當代人文地理學發(fā)展新趨勢

1、當代人文地理學發(fā)展新趨勢 New Trends of Contemporary Human Geography,引言 Introduction,人文地理學，作為科學王國中一支較小的學科，盡管常常不被人們關注和重視，然而它卻是一支最具活力的學科，它的研究主題社會的空間組織和人與環(huán)境的關系為許許多多形式的研究和朝氣蓬勃的地理學者提供了機遇和挑戰(zhàn)。在最近30年來，西方人文地理學可以說是百家爭鳴、百花齊放。人文地理學家不斷地接受他們以前很少遇到的其它學科的新思想、新觀念，這樣就給人文地理學的發(fā)展帶來無限的生機。 Human geography is such a subject full of vit

2、alities despite of being neglected sometimes.Its research themes, the social-spatial structure and the relationship between human and environments, have brought opportunities and challenges to both various forms of research and geographers.In recent 30 years, the western human geography has so many

3、variegated theories and ramifications.Human geographers have kept absorbing new ideas and opinions from many other subjects, which gives tremendous vital force to the development of human geography.,一、人文地理學的性質 Characters of human geography,1、地理學形成及分化 Formation and differentiation of geography 地理學（ge

4、ography）是希臘語中關于地球和書寫兩個詞復合詞，主要研究人類生活空間的地球表面（Haggett，1990）。 Geography mainly studies the earth sphere that people live in. 大學地理學的發(fā)展一開始就受到自然科學和人文社會科學兩大類學科分化的影響，研究自然環(huán)境的地理學稱為“自然地理學”，研究人工環(huán)境的稱“人文地理學”。 Geography studied in university had ramifications about “physical geography” and “human geography” because

5、 its development had been affected by the differentiation of natural science and social science from the beginning.,隨著科學的進步和社會需求的出現，地理學的定義也在不斷地發(fā)生變化。通過英國和美國地理學家學會研究組對大多數地理學系課程和學科體系的調查發(fā)現， 1990年代的地理學主要由人文地理學、自然地理學、混合人文和自然地理學和其它領域四個方面所組成 。 With the development of sciences and the emergence of social dem

6、ands, the definition of geography has been evolving continuously. As shown in a survey about the curriculum and the subject system of geography, in the 1990s, geography was consisted of four branches: human geography, physical geography, human- physical geography together with other geography fields

7、.,2、人文地理學的發(fā)展Progress of human geography,18世紀后期到19世紀早期，德國和法國的人文地理學萌芽 From late 1800s to early 1900s, human geography germinated in German and France. 19181939，兩次世界大戰(zhàn)之間，處在早期調查階段 From 1918 to1939, the progress of human geography was in the period of early survey. 二戰(zhàn)后，主要從1960年代起，人文地理學與其他社會科學互動與接軌，實現了從區(qū)域

8、描述到詮釋人與社會、人與環(huán)境、及人與地點或地方關系的轉變。 After the world War II, especially from the 1960s, human geography had interacted and linked up with other social sciences. It changed into interpreting the relationship between human and society, human and environment, human and site or place, while in the early time,

9、it mainly aimed to describe region and place.,20世紀60-70年代，地理學的數量革命涉及到 “社會經濟”的諸多主題，為后來的諸如人口、社會、城市、經濟、工業(yè)和農業(yè)地理學等一些專門人文地理學學科的發(fā)展奠定了基礎。 From 1960s to 1970s, quantitative revolution in geography stepped into many themes of social sciences.It contributed to the development of many human geography specialtie

10、s such as population geography,social geography,urban geography,economic geography,industrial geography and agricultural geography. 20世紀70-80年代，世界人文地理學出現了兩個主要趨勢：內部的專門化和哲學上的多元化。 From 1970s to 1980s, two important trends of the world human geography, inner specialization and philosophical diversity, h

11、ad come into being.,20世紀80年代，實證主義地理學、人文主義地理學和激進地理學成為人文地理學三種非常不同的學科方法。 In the 1980s, positivistic geography, humanist geography and radical geography had become three distinct subject methods. 在過去20年里，其它學科思想給人文地理學科帶來了新的增長點。人種地理學、人口地理學、聚落地理學、文化地理學、政治地理學、商業(yè)地理學、經濟地理學、工業(yè)地理學、農業(yè)地理學、交通運輸地理學等都是在此階段形成并發(fā)展壯大起來。

12、 In the past 20 years, various thoughts from other sciences have brought new growth points to human geography. Ethnic geography, population geography, settlement geography, cultural geography, political geography, commercial geography, economic geography, industrial geography, agricultural geography

13、, transportation geography and so on have developed during the time.,二、當代人文地理學研究內容Research contents of contemporary human geography,當代人文地理學的基本理論主要涉及空間、全球化、城市化、人口、遷移、文化、景觀、發(fā)展和地緣政治等。 The basic theories of contemporary human geography refer to space, globalization, urbanization, population, migration,

14、culture, landscape, development, geopolitics and so on . 其內容主要包括：（1）社會經濟發(fā)展的全球化特征與地區(qū)差異之間的關系；（2）人類與其周圍生活環(huán)境之間的相互關系;（3）不同空間尺度(包括世界、國家、地區(qū)和城市)的政治、經濟演化特征與趨勢；（4）與民族、種族、性別、年齡、階級等因素相聯的社會文化特征及其對空間發(fā)展的影響。 The main contents include: (1)the relation between globalization and regional differences; (2)the relation b

15、etween human and circumstances; (3)the political and economic evolution of different-scale space(including the world, state, region and urban). (4)the social-cultural characters of factors relating to nationality, race, gender, age, class, and their effects on spatial development .,1、經濟地理學 Economic

16、geography,以闡釋人類生產和生活資料的生產、流通和消費分配等人類經濟活動的地域分布和空間組織為主要任務。 Main task: study the spatial distribution and arrangement of human economical activities, such as production, circulation and consumption. 傳統的經濟地理學關心各種資源、生產及商業(yè)的分布同自然環(huán)境的關系，以生產布局、區(qū)位分析為研究核心。 Traditional economic geography was concerned with the c

17、onnections between natural environment and the arrangement of resources, production and commerce. Its research highlighted production distribution and location analysis. 現代經濟地理學的研究開始注意政府決策以及人們的行為決策對經濟布局的影響，出現了國土經濟學，重視國土整治問題。 The contemporary economic geography has began to focus on the effects that

18、the decision of government and people imposed on economic distribution and then territory renovation has been regarded.,2、城市地理學Urban geography,許多國家重建城市的需要、新的城市的迅速增加、城市規(guī)模日益擴大的趨勢，促使城市化進程加快，使城市地理學在人文地理學中逐漸居于重要的地位。 Many factors,such as demands of urban reconstruction in many countries, the emergence of

19、more and more new cities as well as growth of the urban scale, have accelerated the urbanization. Hence, urban geography is becoming more and more important in human geography category.,3、旅游地理學 Tourist geography,第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后，旅游業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展，旅游收入對于國民經濟收入的重要性日益提高，使得旅游地理學發(fā)展很快，成為人文地理學的一個新分支。 After the second world

20、 war, tourism industry developed vigorously and tourist income became increasingly important to the national income. Then, tourist geography developed quickly and became a new branch of human geography.,4、政治地理學 Political geography,1897年拉采爾出版的政治地理學，將國家當作附著于地球上的有機物，并提出“生存空間”的概念。以后，麥金德于1904年提出陸心說。由于他們及

21、其他學者的努力，政治地理學成為人文地理學的重要分支。 In 1897,拉采爾 published POLITCAL GEOGRAPHY, in which the state was regarded as organism attached to the earth, he also proposed the concept of EXIETENCE SPACE. After that 麥金德 raised the concept of “陸心說” in 1904. With their and other scholars efforts,political geography becam

22、e an important branch of humanity geography.,5、人口地理學 Population geography,很早以來，地理學的著作中已注意到種族和民族的分布，以及自然環(huán)境對人類的影響。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后，鮑曼分析了中歐的人口地域分異現象，瑞典地理學家德耶爾深入研究瑞典人口分布并制出人口分布圖。據此，人口地理學成為人文地理學的一門分支學科。人口普查、人口分布、遷移、人口問題等都是人口地理學研究的重要內容。 The distribution of race and folk, together with the effects nature took on h

23、uman had been referred to in early geography works. After the first world war, 鮑曼analyzed the phenomena about population distribution differences. Sweden geographer 德耶爾 drew maps of population distribution pattern. From then on, population geography has become a ramification of human geography. the

24、Census，population migration and distribution，population problems are all included in the categories of population geography.,6、社會地理學 Social geography,社會地理學分析空間中的社會現象，研究各種社會類型的區(qū)域分布并分析比較它們之間的相互關系。 Social geography analyzes the social phenomena in the space, studies regional distributions of kinds of s

25、ocial forms and compares the relationship among them. 研究內容包括人口、聚落、民族、宗教、語言行為和感應等方面的地理問題，并致力于解決社會問題。 It studies such geography issues as population, settlement, nationality, religion, language behavior and response, and aims to resolve social problems.,7、文化地理學Cultural geography,從人類文化的空間組合的角度，解釋各種文化要素

26、如何使不同地區(qū)具有各種區(qū)域特征。 From the aspect of cultural-spatial combination, explain how various cultural factors generated different regional characters. 不同于社會地理學研究人類不同社會集團的地域特征及其與環(huán)境的關系，文化地理學主旨是研究人類創(chuàng)造的文化地域。 Contrast to social geography studying the spatial characters of different social groups and their relat

27、ion to environment, cultural geography aims to study cultural region human creates.,8、行為地理學 Behavioral geography,70年代，行為研究在地理學中十分盛行，通過研究不同人類社會集團、階層、階級對不同環(huán)境的反應和行為決策這一過程，使地理學為解決實際問題的決策發(fā)揮更大的作用。 During 1970s, behavioral study was prevailing in geography. By studying responding and behavior-deciding of d

28、ifferent social groups, hierarchies and classes to different environments, geography has exerted better effects in solving practical problems.,9、區(qū)域地理學 Regional geography,傳統的人文地理學以小區(qū)域研究、經濟區(qū)劃和文化景觀類型為其主要論題，現在則轉向分析解決現實社會問題為主，涉及國土整治、環(huán)境保護、貧窮和饑餓、種族歧視、資源合理利用以及改善人民生活等問題。 Traditional human geographys main iss

29、ues are research of small areas, economic zoning and cultural landscape types. Now it has changed to analyze and solve realistic social problems, concerning about territory renovation, environmental protection, poverty and hunger, racial discrimination, rational use of the resources and improving pe

30、oples life.,10、歷史地理學 Historical geography,人文地理學的研究與歷史學關系密切。英國的學者達比等自20世紀30年代以后，開始研究歷史自然地理，使歷史地理學不僅研究歷史時期人文地理現象的變化，也研究歷史時期自然地理現象的變遷，從而成為地理學的一門獨立分支。 After 1930s, English scholar 達比 began to study historical physical geography. From then on, historical geography studied not only changes of human geogra

31、phy phenomena but also physical geography phenomena in history. Hence it became a independent ramification of geography.,11、應用地理學 Applied geography,人文地理學同經濟學、人口學、政治學以及環(huán)境科學、生態(tài)學、區(qū)域科學、行為科學結合，可以為解決世界性的資源短缺、人口危機、自然災害、環(huán)境污染和生態(tài)平衡以及城市問題等作出貢獻，尤其是對于國家和地區(qū)的經濟發(fā)展規(guī)劃起到重要作用。 Human geography combined with economy, dem

32、ology, politics, environment science,ecology, regional science and behavior science can contribute to solve world resource shortage, population crisis, natural disasters, pollution,ecological balance and urban problems, especially useful to the the planning of state and regional economic development

33、. 人文地理學的主要應用領域有：（1）城市與區(qū)域規(guī)劃；（2）制圖與遙感；（3）工業(yè)區(qū)位與市場營銷；（4）公共設施規(guī)劃與管理；（5）土地開發(fā)與管理（6）公共衛(wèi)生與疾病生態(tài)研究。 Main application areas: (1)Urban and Regional Planning; (2) Cartography and Remote Sensing; (3) Marketing and Location of Industry; (4) Location and Management of Public Facilities; (5) Land development and manag

34、ement；(6) Disease Ecology,三、當代人文地理學研究方法Contemporary human geography research approaches,(一)研究方法論 Research approaches 人文地理學是研究社會、空間、地方和環(huán)境相互關系的科學，在不長的時間內形成了很多思想學派，尤其當代人文地理學的十分多元化，不僅在調查研究課題上，而且在探索的方法上也十分多樣，概括起來，主要有如下12種地理思想中常用的方法。 Human geography is the science studying the relationship between society

35、, space, place and environment. It hasnt taken long time to form various theory-ramifications. Contemporary human geography is very diverse both in research themes and approaches. There are 12 kinds of common approaches in geographic thoughts, as shown below:,1、經驗主義方法Empirical approach,經驗主義者堅持科學只能關心

36、世界的客觀事物并尋求其本來的真實面目。人們的價值觀和意圖的規(guī)范問題被排除在科學研究之外，因為它認為我們無法對此進行測度。術語“經驗主義”是一種思想學派，認為事實會為自己說話，而無需理解進行解釋（梅爾，1993） Empiricist insists that science can only care for impersonal matter in the world and seek its original features. Human values and purposes are excluded from scientific research because they cant

37、 be measured. The term “empiricism” refers to such a school which believes that reality speaks itself and we need not to understand and explain it (May,1993).,實證主義方法Positivistic approach,實證主義認為，通過詳細和客觀的收集與社會現象有關的數據，我們能夠確定一些規(guī)則來預測和解釋人類行為的原因和效用。當代實證主義主要可分為兩類思想：以證實為基礎的邏輯實證主義和以證明為基礎的批判理性主義。在人文地理學研究中，與實證主

38、義最接近的方法是數量分析方法的應用。 Positivism believes that we can make sure some principles to forecast and explain the reasons and effects of human behavior through objectively collecting detailed data about social phenomena. Contemporary positivism can be divided into two branches: logical positivism and critica

39、l rationalism. The application of quantitative statistical approach is most close to positivism.,3、行為主義方法Behaviorist approach,行為主義者尋求通過解釋空間選擇來模擬空間行為，通過對人類記憶能力、處理和評價地理信息的測度模擬決策過程。行為主義研究方法的原始數據的來源是有確定答案的調查表和專門的以知識為基礎的心理學測試為主體。1970年代，行為地理學具有兩種形式：（1）在空間模式中綜合入行為的變量，稱為分析行為主義；（2）徹底放棄空間分析，對價值、心理和現象進行探索。 Beh

40、aviorists sought to simulate space behavior through explaining spatial choices and decision-making process through measure of human memory capacity and handling and valuing geographic information. Throughout the 1970s, there were two forms of behaviorist geography: (1) analytical behaviorism, which

41、introduced the factor of behavior into spatial mode; (2) the one which entirely abandoned spatial analysis and explored values, mentalities and phenomena instead.,4、現象學方法Phenomenological approach,現象學拒絕實證主義和行為主義的科學的數量分析的方法。現象學認為，我們應該集中理解而不是解釋客觀世界。現象學的目的是重新構建個體及其行為以及客觀世界中的現象的意義，以便認識個體的行為，不必提出假設的理論。在本質

42、上，該方法強調“地方的社會構建、考慮了感情、審美的和象征主義的感覺等方面”，并尋求反應個體與環(huán)境之間的關系。 Phenomenology refused the quantitative analytical approach empiricist and behaviorist science employed. Phenomenology thought that we should focus on understanding the world instead of explaining it. The purpose of phenomenology is to reconstruc

43、t the meaning of individuals and their behavior as well as phenomena in the objective world, thus understanding individual behavior without proposing assuming theories.,5、存在主義方法Existentialist approach,存在主義方法主要關注個體如何產生和支配他們的世界的意義，以及如何認同客體和其它事物的價值。存在主義研究的原始數據來源是深入的訪談、人種志、以及參與觀測?，F象學主要考慮意義，而存在主義則考慮價值觀。薩

44、繆爾（1981年）是人文地理學中最著名的采用存在主義方法的學者。 Existentialist approach was mainly concerned with the meaning of how individuals form and control their world and how did they identify with the values of object and other things. The original data of existentialist research came from penetrating interviews, ethnics

45、records and observation. It focused attention on VALUES. Samuel(1981) is the famous human geographer to utilize it.,6、理想主義方法Idealist approach,理想主義本體論假定，真實世界不外于個體的觀察和表達而存在。不同于存在主義關注的是真實世界的存在，理想主義認為真實世界是心靈的構建。理想主義通過認識隱藏于行為背后的思想而解釋行為的類型。其研究的原始數據來源于深入的訪談和人種志。吉爾科（1974年，1981年）是地理學中應用理想主義研究方法的主要倡議者。 Ideali

46、st assumed that the real world wasnt beyond individual observation and expression. Different from existentialism, idealism regarded the real world as construction of mind and explained behavioral types through cognizing thoughts beneath behavior. Its original data came from profound interview and et

47、hnical records. Guelke (1981) is the primary advocator to employ idealist approach in geography.,7、實用主義方法Pragmatist approach,實用主義的創(chuàng)始者是北美作家沛爾斯（18391914年），杜威（18591952年）以及詹姆斯（1842-1910年），這個學派提倡通過實踐活動來構建對現實世界的認識。實用主義提出不應關注個體，而應該關注社會和個體在社會中的相互作用。并認為，認識必須從根植于經驗的行為中獲得，而不是從知識中獲得。 The father of pragmatism is

48、沛爾斯（18391914），杜威（18591952）and 詹姆斯（1842-1910）. They suggested understanding the real world by practice. Pragmatism proposed that we should focus on the interrelationship between society and individuals and that cognition should be gained from behaviors embedded in experience instead of knowledge.,8、馬

49、克思主義方法Marxist approach,地理學中馬克思主義方法是為了反對空間科學的實證主義而出現的。馬克思主義者認為：空間科學不能認識到社會運作強加在空間類型上的經濟和政治的約束。馬克思主義地理學家尋求辨別空間和時間上的社會關系，以便重新產生和維持生產和消費方式，提出其替代模式。 In geography, Marxist approach was first used to oppose pragmatism of spatial science. Marxists believed that spatial science couldnt recognize the economic

50、al and political restraint that the society forced on spatial types. Marxist geographers sought to distinguish temporal and spatial social relationships in order to reproduce and maintain producing and consuming patterns and propose their substitution.,9、唯物主義方法Materialist approach,唯物主義者關心社會關系之下的機制和結

51、構的調查研究，以及辨識真實世界的“建筑方塊”。唯物主義者不是研究人與人之間的溝通和相互作用，而是尋求政治和實踐的機制以及使這些可能性首先發(fā)揮作用。唯物主義關心事件如何發(fā)生的辯識（原因機制）以及現象的擴展（經驗規(guī)則）。塞耶爾（1985，1992年）是地理學中唯物主義方法的積極倡導者。 Materialists were concerned with mechanism and structures beneath social relations and the “constructing blocks “ to recognize the real world. Materialists, n

52、ot studying the communication and interaction among people, searched for the mechanism of politics and practice and tried to make the possibility work immediately. Materialism concerned more about the mechanism of an occurrence and expanding or generalizing the phenomena and regulations.,10、后現代主義方法P

53、ostmodernist approach,后現代主義以沒有任何一個答案，任何一個論述是超越于眾的或對另外一個占統治地位的，以及沒有一種聲音必須排除在對話之外這種觀點為基礎。后現代主義者認為沒有絕對的真理，沒有任何真理是不可以解釋的。后現代主義，提供“解讀”而不是“觀察”，提供“解釋”而不是“發(fā)現”，尋求相互的關系而不是因果聯系。 Postmodernism held it essential that neither one answer nor one argument could surpass anything else or took an overwhelming position

54、 and no one sound must be excluded. Postmodernist held that there was no absolute truth and every truth was explainable. Postmodernism provided not “observation”but “read”, concerned more about not “discovering” but “explanation”, and sought for not causality but interrelation.,11、后結構主義方法Poststructu

55、ralist approach,后結構主義者認為，社會與空間之間的關系通過語言文化性加以調解。與后現代主義相反，后結構主義比較關注個體，方法論和認識論的問題，而不是社會文化批判（羅素諾，1992年）。后結構主義者認為，認識是形成我們的生活環(huán)境因素的方式，是解構我們所遇到的客觀事物的多種信息。 Poststructuralist held that the correlation between society and space was mediated by language culture. Contrast to postmodernism, post structuralism att

56、ached more attention to individual, methodology and epistemology, nor social-culture criticism（ Rosenau,1992）. Poststructuralist also thought that it was cognition that helped form our living circumstance and analyze what we meet.,12、女性主義方法Feminist approach,女性主義者認為：地理學研究極大地忽視了婦女的存在和社會的父權制。在現階段，女性主義方

57、法，其觀念和實踐正運用于從事其它受壓迫群體如殘疾人及精神障礙的少數人的研究工作中。 Feminist held that the research of geography greatly overlooked the female being and the patriarchy in society. Recently the opinion and practice from feminist approach has been adopted by the research of the minorities such as the underdog and handicapped a

58、nd so on.,（二）分析方法 Analysis approach,1.宏觀分析方法 Macro analytical approach 該方法注重于對全國范圍和區(qū)域范圍的國民生產總值和國民收入的增長率以及它們的國際、區(qū)際的差異同工業(yè)區(qū)位形成的關系的考察，重點分析全國范圍和區(qū)域范圍資本形成的特征和投資率的差異，失業(yè)率和通貨膨脹的地區(qū)差異，從而探討這些因素對區(qū)位移動的影響。同時，它還注意諸如環(huán)境經濟、生態(tài)平衡等問題。 Contemporary macro analytical approach paid attention to study the growth ratios of GNP

59、and national income in national and regional dimension, investigate the correlation between international & interregional differences and the forming of manufacture location. It mainly analyzes the character of the capitals engendering and the investment-ratio gaps in the national & regional areas, the regional differences of unemployment and inflation. It thus discusses these factors effects on the locations shift. Besides, environmental economy and eco