the merchants who protested the new taxes. The ones who protested the new taxes were th

46、e merchants,句子成分的強(qiáng)調(diào),1強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 It is/ was that/who 當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)的句子是現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼娜我粫r態(tài)時，本句型應(yīng)該使用is, 當(dāng)屬于過去的任一時態(tài)時本句型應(yīng)該使用was;另外，that可用于 強(qiáng)調(diào)句中任意部分，who只能用來強(qiáng)調(diào)人,We held a meeting in the club yesterday,It was we who held a meeting in the club yesterday,It was a meeting that we held in the club yesterday,It was in the club that we

47、held a meeting yesterday,It was yesterday that we held a meeting in the club,1.定語從句,有許多其它因素導(dǎo)致這個問題,There are many other factors that bring about the problem,強(qiáng)烈反對這種做法的人聲稱它侵犯了人們基本的工作權(quán)利,Those (people) who strongly oppose the practice claim that it violates peoples basic rights of working,我們生活在人們享有合法權(quán)利的國

48、家,We live in the country where people enjoy their legal rights,我之所以持這個觀點(diǎn)是有很多原因的,There are numerous reasons why I hold this opinion,2.主語從句,凡是犯法的人都要受到法律的制裁,Those people who break the law will be punished. ( Whoever breaks the law will be punished.,真奇怪， 她竟然沒有看出自己的缺點(diǎn)。(it做形式主語,It is strange that she fail

49、ed to see her own shortcomings,3.賓語從句,一些人認(rèn)為， 老年人的子女有義務(wù)照看他們的父母,Some people think (suggest, insist, hold) that the old peoples children have the obligation to look after their old parents,從朋友那里，我們可以學(xué)到我們所需要的東西,From friends, we can learn what we need,我向他們講清楚了的，他們必須在九點(diǎn)鐘前做完作業(yè)。 （ it做形式賓語。,I made it clear t

50、o them that they must finish their homework before 9 oclock,4.表語從句,第一個原因是飼養(yǎng)寵物對人的健康有害,The first reason is that raising pets is harmful to peoples health,不太懂 internet的人好象已經(jīng)落伍了,It seems that people who know little about the internet are outdated,5.分詞做狀語，定語,離家生活，人要忍受孤獨(dú)和思鄉(xiāng),Living far away from home, one

51、will suffer from Loneliness and homesickness,他們在電視前花費(fèi)了太多的時間，忽略了他們的學(xué)習(xí)， 戶外活動，甚至家庭,They spend too much time in front of the television, ignoring their studies, outdoor activities and even their family,和大家庭相比，小家庭有一個獨(dú)特的優(yōu)點(diǎn),Compared with the large family, the small family has a unique advantage,現(xiàn)在出國留學(xué)的年輕人越

52、來越多,Nowadays,there are more and more young people going abroad for study,你總能看到沉溺于計算機(jī)游戲中的年輕人，甚至 成年人,You can always see young people and even adults addicted to the computer games,將下列句子改寫為一個句子： Overpopulation is becoming a problem. Alaska is not thickly populated. Many people may move there. It has va

53、st open lands,合并為：Alaska, a relatively unpopulous state, has vast open lands which may attract many people in this time of overpopulation,使句子多樣化的技巧,1. 改變句子成分的次序（倒裝） Down fell the vase. 2. 長短句結(jié)合 3. 以同位語、短語和非謂語動詞開始句子： Susan, a dedicated naturalist, spent years studying birds and plants on the island.

54、With fear and expectation (介詞短語) they waited by the telephone. Looking out of the train window(現(xiàn)在分詞), we found a completely different scenery,4. 使用there be結(jié)構(gòu) There seems something wrong with the bike. There appears to be some evidence of a genetic link to alcohol abuse. 5. 用it作形式主語，真正的主語放在句子的后面。有些動詞

55、如：seem, appear, 常與it/there連用。 It appeared that Jane had lost her way. 6. 以數(shù)量詞開始句子。 Several factors have to be taken into consideration,7. 以adv.引導(dǎo)句子。 Essentially, the poor people there need food to survive rather than computers. Frankly speaking, he cheated in the examination. 8. 其他類型的句子：排比句、漸進(jìn)句、重復(fù)句、

56、設(shè)問句。 If winter comes, can spring be far behind? Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested,混合使用簡單句，并列句，復(fù)合句和短語等,如果段落中都是一種結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，雖然都能支持主題句，但內(nèi)容仍讀起來單調(diào)。句式有變化，文章讀起來才有活力，另人回味,There are also many quite, private things that I enjoy doing. (主從復(fù)合句)I would spend a

57、 whole day reading a book, and I sometime stay up late at night reading a good novel.(并列句) when I am tired of physical activities, I may find a good movies or a light TV program very entertaining. (主從復(fù)合句) In short, I like to do many different kinds of things, depending on the mood I am in and the ki

58、ng of people I am in and the kind of people I am around. (簡單句，分詞短語作狀語。,Vary the rhythm by alternating short and long sentences,Example: The Smith family visited Canada and Alaska last summer to find some native American art. In Anchorage stores they found some excellent examples of soapstone carving

59、s. But they couldnt find a dealer selling any of the woven wall hangings they wanted. They were very disappointed when they left Anchorage empty-handed,The Smith family visited Canada and Alaska last summer to find some native American art, such as soapstone carvings and wall hangings. Anchorage sto

60、res had many soapstone items available. Still, they were disappointed to learn that wall hangings, which they had especially wanted, were difficult to find. Sadly, they left empty-handed,Strategies for Variation,合理搭配長短句,長句,Lies do harm to those who are being told. Lies also do harm to those who tell