科技文體的特點(diǎn)

1、科技文體特點(diǎn)與翻譯,科技文體的范疇,科技文體可以泛指一切論及或談及科學(xué)和技術(shù)的書面語和口語，其中包括： 1. 科技著述、科技論文和報(bào)告、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告和方案； 2. 各類科技情報(bào)和文字資料； 3. 科技實(shí)用手冊和操作規(guī)程； 4. 有關(guān)科技問題的會談、會議、交談的用語； 5. 有關(guān)科技的影片、錄像等有聲資料的解說詞，等等。,科技英語文體總貌,著重?cái)⑹逻壿嬌系穆?lián)貫(Coherence)及表達(dá)上的明晰(Clarity)與暢達(dá)(Fluency)；避免行文晦澀，作者避免表露個(gè)人感情，避免論證上的主觀隨意性。 科技英語結(jié)構(gòu)力求平易(Plainness)和精確(Preciseness)，忌用夸張、借喻、譏諷、反詰

2、、雙關(guān)及押韻等修辭手段。,科技文體的一般特征,(1) 無人稱（Impersonal) (2) 語氣正式,概念準(zhǔn)確,名詞多 (3) 文體質(zhì)樸,少修辭(Unadorned in stylistics) (4) 邏輯性強(qiáng)，連詞多 (Strict in Logic) (5) 專業(yè)術(shù)語多，表達(dá)各專業(yè)不同 (Concentrated in Technical Terms),1， 無人稱,It 句型大量使用 Reading is a very important language skill for foreign language learners. The significance of languag

3、e learning strategies in reading comprehension is self-evident.,2，語氣正式,概念準(zhǔn)確,名詞多,1) Although the majority of tunnel construction projects have been completed safely, there have been several incidents in various tunneling projects that have resulted in delays, cost overruns, and in a few cases more si

4、gnificant consequences such as injury and loss of life. 2) TheWorld Health Organization estimates that fine particulate air pollution (PM 2.5) causes about 3% of mortality from cardiopulmonary disease, about 5% of mortality from cancer of the trachea, bronchus, and lung, and about 1% of mortality fr

5、om acute respiratory infections in children under 5 yr, worldwide.”,3，文體質(zhì)樸,少修辭,1) Like a normal diode, the LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material doped with impurities to create a p-n junction. 2) TheComplera dose is one tablet taken by mouth once a day. It should be taken with a meal (e.

6、g., breakfastor dinner).,4，邏輯性強(qiáng)，連詞、分詞多,1) When discharging, lithium is forced out of the anode (+) and into the cathode (-), and during charging the reverse occurs. 2）It is generally thought that seismic acceleration values underground are less than at the surface, and that the rigidity of the surro

7、unding rock is high enough to preserve the shape of tunnels.,5，各專業(yè)義的術(shù)語多,Joint Expansion joint 伸縮縫 Phalangeal joint 指關(guān)節(jié) Rock joint 巖石節(jié)理 Joint chamber 電纜交接箱 Lower link joint 下拉桿鉸鏈 Bed Road bed 路基 Salt bed 鹽層 Rail bed 鋼軌底座 Shaker bed 分離篩 River bed 河床,科技文章的句法特征,（）在人稱的使用上，強(qiáng)調(diào)文章的客觀性，漢語中常使用“筆者”、“我們”、“本文”而不使

8、用“我”來充當(dāng)?shù)贸瞿骋唤Y(jié)論的主語；英語中則常使用The author thinks that/The authors have investigated /This paper illustrates等句式。 （2）英語科技文章名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)用得多。 （3）時(shí)態(tài)變化不明顯：漢語里的動(dòng)詞無時(shí)態(tài)變化。英語中敘述客觀事實(shí)幾乎千篇一律使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 （4）在語態(tài)方面，漢語中主動(dòng)語態(tài)使用較多，而英語中，被動(dòng)語態(tài)使用較多。 （5）漢語和英語的科技文章中，句子結(jié)構(gòu)都較為復(fù)雜。,科技漢譯英的方法,1) 名詞化結(jié)構(gòu) 2) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的應(yīng)用 3) 運(yùn)用特殊句型和長句,1) 名詞化(Nominalization),廣泛使用

9、能表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的抽象名詞 “Scientific writing differs greatly from the other styles in having a highly proportion of noun phrases with complexity” (Quirk) 阿基米德最先發(fā)現(xiàn)固體排水的原理。 Archimedis first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.比較：Archimedis first discovered the principle that solid b

10、odies could displace water.,合同雙方令人滿意地履行合同義務(wù)是拓展業(yè)務(wù)和擴(kuò)大合作的前提。 A) That both parties fulfilled the Contract satisfactorily will be the basis for the development of business and further cooperation. B) The satisfactory fulfillment of the Contract by both parties will be the basis for the development of bus

11、iness and further cooperation.,名詞連用（“擴(kuò)展的名詞前置修飾語 ” Expanded Noun Premodifiers）,可以有效地簡化語言結(jié)構(gòu)。 Illumination intensity determination = determination of the intensity of illumination 照明強(qiáng)度測定 Power transmission relay system = a relay system for power transmission 送電中繼體系,2) 廣泛使用被動(dòng)語句,根據(jù)英國利茲大學(xué)John Swales 的統(tǒng)計(jì)，科

12、技英語中的謂語至少三分之一是被動(dòng)態(tài)。 這是因?yàn)榭萍嘉恼聜?cè)重?cái)⑹峦评?，?qiáng)調(diào)客觀準(zhǔn)確。因此盡量使用第三人稱敘述，采用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。,科技英語常用句型及翻譯定式,1, It is supposed that 2, It is reported that 3, It can be clearly seen that 4, It should be noted that 5, It may be safely said that 6, It must be stressed that 7, It has been proved that 8, It was estimated that 9, It will

13、 be seen from this that 10, It is generally considered that,本文簡要定性地討論了一些基本概念。 A brief qualitative discussion of some basic concepts is presented in this paper. cf. This paper gives/presents a brief qualitative discussion of some basic concepts.,回指釋義策略在英語閱讀理解中解釋功能的研究,【Abstract】 This case study aimed

14、to explore the use of anaphora resolution strategy in English reading comprehension. Three research questions were addressed as follows: (1) What obstacles do readers meet in English reading comprehension? (2) What is the relationship between anaphora resolution and English reading comprehension? (3

15、) How does anaphora resolution strategy training promote readers English reading comprehension?,3) 運(yùn)用特殊句型和長句 科技文章中經(jīng)常使用若干特定的句型，從而形成科技文體區(qū)別于其他文體的標(biāo)志。 1) Itthat句型； 2) 其他固定結(jié)構(gòu)：定義，比較, 分類 顯然，潤滑好的軸承，比不潤滑的軸承容易轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。 It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one.,和古廟正好隔河相對的那座寶塔據(jù)說是明代

16、的建筑。 A. The pagoda that stands facing the ancient temple and is separated from each other by the river is said to have been built in the Ming Dynasty. B. It is said that the pagoda just across the river from the ancient temple was built in the Ming Dynasty.,It 作賓語,電子設(shè)備有著巨大威力和多種用途而被廣泛應(yīng)用，因而使理工科學(xué)生必須熟悉電

17、子學(xué)的實(shí)用知識。 The great power and versatility of electronic devices and, consequently, their widespread application make it imperative that science and engineering students obtain a working familiarity with electronics.,2) 其他固定結(jié)構(gòu)：定義，比較, 分類 計(jì)算機(jī)可分為模擬計(jì)算機(jī)和數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)兩種。 Computers may be classified into analog and

18、digital. 不銹鋼是能抗腐蝕的合金。 Stainless steel is defined as an alloy which resists corrosion. 大型變壓器的效率可以高達(dá)99%. Large transformers can achieve efficiencies of as much as 99%.,長句 為了表述一個(gè)復(fù)雜概念，使之邏輯嚴(yán)密，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，科技文章中往往出現(xiàn)許多長句。有的長句多達(dá)七八十個(gè)詞，以下即是一例。,The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led, in the first instance, to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations, and at a later stage